Classification of translation .

 

T r anslation Type	T ranslation Method Priorities
Oral Consecutive	Denotative, Communicational
Oral Simultaneous	Transformational, Communicational
Written (general & technical)	Transformational
Written (fiction & poetry)	Denotative

Catford proposed very broad types of translation in terms of three criteria:

1. The extent of translation (full translation vs partial translation); 

2. The grammatical rank at which the translation equivalence is established (rank-bound translation vs. unbounded translation); 

3. The levels of language involved in translation (total translation vs. restricted translation).

1) Word level

2) Phrase level

3) Clause or sentence level

4) Paragraph level

5) Text level

6) Pragmatics, or socio-cultural, level

 

4. Basic translation theories.

Roughly, the human translation theories may be divided into three main

groups which quite conventionally may be called transformational approach,

denotative approach, and communicational approach.

 

According to the transformational approach translation is viewed as the

transformation of objects and structures of the source language into those

of the target.

 

Denotative approach to translation is based on the notion of denotatum, it has more relevance to that of a concept. According to denotative approach the process of translation consists of the following steps:

Ø translator reads (hears) a message in the source language;

Ø translator finds a denotatum and concept that correspond to this message;

Ø translator formulates a message in the TL relevant to the above denotatum and concept.

 

Communicational approach is based on the notions of communication and thesaurus / I s :r s/.

 Communication may be defined as an act of sending and receiving some information,

which is called a message. In order to formulate a message, we use our system of

interrelated data, which is called a thesaurus.

 We distinguish between two kinds of thesauruses in verbal communication: language

thesaurus and subject thesaurus. Language thesaurus is a system of our knowledge

about the language which we use to formulate a message, whereas subject thesaurus is a

system of our knowledge about the content of the message. Thus, in order to

communicate, the message sender formulates the mental content of his or her message

using subject thesaurus, encodes it using the verbal forms of language thesaurus and

conveys it to the message recipient, who decodes the message also using language

thesaurus and interprets the message using subject thesaurus as well. This is a simple

description of monolingual communication. Thesaurus of message sender and recipient

may be different to a great or lesser degree, and that is why we sometimes do not

understand each other. In monolingual communication there are two actors: sender and

recipient, and each of them uses two thesauruses. In bilingual communication we have

three actors: sender, recipient, and intermediary (translator). The translator has two

language thesauruses (source and target one) and performs two functions: decodes the

source message and encodes the target one to be received by the recipient (end user of the

translator).

 Thus, generally speaking, O. Kade’s communicational theory of translation describes

the process of translation as an act of special bilingual communication in which the

translator acts as a special communication intermediary, making it possible to understand a

message sent in a different language.

 Thus, the communicational approach to translation, though saying little about

translation as such, highlights a very important aspect of translation: translation is a

message sent by a translator to a particular user and the adequacy of translation depends

on similarity of their background information rather than only on linguistic correctness.

 

Pragmatical meaning

http://englishschool12.ru/publ/vse_dlja_ehkzamena/vse_dlja_ehkzamena/albrekht_nojbert/65-1-0-13741

5. Levels of translation. "Triangle" of translation process.

This process of translation is a 3-dimensional activity involving:
• Text analysis; meaning, register, style, rhetoric etc.

• Translation

• Rearrangement

Psychologically viewed, the translating process includes two mental processes –

understanding and verbalization. First, the translator understands the contents of ST, that is,

reduces the information it contains to his own mental program, and then he develops this

program into TT. The problem is that these mental processes are not directly observable and

we do not know much of what that program is and how the reduction and development

operations are performed.

We can suggest that the model of translating process is as follows:

1. Translator receives signal I containing message

2. Recognizes

2. Decodes signal I

3. Retrieves message

4. Comprehends message

5. Translator selects code II

6. Encodes message by means of code II

7. Selects channel

8. Transmits signal II containing message.

During translation, a translator intuitively fulfills the following operations:

a) deduces the target language elements and rules of equivalent selection and substitution on the basis of observed source text elements;

b) builds a model consisting of the target language elements selected for substitution;

c) verifies the model of the target text against context, situation and background information;

d) generates the target text on the basis of the verified model.

Thus, the process of translation may be represented as consisting of three stages:
1) analysis of the source text, situation and background information,

2) synthesis of the translation model, and

3) verification of the model against the source and target context (semantic, grammatical, stylistic), situation, and background information resulting in the generation of the final target text.

6. Types of equivalence.

Equivalence is the reproduction of a source language text by target language means.

 

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