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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
GLOSSARY OF BASIC TERMS IN LEXICOLOGY
Abbreviation Coordinative Ablaut Curtailment Acronym Degeneration Adaptation Degradation Adoption Demotivation Affix Denizen Affixation Denotational Alien Derivation Allomorph Derivational Amelioration Deterioration Americanism Deverbal Antonym Diachronic (stic) Antonymy Dictionary Apocope Doublet Archaic Encyclopaedic Archaism Ellipsis Assimilation Etymology Asyntactic Etymological Back-formation Euphemism Barbarism Euphemistically Bilingual Explanatory Blend Extension Blending Functional Borrowing Fusion Briticism Generalization Cipping Glossary Cognate Historism Collocability Homograph Collocation Homonymy Compound Homophone Compounding Hybrid Concept Hyperbole Connotation Hyperbollically Connotational Hyponymy Content Ideographic Context Idiom Contextual Idiomatic Conversion Idiomaticity Lexical Polysemy Lexico-grammatical Prefix Lexicography Prefixation Lexicographer Productive Lexicographical Productivity Lexicology Proverb Lexicological Proverbial Lexicologist Reduplication Lexico-semantic Reduplicative Loan Referent Meaning Referential Metaphor Root Metaphoric Semantic Metonymy Semasiological Metonymyc Semasiology Monomorphic Semi-affix Morpheme Set expression Morthemic Shortening Motivated Source Motivation Sound imitation Multilingual Sound interchange Narrowing Specialisation Neologism Stem Nonce-word Stress Non-motivated Subordinative Non-productive Substantivation Notion Suffix Obsolete Suffixation Onomatopoeia Synchronic Onomatopoeic Synchronistic Origin Syncope Paradigm Synonym Paronym Synonymic Pejoration Synonymy Pejorative Syntactic Phrase Syntagmatic Phraseology Term Phraseological Terminological Polyglot Thematic Polymorphic Thesaurus Polysemantic Unilingual Unmotivated Unproductive Valency Vocabulary Word Word combination Методические рекомендации для преподавателей по организации изучения дисциплины Курс «Лексикология иностранного языка» читается с целью ознакомления студентов с наиболее актуальными проблемами в области теории слова, основных положений, ономасиологии и освещает множество проблем и вопросов, которые связаны с оценкой результатов исследований смежных дисциплин (психолингвистики, социолингвистики, лингвистики текста, когнитивной ' лингвистики, прагматики). Курс лексикологии позволит студентам познакомиться с основными положениями теории слова в синхроническом и диахроническом аспекте в свете традиций отечественного и зарубежного языкознании, с основными путями развития словарного состава языка. Студентам предстоит познакомиться с основами словообразования и фразеологии, с основными концепциями в значении слова, изучить основы структурно-теоретической классификации лексических единиц. Целью курса является введение в лексикологическую проблематику языка на современном этапе его развития. Это означает более подробное рассмотрение следующих вопросов: структура слова, природа лексического значения, методы синхронного анализа словарного состава, динамические процессы в лексиконе, слово в системе и в тексте и др. Знаковая теория семантики объясняется в курсе лексикологии в соответствии с ее ролью в развитии этой дисциплины в 70-80 годы XX столетия, началом ХХI века В отечественной германистике. Знания основ лексикологии позволят студентам лучше разбираться в структуре слова и будут способствовать развитию языковой интуиции. Навыки, приобретенные студентами в ходе изучения данной дисциплины, повысят общую лингвистическуюкомпетентность студентов, помогут им при написаний курсовых и дипломных работ. В качестве самостоятельной работы предлагается написание докладов и рефератов по актуальным проблемам лексикологии. На семинарских занятиях студенты выступают с докладами по темам лекционного курса. Контроль знаний студентов осуществляется на семинарских и практических занятиях согласно имеющимся пособиям и методическим разработкам. Формами итогового контроля могут быть тестовые задания по отдельным разделам и по курсу в целом. На семинарских занятиях выполняется целый ряд упражнений по таким темам как: парадигматические отношения в лексике, пути изменения значения слова: заимствования, метафора, метонимия, эвфемизм, основные способы словообразования, архаизмы и неологизмы вопросы классификации и семантики фразеологических единиц. Курс лексикологии входит в комплекс основных теоретических дисциплин, подлежащих изучению студентами по специальности» Иностранный язык». Лексикология как раздел языкознания исследует словарный состав языка как систему. В качестве центральных проблем лексикологии следует назвать следующие: -слово как основная номинативная единица в лексико-семантической системе, основные признаки его структуры и его значение, -стратификация словаря с социолингвистической функциональной точки зрения, -коммуникативно-обоснованные изменения словарного состава языка, источники расширения словаря. В рамках данного курса необходимо провести последовательное формирование целостной структуры будущей профессиональной деятельности студентов. Широкие возможности для этого открывают активные формы проведения лекций, семинарско-практических илабораторных занятий, переход к развивающим, проблемным, исследовательским, поисковым формам, обеспечивающим порождение познавательных мотивов, интереса к будущей профессиональной деятельности, условий для творчества в обучении. Соответственно, при рассмотрении теоретических вопросов рекомендуется привлечь студентов к активным рассуждениям, результат которых должен подвести их к решению спорных вопросов курса. Таким образом, практическая значимость курса состоит в том, что студентам в рамках дисциплины «Лексикология» предлагается научное обоснование того, что языковая теоретическая подготовка в современных условиях поликультурного общества требует от студентов основательных знаний в области теории языка. Понимание закономерностей, которые лежат в основе современных исследований теории слова, создаст благодатную почву для собственных научных исследований студентов в данной области. Студенты получают большой объем информации относительно изменений, происходящих в понятийно-категориальном аппарате лексикологии как науки.
Методические рекомендации для студентов ПО ОСВОЕНИЮ ДИСЦИПЛИНЫ Курс «Лексикологии» адресован студентам, изучающим актуальные проблемы современной теории языка. Современная лексикология представляет собой теоретическую дисциплину, освещающую основные положения теории слова в рамках новых и традиционных концепций в отечественном и зарубежном языкознании. Данный курс позволит студентам систематизировать свои знания в области теории слова, освоить закономерности развития словарного состава языка, приобрести навыки компонентного анализа, слова и анализа в свете теории поля, что является составляющей лингвистической компетенции. Предлагаемые проблемы для обсуждения концентрируют внимание на наиболее актуальных аспектах лексикологии как науки. Учебно-исследовательские задания ориентированы на развитие умений будущих преподавателей различать тонкости в значении слова, общее и различное в содержании синонимов, умения различать виды метафор: синестезии, синекдохи и др.; в результате выполнения ряда упражнений на семинарских занятиях. Письменные практические задания предполагают составление Глоссарий раскрывает содержание ключевых терминов и понятий по теме. Список рекомендуемой литературы включает соответствующие разделы из базовых учебников по лексикологии и статьи из современных лингвистических журналов. Таким образом, овладение материалом данного теоретического курса позволит развить профессиональные умения будущего учителя и контролировать уровень их сформированности, самостоятельно оценивать свою деятельность, осуществлять исследовательскую работу в данной области. ПРИМЕРНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ ДЛЯ ПРОВЕДЕНИЯ ПРОМЕЖУТОЧНЫХ И ИТОГОВЫХ АТТЕСТАЦИЙ TEST 1. Lexicology is a branch of linguistics that studies… a) sentences c) words b) sounds d) texts
2. Word is… a) the main lexical unit of a language, c) the main unit of speech, resulting from the resulting from the association of a group association of a group of sounds with referent of sounds with a certain meaning b)complex of sounds representing an object d) a part of a sentence with its particular categories
3. Internal structure of a word is… a) morpheme c) word form b) meaning d) referent
4. A lexico-grammatical group is
a) a class of words which have a common c) a class of words which have a common grammatical meaning, lexical meaning, b) a class of words which have a common d) a class of words which have a common lexico-grammatical meaning, a common paradigm paradigm
5. External structure of a word is… a) morpheme c) word form b) concept d) referent
6. Morpheme is… a) the largest meaningful unit c) the largest language unit b) the smallest meaningful unit d) the smallest speech unit
7. An allomorph is a) a positional variant of a morpheme c) a positional variant of a morpheme occurring in a specific environment occurring in a specific lexical meaning b) a variant of a morpheme d) a non positional variant of a morpheme depending on a specific environment occurring in a certain environment
8. Free grammatical morphemes are… a) roots of the words c) functional morphemes b) lexical morphemes d) function words
9. Affixes are… a) bound lexical morphemes c) free grammatical morphemes b) free lexical morphemes d) bound grammatical morphemes
10. Derivatives are the words produced by… a) conversion c) affixation b) gradation d) composition
11. Affixation is a way of word-building by… a) changing the category of a part c) combining two or more stems of speech b) adding an affix to some root d) imitating different kinds of sounds morpheme
12. Affixes are subdivided, according to their position, into
a) prefixes, suffixes and roots c) prefixes, roots and infixes b) prefixes, suffixes and infixes d) roots suffixes and infixes
13. A suffix is a) a derivational morpheme preceding c) is an affix placed before the root the stem b) an affix placed within the word d) a derivational morpheme following the stem
14. A paradigm is a) the system of forms characteristic c) the grammatical form characteristic of a word of a word b) the system of grammatical forms d) the lexical form of a word characteristic of a word
15.Compound words are a) two stems which occur in the language as free forms. c) free forms b) words consisting of at least two stems d) phrases which occur in the language as free forms.
16. Onomatopoeia is a) the naming of an action or thing c) the naming of an action or thing by alteration of a sound by reproduction of a sound b) the naming of an action or thing d) the naming of an action or thing by the change of stress pattern by change of sounds
17. Back-formation denotes a) the composition of new words by subtracting a real affix from existing words through misinterpretation of their structure. b) the derivation of new words by subtracting a real or supposed affix from existing words through misinterpretation of their structure. c) the derivation of new words by adding a affix to existing words d) the composition of new words from existing words through misinterpretation of their structure.
18. …is the formation of words by means of adding a prefix to the stem a) onomatopoeia c) blending b) suffixation d) prefixation
19. Semantics is a part of lexicology that studies…of a word a) concept c) referent b) sound form d) word-form
20. …is the mental stimulus for denominating words a) composition c) translation b) motivation d) description 21. Meaning is… a) denotator c) significate b) referent d) denotate
22. Restriction of meaning leads to… a) generalization c) degradation b) specialization d) elevation
23. …is the ability of words to have more than one meaning a) synonymy c) homonymy b) antonymy d) polysemy
24. The denotative component of the semantic structure of a word is… a) contextual meaning c) connotative meaning b) conceptual meaning d) the same meaning
25. Synonymic dominant is… a) a word whose meaning is equal to c) a word whose meaning is equal to to the denotation common to all the words to the connotation common to all the words of synonymic group of synonymic group b) a word whose sound form is equal to d) the most expressive word of synonymic group to the denotation common to all the words of synonymic group
26. Antonyms are the words… a) of different categories of parts of speech c) of the same category of parts of speech which have contrastive meaning which have contrastive meaning b) of different categories of parts of speech d) of the same category of number which have the same meaning which have contrastive meaning
27. Absolute antonyms have… a) the same roots but different affixes c) different roots b) different roots but the same affixes d) the same roots and the same affixes
28. …are words similar in shape but different in meaning a) homonyms c) antonyms b) synonyms d) paronyms
29. …is a transfer of meaning on the basis of comparison a) metonymy c) hyperbole b) epithet d) metaphor
30. The term “Phraseological unit” was first introduced by… a) Amosova N.N. c) Smirnitsky A.I. b) Vinogradov V.V. d) Koonin A.V.
Конспекты лекций и планы семинарских занятий по лексикологии Английского языка По материалам Московского педагогического университета
This course of lexicology which forms a part of the curriculum for the English sections of linguistic departments of teacher-training colleges is intended for students of the third year of the day department. It includes 15 lectures and 12 seminars which cover the main themes of Modern English lexicology: word-building, semantic changes, phraseology, borrowings, semasiology, neology, lexicography. The material for seminars includes topics to be discussed, test questions and lexical units to be analysed. Lexical units for the analysis were chosen mainly among neologisms. There is also a brief list of recommended literature. The aim of the course is to teach students to be word-conscious, to be able to guess the meaning of words they come across from the meanings of morphemes, to be able to recognise the origin of this or that lexical unit. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Language units Word-building Affixation Compound words Conversion Substantivation «Stone wall» combinations Abbreviations Secondary ways of word-building Semantic changes Specialisation Generalisation Metaphor and metonymy Phraseology Ways of forming phraseological units Semantic classification of phraseological units Structural classification of phraseological units Syntactical classification of phraseological units Borrowings Classification of borrowings according to the borrowed aspect Classification of borrowings according to the degree of assimilation Classification of borrowings according to the language from which they were borrowed. Romanic borrowings/ Latin, French, Italian, Spanish/. Germanic borrowings /Scandinavian, German, Holland/. Russian borrowings. Etymological doublets. Semasiology. Word-meaning. Lexical meaning-notion. Polysemy. Homonyms. Synonyms. Antonyms. Local varieties of English. British and American English. Archaisms. Neologisms. Lexicography. LEXICOLOGY The term «lexicology» is of Greek origin / from «lexis» - «word» and «logos» - «science»/. Lexicology is the part of linguistics which deals with the vocabulary and characteristic features of words and word-groups. The term «vocabulary» is used to denote the system of words and word-groups that the language possesses. The term «word» denotes the main lexical unit of a language resulting from the association of a group of sounds with a meaning. This unit is used in grammatical functions characteristic of it. It is the smallest unit of a language which can stand alone as a complete utterance. The term «word-group» denotes a group of words which exists in the language as a ready-made unit, has the unity of meaning, the unity of syntactical function, e.g. the word-group «as loose as a goose» means «clumsy» and is used in a sentence as a predicative / He is as loose as a goose/. Lexicology can study the development of the vocabulary, the origin of words and word-groups, their semantic relations and the development of their sound form and meaning. In this case it is called historical lexicology. Another branch of lexicology is called descriptive and studies the vocabulary at a definite stage of its development.
LANGUAGE UNITS The main unit of the lexical system of a language resulting from the association of a group of sounds with a meaning is a word. This unit is used in grammatical functions characteristic of it. It is the smallest language unit which can stand alone as a complete utterance. A word, however, can be divided into smaller sense units - morphemes. The morpheme is the smallest meaningful language unit. The morpheme consists of a class of variants, allomorphs, which are either phonologically or morphologically conditioned, e.g. please, pleasant, pleasure. Morphemes are divided into two large groups: lexical morphemes and grammatical (functional) morphemes. Both lexical and grammatical morphemes can be free and bound. Free lexical morphemes are roots of words which express the lexical meaning of the word, they coincide with the stem of simple words. Free grammatical morphemes are function words: articles, conjunctions and prepositions ( the, with, and). Bound lexical morphemes are affixes: prefixes (dis-), suffixes (-ish) and also blocked (unique) root morphemes (e.g. Fri-day, cran-berry). Bound grammatical morphemes are inflexions (endings), e.g. -s for the Plural of nouns, -ed for the Past Indefinite of regular verbs, -ing for the Present Participle, -er for the Comparative degree of adjectives. In the second half of the twentieth century the English wordbuilding system was enriched by creating so called splinters which scientists include in the affixation stock of the Modern English wordbuilding system. Splinters are the result of clipping the end or the beginning of a word and producing a number of new words on the analogy with the primary word-group. When European economic community was organized quite a number of neologisms with the splinter Euro- (apocopy produced by clipping the word «European») were coined, such as: «Euratom» «Eurocard», «Euromarket», «Europlug», «Eurotunnel» and many others. These splinters are treated sometimes as prefixes in Modern English. Splinters can be the result of clipping adjectives or substantivized adjectives. The splinter «aholic» (holic) was formed by clipping the beginning of the word «alcoholic» of Arabian origin where «al» denoted «the», «koh’l» - «powder for staining lids». The splinter «(a)holic» means «infatuated by the object expressed by the stem of the word», e.g. «bookaholic», «computerholic», «coffeeholic», «cheesaholic», «workaholic» and many others. The splinter «genic» formed by clipping the beginning of the word «photogenic» denotes the notion «suitable for something denoted by the stem», e.g. «allergenic», «cardiogenic», «mediagenic», «telegenic» etc. As far as verbs are concerned it is not typical of them to be clipped that is why there is only one splinter to be used for forming new verbs in this way. It is the splinter «cast» formed by clipping the beginning of the verb «broadcast». This splinter was used to form the verbs «telecast» and «abroadcast». Splinters can be called pseudomorphemes because they are neither roots nor affixes, they are more or less artificial. In English there are words which consist of two splinters, e.g. «telethon», therefore it is more logical to call words with splinters in their structure «compound-shortened words consisting of two clippings of words». According to the nature and the number of morphemes constituting a word there are different structural types of words in English: simple, derived, compound, compound-derived. When speaking about the structure of words stems also should be mentioned. The stem is the part of the word which remains unchanged throughout the paradigm of the word, e.g. the stem «hop» can be found in the words: «hop», «hops», «hopped», «hopping». The stem «hippie» can be found in the words: «hippie», «hippies», «hippie’s», «hippies’». The stem «job-hop» can be found in the words: «job-hop», «job-hops», «job-hopped», «job-hopping». So stems, the same as words, can be simple, derived, compound and compound-derived. Stems have not only the lexical meaning but also grammatical (part-of-speech) meaning, they can be noun stems («girl» in the adjective «girlish»), adjective stems («girlish» in the noun «girlishness»), verb stems («expell» in the noun «expellee») etc. They differ from words by the absence of inflexions in their structure, they can be used only in the structure of words. Sometimes it is rather difficult to distinguish between simple and derived words, especially in the cases of phonetic borrowings from other languages and of native words with blocked (unique) root morphemes, e.g. «perestroika», «cranberry», «absence» etc. Among language units we can also point out word combinations of different structural types of idiomatic and non-idiomatic character, such as «the first fiddle», «old salt» and «round table», «high road». There are also sentences which are studied by grammarians. Thus, we can draw the conclusion that in Modern English the following language units can be mentioned: morphemes, splinters, words, nominative binomials, non-idiomatic and idiomatic word-combinations, sentences.
WORDBUILDING Word-building is one of the main ways of enriching vocabulary. There are four main ways of word-building in modern English: affixation, composition, conversion, abbreviation. There are also secondary ways of word-building: sound interchange, stress interchange, sound imitation, blends, back formation.
AFFIXATION Affixation is one of the most productive ways of word-building throughout the history of English. It consists in adding an affix to the stem of a definite part of speech. Affixation is divided into suffixation and prefixation. Suffixation. The main function of suffixes in Modern English is to form one part of speech from another, the secondary function is to change the lexical meaning of the same part of speech. ( e.g. «educate» is a verb, «educatee» is a noun, and « music» is a noun, «musicdom» is also a noun). There are different classifications of suffixes: 1. Part-of-speech classification. 2. Semantic classification. 3. Lexico-grammatical character of the stem. 4. Origin of suffixes. 5. Productivity. There are also disputable cases whether we have a suffix or a root morpheme in the structure of a word, in such cases we call such morphemes semi-suffixes, and words with such suffixes can be classified either as derived words or as compound words, e.g. -gate (Irangate), -burger (cheeseburger), -aholic (workaholic) etc. Prefixation Prefixation is the formation of words by means of adding a prefix to the stem. In English it is characteristic for forming verbs. Prefixes are more independent than suffixes. Prefixes can be classified according to the nature of words in which they are used: prefixes used in notional words and prefixes used in functional words. Prefixes used in notional words are proper prefixes which are bound morphemes, e.g. un- (unhappy). Prefixes used in functional words are semi-bound morphemes because they are met in the language as words, e.g. over- (overhead) ( cf over the table ). The main function of prefixes in English is to change the lexical meaning of the same part of speech. But the recent research showed that about twenty-five prefixes in Modern English form one part of speech from another (bebutton, interfamily, postcollege etc). COMPOSITION Composition is the way of wordbuilding when a word is formed by joining two or more stems to form one word. The structural unity of a compound word depends upon: a) the unity of stress, b) solid or hyphonated spelling, c) semantic unity, d) unity of morphological and syntactical functioning. These are charachteristic features of compound words in all languages. For English compounds some of these factors are not very reliable. As a rule English compounds have one uniting stress (usually on the first component), e.g. hard-cover, best-seller. We can also have a double stress in an English compound, with the main stress on the first component and with a secondary stress on the second component, e.g. blood-vessel. The third pattern of stresses is two level stresses, e.g. snow-white, sky-blue. The third pattern is easily mixed up with word-groups unless they have solid or hyphonated spelling. The semantic unity of a compound word is often very strong. In such cases we have idiomatic compounds where the meaning of the whole is not a sum of meanings of its components, e.g. to ghostwrite, skinhead, brain-drain etc. In nonidiomatic compounds semantic unity is not strong, e. g., airbus, to bloodtransfuse, astrodynamics etc. Популярное:
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