Reported questions, orders, requests

(Вопросы, приказы, просьбы в косвенной речи)

Косвенную речь можно использовать для передачи чужой речи, содержащей вопросы, приказы, просьбы.

Правила преобразованиявопросов, приказов, просьб прямой речи в косвенную:

Прямая речь	Косвенная речь
Общие вопросы с have, do или be ‘Have you been to the gallery? ’ he asked her. ‘Do you want a cup of tea? ’ the waiter asked. ‘Are you writing a letter? ’ I asked John.	> He asked her if she had been to the gallery. > The waiter asked if I wanted a cup of tea. > I asked John if he was writing a letter.
Общие вопросы с модальными глаголами ‘Can you paint? ’ Mary asked her friend. ‘Will you call me? ’ I asked Ted. ‘Shall I do this? ’ I asked her. ‘May I borrow your book? ’ the student asked his friend	> Mary asked her friend if he could paint. > I asked Ted if he would call me. > I asked her if I should do this. > The student asked his friend if he might borrow his book.
Специальные вопросы ‘What kinds of shoes are in fashion now? ’ my sister asked me. ‘Who did you see at the exhibition? ’ asked Tom. ‘Which one do you want? ’ I asked Sam. ‘When will they finish the job? ’ the boss asked. ‘Why did you come here? ’ the policeman asked me. ‘How much did it cost? ’ my mum asked me.	> My sister asked me what kinds of shoes were in fashion at that moment. > Tom asked who I had seen at the exhibition. > I asked Sam which one he wanted. > The boss asked when they would finish the job. > The policeman asked me why I had come at that place. > My mum asked me how much it had cost.
Приказы ‘Give me your money! ’ the robber said	The robber told us to give him our money.
Просьбы ‘Please don’t talk in class, ’ the teacher said.	The teacher asked not to talk in class.

В косвенных общих вопросах вместо if можно использовать whether. (He asked her whether she had been to the gallery.)

В косвенных специальных вопросах используется прямой порядок слов.

Практические задания:

1. Выберите правильный вариант:

· ‘Has your brother gone out? ’ mum asked me.

Mum asked me if my brother has gone/had gone out.

· ‘Do you know the answer? ’ the teacher asked the student.

The teacher asked the student if he knew/had known the answer.

· ‘Is it your car? ’ the police officer said to the man.

The police officer asked the man if it is/was his car.

· ‘Have you been to the exhibition? ’ I asked Ben.

I asked Ben if he went/had been to the exhibition.

· ‘Does your laptop need a new battery? Jerry asked me.

Jerry asked me if my laptop needed/will need a new battery.

2. Передайте следующие приказы и просьбы в косвенной речи:

· ‘Explain to me how to solve this problem, ’ asked my friend.

· ‘Take this book and read it, ’ said the librarian to the student.

· ‘Go home, ’ said the teacher to us.

· ‘Don’t go for a walk today, ’ my mother asked me.

· ‘Open the door please, ’ she asked.

3. Восстановите прямую речь:

· Tom said he would go to see the professor the next day.

· He told me he was ill.

· She said she was feeling bad that day.

· They said they would not go to the university until Monday.

· She told me she had caught cold.

4. Передайте следующие специальные вопросы в косвенной речи:

· I said to Nick, ‘Where are you going? ’

· The man asked, ’How can I get to the railway station? ’

· They said to him, ‘What time does the train start? ’

· I said to Mary, ‘What kind of book has your friend brought you? ’

· She asked me, ‘What will you do tomorrow if you are not busy at your office? ’

5. Передайте следующие общие вопросы в косвенной речи:

I asked Bob, ‘Does your friend live in London? ’
Mike asked his friend, ‘Will you come to the station to see me off? ’
I asked Kate, ‘Did anybody come to see me? ’
She said to the man, ‘Can you call a taxi for me? ’
The man asked the receptionist, ‘Have you sent a mail? ’

Texts for extra reading and translation:

1. A major breakthrough in particle physics came in the 1970s when physicists realized that there were very close ties between two of the four fundamental forces – namely, the weak force and the electromagnetic force. The two forces can be described within the same theory, which forms the basis of the Standard Model. This ‘unification’ implies that electricity, magnetism, light and some types of radioactivity are all manifestations of a single underlying force called, unsurprisingly, the electroweak force. But in order for this unification to work mathematically, it requires that the force-carrying particles have no mass. We know from experiments that this is not true, so physicists Peter Higgs, Robert Brout and Franç ois Englert came up with a solution to solve this conundrum.

They suggested that all particles had no mass just after the Big Bang. As the Universe cooled and the temperature fell below a critical value, an invisible force field called the ‘Higgs field’ was formed together with the associated ‘Higgs boson’. The field prevails throughout the cosmos: any particles that interact with it are given a mass via the Higgs boson. The more they interact, the heavier they become, whereas particles that never interact are left with no mass at all.

Slowly simmer

Space, time, matter... everything originated in the Big Bang, an incommensurably huge explosion that happened 13.7 billion years ago. The Universe was then incredibly hot and dense but only a few moments after, as it started to cool down, the conditions were just right to give rise to the building blocks of matter – in particular, the quarks and electrons of which we are all made. A few millionths of a second later, quarks aggregated to produce protons and neutrons, which in turn were bundled into nuclei three minutes later.

Then, as the Universe continued to expand and cool, things began to happen more slowly. It took 380, 000 years for the electrons to be trapped in orbits around nuclei, forming the first atoms. These were mainly helium and hydrogen, which are still by far the most abundant elements in the Universe.

Another 1.6 million years later, gravity began to take control as clouds of gas began to form stars and galaxies. Since then heavier atoms, such as carbon, oxygen and iron, of which we are all made, have been continuously ‘cooked’ in the hearts of the stars and stirred in with the rest of the Universe each time a star comes to a spectacular end as a supernova.

The mystery ingredient

So far so good but there is one small detail left out: cosmological and astrophysical observations have now shown that all of the above accounts for only a tiny 4% of the entire Universe. In a way, it is not so much the visible things, such as planets and galaxies, that define the Universe, but rather the void around them!

Most of the Universe is made up of invisible substances known as 'dark matter' (26%) and 'dark energy' (70%). These do not emit electromagnetic radiation, and we detect them only through their gravitational effects. What they are and what role they played in the evolution of the Universe are a mystery, but within this darkness lie intriguing possibilities of hitherto undiscovered physics beyond the established Standard Model.

The Large Hadron Collider

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is a gigantic scientific instrument near Geneva, where it spans the border between Switzerland and France about 100m underground. It is a particle accelerator used by physicists to study the smallest known particles – the fundamental building blocks of all things. It will revolutionise our understanding, from the minuscule world deep within atoms to the vastness of the Universe.

Two beams of subatomic particles called " hadrons" – either protons or lead ions – travel in opposite directions inside the circular accelerator, gaining energy with every lap. Physicists use the LHC to recreate the conditions just after the Big Bang, by colliding the two beams head-on at very high energy. Teams of physicists from around the world then analyse the particles created in the collisions using special detectors in a number of experiments dedicated to the LHC.

The precise circumference of the LHC accelerator is 26 659 m, with a total of 9300 magnets inside. Not only is the LHC the world’s largest particle accelerator, just one-eighth of its cryogenic distribution system would qualify as the world’s largest fridge. All the magnets are pre‑ cooled to -193°C using 10 080 tonnes of liquid nitrogen, before they are filled with nearly 120 tonnes of liquid helium to bring them down to -271°C.

At full power, trillions of protons race around the LHC accelerator ring 11 245 times a second, travelling at 99.9999991% the speed of light. Two beams of protons each travel at a maximum energy of 7 TeV (tera-electronvolt), corresponding to head-to-head collisions of 14 TeV. Altogether some 600 million collisions take place every second. The beams of particles travel in an ultra-high vacuum – a cavity as empty as interplanetary space. The internal pressure of the LHC is 10^-13 atm, ten times less than the pressure on the Moon!

5. The most powerful supercomputer system in the world...

The data recorded by each of the big experiments at the LHC fill around 100 000 dual layer DVDs every year. To allow the thousands of scientists scattered around the globe to collaborate on the analysis over the next 15 years (the estimated lifetime of the LHC), tens of thousands of computers located around the world are being harnessed in a distributed computing network called the Grid.

The Hubble Space Telescope

Before the Hubble Space Telescope was launched, scientists thought they knew the universe. But they were wrong.

The Hubble Space Telescope has changed many scientists’ view of the universe. The telescope is named after American astronomer Edwin Hubble, who calculated the speed at which galaxies move. He established that many galaxies exist and developed the first system for their classification.

In many ways, Hubble is like any other telescope. It simply gathers light. It is roughly the size of a large school bus. What makes Hubble special is not what it is, but where it is.

Hubble was launched in 1990 from the “Discovery” space shuttle and it is about 350 miles above our planet, so it has a clear view of space. It is far from the glare of city lights, it doesn’t have to look through the air, which is above Earth’s atmosphere. And what a view it is! Hubble is so powerful that it could spot a fly on the moon.

Yet in an average orbit, it uses the same amount of energy as 28100-watt light bulbs. Hubble pictures require no film. The telescope takes digital images which are transmitted to the scientists on the Earth.

Hubble has snapped photos of storms on the Saturn and exploding stars. Hubble doesn’t just focus on our solar system. It also peers into our galaxy and beyond. Many Hubble photos show the stars that make up the Milky Way galaxy. A galaxy is a city of stars. Hubble cannot take pictures of the sun or other very bright objects, because doing so could “fry” the telescope’s instruments, but it can detect infrared and ultra violet light because many stars are in clouds of gas. Some of the sights of our solar system that Hubble has glimpsed may even change the number of planets in it.

Unit 6

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