Follow the structure of the example

(Следуйте образцу):

There is no doubt that traffic is a problem of pollution and global warming. Public transport offers a possible solution to this, since many people can be transported in one vehicle. The government has a responsibility to encourage the public to use buses and the underground more. However, there are a number of changes which need to be considered.

In the first place, public transport should be made free. The government should raise taxes to pay for the service. If it was free, most people would decide to leave their cars at home and travel by bus or train.

What is more, the service must be clean and reliable. People need to know that they can get to work on time. They also need to know that their journey will be comfortable.

To sum up, I would argue that a clean, reliable service which was free would encourage many people to use public transport. The government should take action on this to prevent environmental damage.

Exercise 11: reddit_url='[URL]'

Read the text for general understanding:

Global warming

It’s time to get serious, because the world is on the brink of catastrophic climate change. We are pouring carbon dioxide into the atmosphere much faster than plants and oceans can absorb it. Carbon dioxide and other gases warm the surface of the planet naturally by trapping heat from the sun in our atmosphere. It’s actually good, because it keeps our planet habitable. However, by burning fossil fuels such as coal, gas, and oil we have dramatically increased the amount of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere and temperatures are rising fast.

Most scientists agree that global warming is very dangerous. We are already witnessed some changes:

· An average temperature around the world is rising

· Arctic ice is quickly melting. Polar bears and other animals are suffering from the loss of sea ice.

· Glaciers and mountains snows are quickly disappearing.

· The number of strong hurricanes over the ocean has almost doubled in the last 30 years.

· The number of heat waves, droughts and wildfire is increasing.

· At least 279 kinds of plants and animals are moving closer to the pole, responding to global warming.

If our planet continues to get warmer the sea levels will rise and some cities on the coast will disappeared under the water. Polar bears and other animals will die out. The climate will get hotter and drier. Many lakes and rivers will dry up. There will be more heat waves, droughts and wildfire. Hurricanes, tornado and other storms will become more common.

But, there are lots of things you can do to help our planet to survive. Even small changes to your daily life can really help. You can use energy-saving light bulbs. Put on sweater when you are cold instead of turning up the heater. Try to use reusable shopping bags. Walking or cycling is less harmful for our planet, than traveling by car. If you have a garden, put your organic waste in a compost heap. And finally, plant a tree. A single tree will absorb one tone of carbon dioxide over its lifetime.

Exercise 12: Discuss in a dialogues:

What is global warming?
Is it a real problem or just a new myth?
Is global warming dangerous?
What may happen with our planet?
Can you do anything to save the planet?

Grammar review:

Modal Verbs

Модальные глаголы не обозначают действие или состояние, а лишь передают отношение говорящего к действию. Они показывают, что говорящий рассматривает действие как возможное, желательное, необходимое, сомнительное, допустимое, требуемое, запрещенное, принудительное и т.д.

Модальные глаголы сочетаются с инфинитивом смыслового глагола без частицы to

(исключение ought to). Всего в английском языке 10 модальных глаголов: can/could, may/ might, must, need, ought to, shall, should, will, would, need, dare.

Модальные глаголы отличаются от других глаголов тем, что не изменяются по лицам, у них нет неличных форм (инфинитива, причастия и герундия). В вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях они употребляются без вспомогательного глагола. Исключение составляет модальный глагол need, который в современном английском языке все чаще употребляется со вспомогательными глаголами: I don’t need; Do/Did you need…?

Употребление:

prediction of future events (прогноз на будущее)	will, shall	What will it be like, living in the next century? We’ll all be dead in a hundred years.
personal intention (личное намерение)	will, shall	I’ll be back in a minute. We shall overcome all the difficulties.
willingness, wish (желание)	will/would, shall	Will you help me with my work? Will he come? Shall I give you a hand?
ability (способность)	can, could	I can speak Chinese, but I can’t write it. Could you close the window, please?
permission (разрешение)	can/could, may/might	Can I have another piece of cake? Could I leave early tonight? May I have a word with you?
unreality, hypothesis (предположение)	would, should	I would like to travel round the world. What would you do if you won a lot of money? Should he protest, what would you say?
possibility (вероятность)	may/might, can/could	She might not go to Paris tomorrow. They may be meeting her. Where can they be? It could be dangerous. Learning English can be fun.
certainty (предположение, близкое к уверенности)	must, can’t, will/ won’t	He must have graduated years ago. We can’t be all together. They’ll be back by now.
obligation, requirement (обязательство, требование)	must, have to, need	You must finish this job by tomorrow. I didn’t have to get up early this morning. You needn’t have bought me a present.
desirability (желательность)	should, ought to	You should give up smoking. We ought to go to that new Japanese restaurant sometime.
probability (возможность)	should, ought to	Their meeting should be over now. He ought to be home by 5 o’clock today.

Практические задания:

Is the sentence right or wrong? :

a. I do it later.

b. She might not come to the party.

c. May I ask a question?

d. When I was young, I can run very fast.

e. Could you open the door, please?

Make the sentences negative:

a. He can speak Italian.

b. We might go to the cinema.

c. They need hurry.

d. You must keep a secret.

e. She can have got my message.

Ask the questions to the sentences:

a. You could live in a big city.

b. Things couldn’t be better.

c. He might be having lunch.

d. You could have left your bag in the shop.

e. It may not be true.

Use must, mustn’t, or needn’t :

a. We have got plenty of time. We _________ hurry.

b. I have enough food at home, so I _________ go shopping today.

c. Mum gave me a letter to post. I ________ forget to post it.

d. We haven’t got much time. We ________ hurry.

e. The house I’d like to buy ______ have a nice garden.

Translate into English:

a. Возьми зонт. Возможно, будет дождь.

b. Он вынужден много работать.

c. Вы не должны опаздывать на занятия.

d. Можно мне войти?

e. Могу я Вам позвонить?

Attributive sentences

(Определительные предложения)

Предложения в английском языке бывают простые и сложные.

Простые предложения содержать одну основу, сложные – две и более грамматические основы. Сложные предложения, состоящие из равноправных простых предложений, называются сложносочиненными. Сложные предложения, в которых одно простое предложение подчинено другому по смыслу, называются сложноподчиненными. В сложноподчиненном предложении одно предложение - главное, а другое придаточное. Придаточное предложение имеет функцию какого-либо члена главного предложения и присоединяется к нему при помощи подчинительных союзов (that, whether, if), союзных слов (who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, how, why) или без союза.

Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.

The book she gave me is very interesting.

Определительные предложения, как правило, входят в состав сложного предложения и являются придаточными. Они выполняют функцию определения и отвечают на вопрос какой? (What? Which? ). Они могут соединяться с главным предложением с помощью союзных слов (местоимений и наречий): who, whom, whose, which, that, when, where, why.

The man who was here yesterday is a well-known artist.

Определительные предложения бывают:

Индивидуализирующие (описывают индивидуальный признак лица или предмета)

The boy who lives next door is my son’s friend.

Классифицирующие (причисляют к какому-либо классу лиц или предметов)

Children who live by the water usually begin to swim at an early age.

Описательные (служат для описания лиц или предметов и сообщения им дополнительных признаков)

In the street I met a postman who showed me the way to your house.

Relative clause

Relative clauses tell us more about people and things.

Defining relative clause:

The man who started Microsoft is now very rich. (It identifies the man we are talking about.)

We use defining relative clauses to add essential information to a sentence.
We use these relative pronouns to introduce a defining relative clause:

	To refer to people	To refer to things
Subject	who, that	which, that
Object	(who, that whom)	(which, that)
Possessive	whose	whose

We can omit the relative pronoun when it is the object of the relative clause
We don’t use commas.

Non-defining relative clause:

Bill Gates, who started Microsoft, is now very rich. (It just gives extra information)

We use non-defining relative clauses to add non-essential information to a sentence.
We use these relative pronouns to introduce a non-defining relative clause:

	To refer to people	To refer to things
Subject	who	which
Object	who, whom	which
Possessive	whose	whose

We usually use commas to separate a non-defining relative clause from the rest of the sentences.
We can’t use that as a relative pronoun.
We can’t leave out the relative pronoun.

Study the examples:

Have you got the book which I lent you?

There’s the man who stole my car!

This is the phone that I got for Birthday.

Tom, whose father is a professor, is in trouble with his exams.

I still remember the moment when I saw her for the first time.

England, where football began, has strong football teams.

That’s the man to whom I gave the money.

Unit 5

The latest materials

Discussion:

· Name any materials that you know

· Look around and find things made of different materials

· Do you prefer natural or manmade materials?

· Are you interested in the materials your clothes, shoes or furniture made of?

· Is the matter of material important for the human’s health?

KEY VOCABULARY

1. previous - предыдущий

2. research - исследование

3. fabric - ткань

4. textile - текстиль

5. polymer - полимер

6. plastic - пластик

7. packaging material – упаковочный материал

8. biomaterial - биоматериал

9. film – пленка

10. furniture – мебель

11. aircraft industry - авиастроение

12. flexible - гибкий

13. shrinkable - термоусадочный

14. retort – реторт -упаковка

15. foam - пена

16. weightlessness - невесомость

17. semi-conductor - полупроводник

18. sophisticated - изощренный

19. unique - уникальный

20. rechargeable - перезаряжаемый

21. approach - подход

22. motile - подвижный

23. compound - компонент

24. admixture - примесь

25. challenging – вызывающий, манящий

26. stem cell – стволовая клетка

27. blood vessels – кровеносные сосуды

28. Higgs boson – бозон Хиггса

29. the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) – большой андронный коллайдер

30. particle - частица

Text: The latest materials

During the previous century lots of new technologies have changed the life of the mankind. Many new things and materials appeared after scientific researches and inventions. Fabrics and textiles, polymers and plastics, new packaging materials, biomaterials and nanostructures have been invented to improve the quality of everyday life and modern devices.

The results of scientific researches are used to make our life easier and more comfortable. For example we need some materials to pack or wrap our things, food and clothes. A great variety of new materials appeared in packaging industry. Not long ago the most usable materials for packing were paper and cardboard. Nowadays we can use different types of food packaging such as flexible barrier films, shrinkable films, packaging with modified gas atmosphere and vacuum. A new type of retort packaging is made of multilayer films that provide the possibility of product sterilization inside of the packaging and long shelf life of the product. Such materials as polyamide, foam polyethylene and polypropylene can be applied in mechanical engineering, aircraft industry, furniture industry, packaging for medical products and technical needs.

We see great changes in the sphere of robots manufacturing. The robots can be very sophisticated and unique, but they have been widely used in different industries. But they need power, constant electricity supply or rechargeable units. Lots of researches have been done to solve this problem. Scientists always try to find new and unusual approaches. For example, a chemical gel that can walk like a worm or caterpillar has been demonstrated in Japanese robotic laboratory. It is the color-changing motile gel produced from combining polymers that changes in size depending on their chemical environment. This is based on a chemical reaction called the Belousov – Zhabotinsky reaction. The result is an autonomous material that moves without electronic stimulation. This ability could be used to make some compounds of future robots.

The beginning of space era which started in the middle of the 20^th century has given a great chance for the scientists to research materials in new conditions. The most important of them is weightlessness. Weightlessness allows the scientists to create new materials or find unknown and unusual features of the ordinary ones. In the state of weightlessness there is no weight, but there are forces of gravity. Dealing with this problem, the experiments are conducted in five main areas: space metallurgy, production of semi-conductors materials, crystals and ceramics production, medico-biological materials and overall physical effects in weightlessness. The aim of these experiments is to develop new materials which are cleaner and purer, without admixtures which can’t be avoided in usual conditions on the Earth. Several tones of such materials with the cost more than 10 billion dollars have been already produced in space on board of the former Soviet Union station Soyuz and on the International Space station. Further developments for achieving the industrial scale in this business will be done in the nearest future.

The biomedical research laboratories start to make the future changes in the tomorrow’s life saving therapies using new biomaterials. It can be called the scientists’ quest to solve the most challenging mysteries of the human body. Diseases and disorders with no therapies and treatment or at best, partially effective ones are the lure of the pursuit of stem cell research. A significant progress that has already been achieved is a prologue to an era of medical discovery of cell-based therapies. Hope, that in the near future they will restore the disable functions of the human body. For example, stem cells extracted from fat tissue after liposuction may one day be used to create and then to replace faulty arteries in the heart.

The researches in nanostructures, for example, nanocomposites or nanotubes

have a great potential in industrial areas such as nanotechnology, electronics, optics, material science, and architecture. These materials have great advantages in their unique electrical properties, extraordinary strength and efficiency in heat conduction.

The latest and maybe the greatest researches and inventions in the sphere of super small materials have been done with the Higgs boson using the Large Hadron Collider. There are many theories as to what will result from these collisions. For decades, the Standard Model of particle physics has served physicists well as a means of understanding the fundamental laws of nature, but it does not tell the whole story. Only experimental data using the high energies reached by the LHC can push knowledge forward, challenging those who seek confirmation of established knowledge, and those who dare to dream beyond the paradigm. Last but not least, an essential ingredient of the Standard Model, a particle called the Higgs boson, has to be found in an experiment. The race is on to hunt for the Higgs – the key to the origin of particle mass. Finding it has become a big step for particle physics, although its discovery has not written the final ending to the story. Perhaps it is only a part of a bigger picture that includes new physics that has so far been hidden deep in the subatomic world or in the dark recesses of the Universe. New data from experiments at the Large Hadron Collider are sure to help us find more of these missing pieces. You are welcome to join.

ACTIVITIES:

Exercise 1: Answer the questions:

1. Have new materials changed the life of mankind?

2. Can you name any materials that had been invented recently? Do it.

3. What new materials appeared in packaging industry?

4. What changes are seen in the sphere of robots manufacturing?

5. What is a motile gel made of?

6. Is weightlessness used to create new materials?

7. How long is weightlessness used in researches?

8. What results of using weightlessness have been achieved?

9. Can the usage of new biomaterials help to protect humans’ health?

10. Are you interested in the latest researches of the scientists?

11. What changes can the research of Higgs boson bring?

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