Definition according to the dictionary

A

The Proposed international standard nomenclature for fields of science and technology was proposed in 1973 and 1974 by the Division of Science Policy and Statistics for Science and Technology of UNESCO and adopted by the Scientific Advisory Committee. This is a classification system widely used in knowledge management of research projects and dissertations. Categories are divided into three hierarchical levels:

• Fields: Referring to general sections. Encoded with two digits and comprises several disciplines.
• Disciplines: Provide an overview of specialty groups in Science and Technology. Encoded with four digits. Despite being different from each other disciplines with cross references, or within the same field, are considered to have common characteristics.
• Subdisciplines: Entries are the more specific elements of the nomenclature and represent the activities that take place within a discipline. Encoded with six digits. In turn, must correspond to individual specialties in science and technology.

This SKOS implementation groups the different categories of the classification into a single concept scheme (skos: Conceptscheme). [3] UNESCO Nomenclature for Fields of Science and Technology. SCOS, 2014.

B

This classification is the Eurostat standard code list for the classification of fields of science and technology (FOS 2007). The classification of field of science is based on the nomenclature suggested by UNESCO: Recommendation concerning the International Standardisation of Statistics on Science and Technology.

FOS 2007 defines six fields of science, which are:

• natural sciences,
• engineering and technology,
• medical sciences,
• agricultural sciences,
• social sciences, and
• humanities.

[4] Field of Science and Technology Classification, 2014

C

Discipline is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as " a branch of learning or scholarly instruction." Fields of study as defined by academic discipline provide the framework for a student's program of college or postbaccalaureate study, and as such, define the academic world inhabited by scholars. Training in a discipline results in a system of orderly behavior recognized as characteristic of the discipline. Such behaviors are manifested in scholars' approaches to understanding and investigating new knowledge, ways of working, and perspectives on the world around them.

[5] Education Encyclopedia, 2015

D

In 1973, Biglan classified academic disciplines along three dimensions. Each of these dimensions were broadly classified into two categories – hard vs soft, pure vs applied, and life vs non-life.

As per this classification, hard disciplines follow a single common paradigm, whereas the experts of soft disciplines differ in their methodologies and concepts.

The hard-pure disciplines are concerned with universals and simplification, whereas soft-pure disciplines are concerned with particular cases. The thinking approaches significantly differ for these categories. The hard-pure disciplines have an atomistic approach and rely more on linear logic, facts, and concepts whereas soft-pure disciplines have a holistic approach, and rely more on the breadth of intellectual ideas, creativity and expression.

Biglan’s classification of disciplines

	Hard	Soft
	Life	Non-life	Life	Non-life
Pure	Biology, Biochemistry, Genetics, Physiology, etc.	Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Geology, Astronomy, Oceanography, etc.	Psychology, Sociology, Anthropology, Political Science, Area Study, etc.	Linguistics, Literature, Communications, Creative Writing, Economics, Philosophy, Archaeology, History, Geography, etc.
Applied	Agriculture, Psychiatry, Medicine, Pharmacy, Dentistry, Horticulture, etc.,	Civil Engineering, Telecommunication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Computer Science, etc.	Recreation, Arts, Education, Nursing, Conservation, Counseling, HR Management, etc.	Finance, Accounting, Banking, Marketing, Journalism, Library And Archival Science, Law, Architecture, Interior Design, Crafts, Arts, Dance, Music, etc.

The hard-applied disciplines focus on problem solving and application of knowledge to create products and techniques, whereas, soft-applied disciplines focus on personal growth, reflective practice, and lifelong learning to create protocols and procedures. The hard-pure disciplines are concerned with mastery of physical environment, whereas soft-applied are concerned with enhancement of professional practice.

E

This classification shows an insight for the curriculum designers of higher education. A well rounded broad based undergraduate curriculum should ideally aim to expose the students to all the different categories of disciplines. This exposure should not be limited to transmission of some known facts, concepts, and skills to the students. Well rounded students should have some familiarity with the context, thinking approaches, professional concerns, design goals, research questions, research approaches, etc. of diversified disciplines.

Almost all disciplines are potential domains of applying IT. Many of these have also contributed significantly to expanding the body of knowledge related to software system’s analysis, design, and development. Consequently familiarisation with diverse disciplines becomes even more important in the context of software development education.

[6] Goel S. Well-Rounded Curriculum, 2010

v Skim the text and give the right answer to the following.

What classification of sciences do you know?

What classification of academic disciplines do you know?

V Scan the text and answer the questions.

1. What is the difference between field of science, discipline and subdiscipline?
2. What is the difference between hard-pure, hard-applied disciplines and soft-pure, soft-applied ones

 

v Dwell on the following.

1. Why do you think different classifications of sciences and academic disciplines might exist?
2. What is the significance of these classifications?

 

v Look at the following curriculum of three schools and analyse it following the scheme of the SWOT (S – Strengths, W – Weaknesses, O – Opportunities, T – Threats) analysis:

Curriculum (Upper School – Grade 9)

Brent International School	Stonyhurst Southville International School	Philippine Science School
English 9	English (Communication)	Comm Arts Asean Lit
Integrated Math, or Math Methods or Math Studies	Mathematics	Advanced Algebra and Trigonometry
Biology and Environment Science	Science	Advanced Biology
Social Science (History/PG)	Social Living and Global Ed	Inorganic Chemistry
Foreign Language Option	Foreign Language	Advanced Physics
Visual and Performing Arts	Music	World History
Computer Studies	Computer	Computer Science
Religious Studies	Values Education
Health and Physical Education	Home Education/TA Business Class	PE and Health 3
	Filipino	Principles of S& T Research

[7]

PRAGMATICS ACTIVISATION: WRITING

Read the question below.

An international research group is investigating attitudes to education in different parts of the world. You have been asked to write a report on education in your country. Your report should address the following questions:

• What are the strengths and weaknesses of education in your country?
• What educational developments would you like to see in your country?

2 Write your report (in 300-350 words). Consult the ‘Writing Bank’ section.

REPORT TIPS
v The question gives you a logical structure for organizing your report, namely: - Introduction (purpose of the report) - Strengths (e.g. broad-based curriculum, continuity of teachers) - Weaknesses (e.g. teacher motivation, no recognition of merit) - Recommendations (e.g. more autonomy for individual schools)	v It may be helpful to make a note of some words and phrases which you want to include/ for example: A brief overview A broad-based curriculum A wide range of subjects A balanced education Continuity of teaching Recruited on the basis of national lists Reward merit Motivation Develop professionally

 

CONCEPT STUDY

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