Термодинамические константы некоторых веществ
|
Вещество
|   , кДж/моль
| DGf, 298, кДж/моль
|  ,
Дж/(моль × К)
| | Ag (к)
|
|
| 42, 55
| | Ag+ (р)
| 105, 58
| 77, 12
| 72, 80
| | AgCl (к)
| -127, 1
| -109, 8
| 96, 11
| | Ag(CN)2- (р)
| -
| -301, 67
| 201, 33
| | AgNO3 (к)
| -124, 5
| -33, 6
| 140, 9
| | Al (к)
|
|
| 28, 35
| | Al4C3 (к)
| -209
| -196
| 88, 95
| | AlCl3 (к)
| -704, 2
| -628, 6
| 109, 3
| | AlF3 (к)
| -1510
| -1432, 0
| 66, 48
| | Al(OH)3 (к)
| -1315
| -1157
| 70, 1
| | Al(OH)4- (р)
| -1507, 5
| -1307, 5
| 89, 7
| | Al2O3 (к)
| -1676
| -1582
| 50, 92
| | Al2S3 (к)
| -723, 4
| -492, 5
|
| | As2O5 (к)
| -924, 9
| -782, 4
| 105, 4
| | As2O3 (к)
| -925, 0
| -782, 0
| 105, 0
| | B (к)
|
|
| 5, 8
| | BBr3 (к)
| -
| -237, 5
| 228, 5
| | B2O3 (ам)
| -1254
| -1193, 7
| 80, 8
| | H3BO3 (к)
| -1094, 0
| -968, 8
| 88, 74
| | Ba (к)
|
|
|
| | BaCO3 (к)
| -1219
| -1139
|
| | BaO (к)
| -558, 1
| -528, 4
| 70, 3
| | BeO (к)
| -598
| -582
| 14, 1
| | Br2 (г)
| 30, 9
| 3, 1
| 245, 5
| | Br2 (ж)
|
|
| 152, 2
| | HBr (г)
| -34, 1
| -51, 2
| 198, 6
| | C (алмаз, к)
| 1, 828
| 2, 833
| 2, 36
| | C (графит, к)
|
|
| 5, 74
| | CCl4 (ж)
| -135, 44
| -64, 7
| 214, 6
| | CH4 (г)
| -74, 86
| -50, 79
| 186, 19
| | C2H4 (г)
| 52, 28
| 68, 11
| 219, 4
| | CO (г)
| -110, 52
| -137, 14
| 197, 54
| | COCl2 (г)
| -220, 3
| -266, 9
| 283, 9
| | CO2 (г)
| -393, 51
| -394, 38
| 213, 68
| | CS2 (ж)
| 88, 7
| 64, 4
| 151, 0
| | HCN (ж)
| -109, 6
| -125, 6
| 113, 2
| | H2CO3 (р)
| -699, 5
| -619, 2
| 187, 4
| | Ca (к)
|
|
| 41, 63
| | CaC2 (к)
| -62, 8
| -67, 8
| 70, 3
| | CaCO3 (кальцит, к)
| -1206, 9
| -1128, 8
| 92, 9
| | CaCl2 (к)
| -795
| -750, 2
| 113, 6
| | CaF2 (к)
| -1214, 6
| -1161, 9
| 68, 9
| | CaO (к)
| -635, 5
| -604, 2
| 39, 7
| | Ca(OH)2 (к)
| -986, 6
| -896, 8
| 76, 1
| | Cl- (р)
| -167, 2
| -131, 4
| 56, 54
| | Cl2 (г)
|
|
| 222, 9
| | HCl (г)
| -91, 8
| -94, 79
| 186, 8
| | HCl (р)
| -166, 9
| -131, 2
| 56, 5
| | Cr (к)
|
|
| 23, 6
| | CrO3 (к)
| -585, 76
| -506, 26
| 71, 96
| | Cr2O3 (к)
| -1140, 6
| -1059
| 81, 2
| | Cu (к)
|
|
| 33, 15
| | Cu+ (р)
| 71, 55
| 50, 21
| 39, 33
| | Cu2+ (р)
| 66, 99
| 65, 61
| -92, 8
| | CuCl2 (к)
| -215, 6
| -171, 4
| 108, 1
| | CuI2 (к)
| -
| -11, 71
| 163, 18
| | CuO (к)
| -162
| -129, 4
| 42, 63
| | Cu2O (к)
| -173, 2
| -150, 5
| 92, 93
| | CuS (к)
| -53, 1
| -53, 6
| 66, 5
| | CuSO4 (к)
| -770, 9
| -661, 8
|
| | F- (р)
| -331, 7
| -277, 9
| -13, 8
| | F2 (г)
|
|
| 202, 9
| | HF (г)
| -270, 9
| -272, 8
| 173, 7
| | HF (р)
| -320, 08
| -296, 86
| -
| | Fe (к)
|
|
| 27, 15
| | FeCO3 (к)
| -738, 15
| -665, 1
| 95, 4
| | FeCl2 (к)
| -341, 75
| -302, 35
| 118, 0
| | FeCl3 (к)
| -396, 23
| -340, 16
| 145, 6
| | FeO (к)
| -264, 8
| -244, 3
| 60, 75
| | Fe2O3 (к)
| -822, 2
| -740, 3
| 87, 4
| | Fe3O4 (к)
| -1117, 1
| -1014, 2
| 146, 2
| | FeS (к)
| -100, 4
| -100, 8
| 60, 29
| | FeS2 (к)
| -163, 2
| -151, 8
| 52, 93
| | FeSO4 (к)
| -929, 47
| -825, 54
| 121, 04
| | Ga (к)
|
|
| 41, 1
| | Ga2O3 (к)
| -1089
| -998, 2
| -
| | Ge (к)
|
|
| 31, 3
| | GeO (к)
| -255
| -226, 8
| 50, 2
| | GeO2 (к)
| -554, 7
| -500, 8
| 55, 27
| | H+ (р)
|
|
|
| | H2 (г)
|
|
| 130, 52
| | Hg (ж)
|
|
| 75, 9
| | HgBr2 (к)
| -169, 9
| -155, 5
| 179, 8
| | HgO (к)
| -90, 9
| -58, 4
| 70, 3
| | Hg2O (к)
| -91, 3
| -55, 4
| 130, 2
| | I2 (г)
| 62, 43
| 19, 37
| 260, 59
| | I2 (к)
|
|
| 116, 15
| | ICl3 (к)
| -88, 3
| -22, 1
| 167, 2
| | HI (г)
| 26, 57
| 1, 78
| 206, 48
| | HI (р)
| -55, 2
| -51, 5
| 111, 3
| | K (к)
|
|
| 71, 45
| | KBr (к)
| -392, 5
| -378, 8
| 95, 85
| | KCl (к)
| -435, 9
| -408, 0
| 82, 56
| | KF (к)
| -567, 4
| -537, 7
| 66, 60
| | KI (к)
| -327, 6
| -324, 1
| 110, 79
| | KMnO4 (к)
| 813, 4
| -713, 8
| 171, 71
| | KNO2 (к)
| -370, 3
| -218, 6
|
| | KNO3 (к)
| -493, 2
| -393, 1
| 132, 93
| | KOH (к)
| -425, 8
| -380, 2
| 79, 32
| | Li (к)
|
|
| 28, 6
| | Li2O (к)
| -595, 8
| -562, 1
| 37, 89
| | Mg (к)
|
|
| 32, 7
| | MgCO3 (к)
| -1113
| -1029, 3
| 65, 7
| | MgCl2 (к)
| -641, 1
| -591, 6
| 89, 8
| | MgF2 (к)
| -1113
| -1071
| 57, 2
| | MgO (к)
| -601, 8
| -596, 6
| 26, 9
| | Mg(OH)2 (к)
| -924, 7
| -833, 7
| 63, 14
| | MoO3 (к)
| -745, 2
| -668, 1
| 77, 74
| | N2 (г)
|
|
| 199, 9
| | NH3 (г)
| -46, 19
| -16, 71
| 192, 6
| | NH4Br (к)
| -270, 1
| -174, 7
| 112, 9
| | NH4Cl (к)
| -314, 2
| -203, 2
| 95, 8
| | NH4NO2 (к)
| -237, 4
| -116, 8
| 253, 7
| | NH4NO3 (к)
| -365, 4
| -183, 8
| 151, 0
| | NO (г)
| 90, 25
| 86, 58
| 210, 6
| | N2O (г)
| 82, 1
| 104, 2
| 220, 0
| | N2O5 (к)
| -42, 7
| 114, 2
| 178, 4
| | HNO2 (р)
| -119, 2
| -55, 6
| 152, 7
| | HNO3 (ж)
| -174, 1
| -80, 8
| 156, 6
| | Na (к)
|
|
| 51, 45
| | NaBr (к)
| -361, 4
| -349, 3
| 86, 82
| | NaCl (к)
| -411, 1
| -384, 0
| 72, 12
| | NaF (к)
| -573, 6
| -543, 3
| 51, 3
| | NaHCO3 (к)
| -947, 7
| -851, 9
|
| | NaI (к)
| -287, 9
| -284, 6
| 98, 5
| | Na2CO3 (к)
| -1131, 0
| -1047, 5
| 136, 4
| | Na2O (к)
| -416, 0
| -377, 1
| 75, 27
| | Na2S (к)
| -370, 3
| -354, 8
| 77, 4
| | O2 (г)
|
|
| 205, 04
| | O3 (г)
| 142, 3
| 162, 7
| 238, 8
| | H2O (г)
| -241, 82
| -228, 61
| 188, 72
| | H2O (ж)
| -285, 83
| -237, 24
| 70, 08
| | H2O2 (ж)
| -187, 8
| -120, 4
| 109, 5
| | H2O2 (р)
| -191, 4
| -133, 8
| 142, 4
| | P (к, белый)
|
|
| 41, 1
| | PBr3 (г)
| -132, 0
| -155, 7
|
| | PCl3 (г)
| -287, 02
| -260, 5
| 311, 7
| | PCl5 (г)
| -366, 0
| -305, 4
| 364, 5
| | PH3 (г)
| 5, 44
| 13, 39
| 210, 1
| | Pb (к)
|
|
| 64, 8
| | PbI2 (к)
| -175, 2
| -173, 6
| 175, 4
| | PbO (к)
| -219, 3
| -189, 1
| 66, 2
| | PbO2 (к)
| -276, 6
| -218, 3
| 74, 89
| | Pb3O4 (к)
| -723, 4
| -606, 2
| 211, 3
| | PbS (к)
| -100, 4
| -98, 8
| 91, 2
| | S (к, ромб.)
|
|
| 31, 9
| | SO2 (г)
| -296, 9
| -300, 2
| 248, 1
| | SO3 (г)
| -396, 1
| -370
| 256, 4
| | SO3 (ж)
| -439, 0
| -368, 04
| 122, 05
| | H2S (г)
| -21
| -33, 8
| 205, 7
| | H2SO4 (ж)
| -814, 2
| -690, 3
| 156, 9
| | Si (к)
|
|
| 18, 8
| | SiC (к)
| -66, 8
| -60, 35
| 16, 62
| | SiO2 (кварц, к)
| -908, 3
| -854, 2
| 42, 7
| | H2SiO3 (аморф.)
| -1189, 1
| -1019, 1
| -
| | Sn (к, белое)
|
|
| 51, 6
| | SnCl4 (ж)
| -528, 9
| -457, 7
| 299, 6
| | SnO (к)
| -286, 0
| -256, 9
| 56, 5
| | SnO2 (к)
| -580, 8
| -519, 9
| 52, 3
| | SnS (к)
| -110, 2
| -108, 3
| 77, 0
| | TiO2 (к, рутил)
| -943, 9
| -888, 6
| 50, 33
| | WO3 (к)
| -842, 7
| -763, 9
| 75, 94
| | Zn (к)
|
|
| 41, 63
| | ZnO (к)
| -350, 6
| -320, 7
| 43, 64
| | ZnS (к)
| -205, 4
| -200, 7
| 57, 74
|
Некоторые физико-химические постоянные
| Наименование
| Обозначение
| Численное значение
| Единицы
| | Постоянная Планка
| h
| 6, 6261·10–34
| Дж/Гц
| | Атомная единица массы
| а.е.м.
| 1, 6605·10–27
| кг
| | Постоянная Авогадро
| NA
| 6, 022·1023
| моль–1
| | Постоянная Фарадея
| F
| 9, 6484·104
| Кл/моль
| | Универсальная газовая постоянная
| R
| 8, 314
| Дж/(моль·К)
| | 0, 082
| л·атм/(моль·К)
| |
| мл·мм·рт.ст./(моль·К)
| | Молярный объем идеального газа при нормальных условиях
| Vm
| 22, 41
| л/моль
| | Нормальные физические условия
| | атмосферное давление
| Р
| 1, 01325·105
| Па
| | термодинамическая температура
| Т
| 273, 15
| К
| |
| °С
|
Электроотрицательности (ЭО) элементов по Полингу
| Порядко-вый номер
элемента
| Элемент
| ЭО
| Порядко-вый номер
элемента
| Элемент
| ЭО
| Порядко-вый номер
элемента
| Элемент
| ЭО
| |
| H
| 2, 1
|
| Fe
| 1, 8
|
| Sb
| 1, 9
| |
| He
|
|
| Co
| 1, 8
|
| Te
| 2, 1
| |
| Li
| 1, 0
|
| Ni
| 1, 8
|
| I
| 2, 5
| |
| Be
| 1, 5
|
| Cu
| 1, 9
|
| Xe
|
| |
| B
| 2, 0
|
| Zn
| 1, 6
|
| Cs
| 0, 7
| |
| С
| 2, 5
|
| Ga
| 1, 6
|
| Ва
| 0, 9
| |
| N
| 3, 0
|
| Ge
| 1, 8
|
| La
| 1, 1
| |
| O
| 3, 5
|
| As
| 2, 0
|
| Hf
| 1, 3
| |
| F
| 4, 0
|
| Se
| 2, 4
|
| Ta
| 1, 5
| |
| Ne
|
|
| Br
| 2, 8
|
| W
| 1, 7
| |
| Na
| 0, 9
|
| Kr
|
|
| Re
| 1, 9
| |
| Mg
| 1, 2
|
| Rb
| 0, 8
|
| Os
| 2, 2
| |
| Al
| 1, 5
|
| Sr
| 1, 0
|
| Ir
| 2, 2
| |
| Fi
| 1, 8
|
| Y
| 1, 2
|
| Pt
| 2, 2
| |
| P
| 2, 1
|
| Zr
| 1, 4
|
| Au
| 2, 4
| |
| S
| 2, 5
|
| Nb
| 1, 6
|
| Hg
| 1, 9
| |
| Cl
| 3, 0
|
| Mo
| 1, 8
|
| Tl
| 1, 8
| |
| Ar
|
|
| Tc
| 1, 9
|
| Pb
| 1, 8
| |
| K
| 0, 8
|
| Ru
| 2, 2
|
| Bi
| 1, 9
| |
| Ca
| 1, 0
|
| Rh
| 2, 2
|
| Po
| 2, 0
| |
| Sc
| 1, 3
|
| Pd
| 2, 2
|
| At
| 2, 2
| |
| Ti
| 1, 5
|
| Ag
| 1, 9
|
| Rn
|
| |
| V
| 1, 6
|
| Cd
| 1, 7
|
| Fr
| 0, 7
| |
| Cr
| 1, 6
|
| In
| 1, 7
|
| Ra
| 0, 9
| |
| Mn
| 1, 5
|
| Sn
| 1, 8
|
| Ac
| 1, 1
|
Энергии ионизации атомов и ионов
| Атомный номер
| Элемент
| I1
| I2
| Атомный
номер
| Элемент
| I1
| I2
| | эВ
| эВ
| эВ
| эВ
| |
| H
| 13, 599
| -
|
| S
| 10, 36
| 23, 35
| |
| He
| 24, 59
| 54, 42
|
| Cl
| 12, 97
| 23, 80
| |
| Li
| 5, 39
| 75, 64
|
| Ar
| 15, 76
| 27, 63
| |
| Be
| 9, 32
| 18, 21
|
| K
| 4, 34
| 31, 82
| |
| B
| 8, 298
| 25, 16
|
| Ca
| 6, 11
| 11, 87
| |
| C
| 11, 26
| 24, 38
|
| Sc
| 6, 562
| 12, 80
| |
| N
| 14, 53
| 29, 60
|
| Ti
| 6, 82
| 13, 58
| |
| O
| 13, 62
| 35, 12
|
| V
| 6, 740
| 14, 21
| |
| F
| 17, 42
| 34, 99
|
| Cr
| 6, 765
| 16, 50
| |
| Ne
| 21, 57
| 41, 08
|
| Mn
| 7, 435
| 15, 64
| |
| Na
| 5, 14
| 47, 30
|
| Fe
| 7, 893
| 16, 18
| |
| Mg
| 7, 65
| 15, 04
|
| Co
| 7, 87
| 17, 06
| |
| Al
| 5, 986
| 18, 8
|
| Ni
| 7, 635
| 18, 15
| |
| Si
| 8, 15
| 16, 34
|
| Cu
| 7, 726
| 20, 29
| |
| P
| 10, 49
| 19, 73
|
| Zn
| 9, 394
| 17, 96
| |
| Ga
| 6, 09
| 20, 51
|
| As
| 9, 82
| 18, 62
| |
| Ge
| 7, 90
| 15, 94
|
| Se
| 9, 75
| 21, 19
| |
| Br
| 11, 84
| 21, 8
|
| Pd
| 8, 336
| 19, 43
| |
| Kr
| 14, 0
| 24, 5
|
| Ag
| 7, 576
| 21, 49
| |
| Rb
| 4, 18
| 27, 5
|
| Cd
| 8, 994
| 16, 9
| |
| Sr
| 5, 69
| 11, 0
|
| In
| 5, 78
| 18, 9
| |
| Y
| 6, 217
| 12, 24
|
| Sn
| 7, 34
| 14, 6
| |
| Zr
| 6, 84
| 13, 13
|
| Sb
| 8, 64
| 16, 5
| |
| Nb
| 6, 882
| 14, 32
|
| Te
| 9, 01
| 18, 6
| |
| Mo
| 7, 10
| 16, 15
|
| I
| 10, 45
| 19, 1
| |
| Tc
| 7, 28
| 15, 26
|
| Xe
| 12, 13
| 21, 3
| |
| Ru
| 7, 366
| 16, 76
|
| Cs
| 3, 89
| 25, 1
| |
| Rh
| 7, 46
| 18, 08
|
| Ba
| 5, 2
| 10, 0
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