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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
I. Learn the topical vocabulary.
AGATHA CHRISTIE Agatha Christie is known all over the world as the Queen of Crime. She wrote 78 crime novels, 19 plays and 6 romantic novels under the name of Mary Westmacott. Her books have been translated into 103 foreign languages. She is the third best-selling author in the world (after Shakespeare and the Bible). Many of her novels and short stories have been filmed. The Mousetrap, her most famous play, is now the longest-running play in history. Agatha Christie was born at Torquay, Devonshire. She was educated at home and took singing lessons in Paris. She began writing at the end of the First World War. Her first novel. The Mysterious Affair at Styles, was published in 1920. That was the first appearance of Hercule Poirot, who became one of the most popular private detectives since Sherlock Holmes. This little Belgian with the egg-shaped head and the passion for order amazes everyone by his powerful intellect and his brilliant solutions to the most complicated crimes. Agatha Christie became generally recognised in 1926, after the publishing of her novel The Murder of Roger Ackroyd. It is still considered her masterpiece. When Agatha Cristie got tired of Hercule Poirot she invented Miss Marple, a deceptively mild old lady with her own method of investigation. Her last Poirot book. Curtain, appeared shortly before her death, and her last Miss Marple story. Sleeping Murder, and her autobiography were published after her death. Agatha Christie's success with millions of readers lies in her ability to combine clever plots with excellent character drawing, and a keen sense of humour with great powers of observation. Her plots always mislead the reader and keep him in suspense. He cannot guess who the criminal is. Fortunately, evil is always conquered in her novels. Agatha Christie's language is simple and good and it is pleasant to read her books in the original. Vocabulary
PRESS IN BRITAIN Probably in no other country are there such great differences between the various national daily newspapers — in the type of news they report and the way they report it. On the one hand, there are the " quality" newspapers; The Times, The Independent, The Guardian, the Financial Times and The Daily Telegraph. These concern themselves, as far as possible, with factual reports of major national and international events, with the world of politics and business and with the arts and sport. On the other hand, there are the " populars" and " tabloids", so-called because of their smaller size. The tabloids — the most widely read of which are The Daily Mail, The Daily Express, the Daily Mirror, The Sun and The Daily Star — concentrate on more emotive reporting of stories often featuring sex, violence, the Royal Family, film and pop stars, and sport. It is often said that the popular press aims to entertain its readers rather than inform them. The tabloid press is much more popular than the quality press. In some countries, newspapers are owned by government or 6y political parties. This is not the case in Britain. Newspapers here are mostly owned by individuals or by publishing companies, and the editors of the papers are usually allowed considerate freedom of expression. This is not to say that newspapers are without political bias. Papers like The Daily Telegraph, The Daily Express and The Sun, for example, usually reflect Conservative opinions in, their comment and reporting, while the Daily Mirror and The Guardian have a more left-wing bias. In addition to the 12 national daily newspapers there are nine national papers which are published on Sundays. Most of the " Sundays" contain more reading matter than daily papers, and several of them also include " colour supplements" — separate colour magazines which contain photographically-illustrated feature articles. Reading a Sunday paper, like having a big Sunday lunch, is an important tradition in many British households. Besides, nearly every area in Britain has one or more local newspapers. The British are one of the biggest newspaper-reading nations in the world. Vocabulary
TRETYAKOV GALLERY The State Tretyakov Gallery is one of the best-known picture galleries in Russia. It takes its name from its founder Pavel Tretyakov, a Moscow merchant and art connoisseur. In the mid-19th century, Tretyakov began to collect Russian paintings. He visited all the exhibitions and art studios and bought the best pictures of contemporary artists. He was especially fond of the works of the Peredvizhniki (or Wanderers) — the artists who belonged to the Society of Travelling Art Exhibitions. Little by little Tretyakov extended his range of interest and began to collect earlier Russian paintings. More than once he had to add wings to his house in Lavrushinsky Pereulok, because his collection grew larger and larger. In 1881 Pavel Tretyakov opened his collection to the public. 11 years later he donated it to the city of Moscow. Since then the gallery has received hundreds of pictures from other museums and private collections. The Tretyakov Gallery reflects the whole history of Russian art, from the 11th century to the present day. It has a rich collection of old Russian icons. The world-famous icon is The Trinity painted in the early 15th century by Andrei Rublev. The gallery contains halls devoted to the magnificent works of such 18th-century celebrities as Rokotov, Levitsky, Borovikovsky, Shchedrin. The first half of the 19th century is represented by brilliant paintings by Bryullov, Tropinin, Ivanov, Venetsianov. The second half of the 19th century is especially well represented. The gallery has the best collection of the Peredvizhniki, such as Kramskoy, Perov, Ghe, Yaroshenko, Myasoyedov, and others: Linked with the Peredvizhniki are such great names in Russian art as Surikov, Repin, Vereshchagin, Vasnetsov. Levitan. There you can see historical paintings, portraits, still-lifes, landscapes, seascapes, etc. Further on we find the cream of turn-of-the century Russian art: Serov, Vrubel, Kustodiev. Canvases of Soviet painters are housed in the new building situated on Krymskaya Naberezhnaya (Crimean Embankment). The Tretyakov Gallery is not only Russia's biggest and most important museum of Russian Art. It is also a research, cultural and educational centre.
Vocabulary
SPORTS IN GREAT BRITAIN The British are known to be great sports-lovers, so when they are neither playing, nor watching games, they like to talk about them. Many of the games we play now have come from Britain. One of the most British games is cricket. It is often played in schools, colleges, universities and by club teams all over the country. Summer isn't summer without cricket. To many Englishmen cricket is both a game and a standard of behaviour. When they consider anything unfair, they sometimes say " That isn't cricket". But as almost everywhere else in the world, the game which attracts the greatest attention is Association football, or soccer. Every Saturday from late August till the beginning of May, large crowds of people support their favourite sides in football grounds. True fans will travel from one end of the country to the other to see their team play. There are plenty of professional and amateur soccer clubs all over Britain. International football matches and the Cup Finals take place at Wembley. Rugby football is also very popular, but it is played mainly by amateurs. Next to football, the chief spectator sport in British life is horse-racing. A lot of people are interested in the races and risk money on the horse which they think will win. The Derby is perhaps the most famous single sporting event in the whole world. Britain is also famous for motor-car racing, dog-racing, boat-racing and even races for donkeys. The famous boat-race between the teams of Oxford and Cambridge attracts large crowds of people. A great number of people play and watch tennis. Tennis tournaments at Wimbledon are known all over the world. The innumerable tennis courts of Britain are occupied by people between the ages of 16 and 60 who show every degree of skill — from practically helpless to the extremely able. The British also like to play golf, baseball, hockey, grass-hockey. Various forms of athletics, such as running, jumping, swimming, boxing are also popular. You can sometimes hear that there are no winter sports in England. Of course the English weather is not always cold enough to ski, skate, or toboggan, but winter is a good season for hunting and fishing. Indeed sport in one form or another is an essential part of daily life in Britain.
Vocabulary
CONVERSATIONAL TOPICS MOSCOW MOSCOW Moscow is the capital of Russia, its administrative, economic, political and educational center. It is one of the Russia’s major cities with the population of about 10 million people. Its total area is about 900 square kilometers. The city was founded by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky in 1147. Moscow became the capital in the 16th century under Ivan the Terrible. In the 18th century Peter the Great transferred the capital to St. Petersburg, but Moscow remained the heart of Russia and regained its capital status in 1918. The present – day Moscow is the seat of the government of the Russian Federation. President of Russia lives and works here. Government offices are located here, too. Мoscow is a large industrial city. Metallurgy, metal processing and engineering are the leading industries. Other large industrial sectors are textiles, clothing and footwear, chemical and petrochemical industries, electronic instruments and automation equipment. Moscow is Russia`s leading cultural center. It is known for its many historical buildings, museums and art galleries, as well as for the famous Bolshoy, Maly and Art theatres. There are more than 80 museums in Moscow, among them the unique Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts and the State Tretyakov Gallery and many others. Other places of interest in Moscow include the Central Lenin Stadium, comprising about 130 buildings for various sports and the tall Ostankino TV tower, which contains a revolving restaurant and an observation platform. Moscow is a city of science and learning. There are over 80 higher educational institutions in the city, including a number of universities. It is the seat of the Academy of Sciences and Russia’s largest university. A great number of scientific research institutions, technical colleges and academies of music and art are situated here. The Russian State library is in Moscow too. Moscow is one of the world’s largest publishing centers. Moscow is Russia’s main tourist attraction.
III. Answer the questions. 1. What is the capital of Russia? 2. Is Moscow one of the major cities of Russia? 3. What is the population of Moscow? 4. What is its total area? 5. When was Moscow founded? 6. Who was Moscow founded by? 7. When did Moscow become the capital? 8. Who transferred the capital to St. Petersburg? 9. When did Moscow regain its capital status? 10. Why is Moscow political centre? 11. What are its leading industries? 12. Why is Moscow a major cultural centre? 13. How many museums are there in Moscow? 14. What are the most famous theatres in Moscow? 15. Is Moscow the city of learning and culture? 16. How many higher educational institutions are there in Moscow?
AND NORTHERN IRELAND NORTHERN IRELAND The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles consist of two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland, and a great number of small islands. Their total area is 244, 000sq.kms The British Isles are separated from the European continent by the North Sea and the English Channel. The western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea. There are no high mountains in Great Britain. In the north the Cheviots separate England from Scotland, the Pennines stretch down North England along its middle, the Cambrian mountains occupy the greater part of Wales and the Highlands of Scotland are the tallest of the British mountains. There is little flat country except in the region known as East Anglia. Most of the rivers flow into the North Sea. The rivers of Britain are short. They seldom freeze in winter, but they are not navigable for ocean ships. The most important rivers are the Thames, the Severn, the Tweed. The Thames is the deepest and the longest of the British rivers. England has no large lakes. But the Lake District in the north-western part of the country is known for its beauty. There are 16 lakes there. The largest of the British lakes are Lough-Ness in the north-east of Ireland and Bough-Ness in Scotland. The warm currents of the Atlantic Ocean influence the climate of Great Britain. The climate of Britain is mild and wet. The weather is very changeable. It’s never too cold in winter or too hot in summer. On the average, Britain has 204 rainy days a year. The wettest month for most parts of Britain is October. Great Britain is not very rich in mineral resources, it has some deposits of coal and iron ore and vast deposits of oil and gas that were discovered in the North Sea. The United Kingdom is made up of four countries. They are England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Their capitals are London, Cardiff, Edinburgh and Belfast. The population of the United Kingdom is over 58 million people. The main nationalities are: English, Welsh, Scottish and Irish. In Great Britain there are a lot of immigrants from former British Asian and African colonies. Great Britain is a highly industrialized country.The main industrial enter are London, Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds, Liverpool, Glasgow and Bristol. The capital of the UK is London. Answer the questions. 2. Where is the United Kingdom situated? 3. What is the total area of the British Isles? 4. What are the largest islands of the British Isles? 5. What are the main parts of Great Britain? 6. What oceans and seas are the British Isles washed by? 7. What is the highest mountain of Great Britain? 8. What are the most important rivers of Great Britain? 9. Where is the Lake District situated? 10. What are the largest British lakes? 11. What kind of climate has Britain got? 11. What mineral resources has Britain got? 12. Is Great Britain a highly developed industrial country? 13. What are the main industrial enter of Great Britain? 14. What’s the population of Great Britain? 12. What is the capital of Great Britain?
LONDON LONDON The capital of Great Britain is London. It is one of the world’s biggest cities. The population of London is 7 million people, and 9 million people including suburbs. London is an ancient city. It was founded more than 20 centuries ago by Romans. London is situated on both banks of the river Thames about 40 miles from the sea. It stretches for nearly thirty miles from north to south and the same distance from east to west. London is the administrative, political, highly-developed industrial, commercial and cultural enter of England. It is also the largest seaport in the world. London consists of many parts and they differ from each other. The smallest district is the City, it is only one square mile in area. But it is the enter of commerce and trade, the financial and business enter of Great Britain. Banks, offices and agencies are situated there. To the east from the City is the East End, the great industrial area of London. There are many factories and plants in this district. The working people live there. The port of London is here. To the west of the City is the West End, the district where rich people live. There are the best shops, hotels, clubs, restaurants and parks there. Here you will find the finest theatres, cinemas, concert halls and museums. The most beautiful London park – Hyde Park – is in this district too. Hyde Park covers 360 acres. The famous “Orators’ Corner” is in this park. It is for public meetings, and any person may make a speech there. The London underground is the first in the world. It was built in 1863 and had a distance of 4 miles. The London airport is one of the most modern in the world today and unique in its layout. There are many places of interest in London. The central part of London is Westminster where most governmental buildings are situated. From the Westminster bridge a visitor gets the best view of the Houses of Parliament. On one of the tall towers of the Houses there is Big Ben, the finest time-keepers in the world. Westminster Abbey is the place where many outstanding poets, writers and scientists are buried. The main feature of Trafalgar Square is the tall Nelson monument, 185 feet high, with the figure of the seaman on the top. Admiral Nelson is Britain’s national hero, who destroyed the French fleet at the battle of Trafalgar in 1805. To the north of Nelson’s Column the National Gallery extends almost for the entire width of the Square. It houses a collection of works from the British, French, Dutch, Italian and Spanish artists. The National Portrait Gallery is behind the National Gallery. The British Museum was opened in 1739. It’s one of the largest museums in the world. It comprises a great library with a collection of six million books, Natural History museum and a museum of antiquities and ethnography. These are only a few of numerous places of interest in London. Thousands of tourists from all parts of the world come to see them. Answer the questions. 16. What is London? 17. What river is London situated on? 18. When was London founded? 19. What’s the population of London? 20. What are the main districts of London? 21. What is the East End? 22. Where is the port of London situated? 23. What is the West End? 24. Where is Hyde Park situated? 25. What is the City of London? 11. What is the London Underground famous for? 12. What places of interest are there in London? 13. What is admiral Nelson known for? 14. When was the British museum opened? 26. What other museums are there in London?
AGATHA CHRISTIE Agatha Christie is known all over the world as the Queen of Crime. She wrote 78 crime novels, 19 plays and 6 romantic novels under the name of Mary Westmacott. Her books have been translated into 103 foreign languages. She is the third best-selling author in the world (after Shakespeare and the Bible). Many of her novels and short stories have been filmed. The Mousetrap, her most famous play, is now the longest-running play in history. Agatha Christie was born at Torquay, Devonshire. She was educated at home and took singing lessons in Paris. She began writing at the end of the First World War. Her first novel. The Mysterious Affair at Styles, was published in 1920. That was the first appearance of Hercule Poirot, who became one of the most popular private detectives since Sherlock Holmes. This little Belgian with the egg-shaped head and the passion for order amazes everyone by his powerful intellect and his brilliant solutions to the most complicated crimes. Agatha Christie became generally recognised in 1926, after the publishing of her novel The Murder of Roger Ackroyd. It is still considered her masterpiece. When Agatha Cristie got tired of Hercule Poirot she invented Miss Marple, a deceptively mild old lady with her own method of investigation. Her last Poirot book. Curtain, appeared shortly before her death, and her last Miss Marple story. Sleeping Murder, and her autobiography were published after her death. Agatha Christie's success with millions of readers lies in her ability to combine clever plots with excellent character drawing, and a keen sense of humour with great powers of observation. Her plots always mislead the reader and keep him in suspense. He cannot guess who the criminal is. Fortunately, evil is always conquered in her novels. Agatha Christie's language is simple and good and it is pleasant to read her books in the original. Vocabulary
PRESS IN BRITAIN Probably in no other country are there such great differences between the various national daily newspapers — in the type of news they report and the way they report it. On the one hand, there are the " quality" newspapers; The Times, The Independent, The Guardian, the Financial Times and The Daily Telegraph. These concern themselves, as far as possible, with factual reports of major national and international events, with the world of politics and business and with the arts and sport. On the other hand, there are the " populars" and " tabloids", so-called because of their smaller size. The tabloids — the most widely read of which are The Daily Mail, The Daily Express, the Daily Mirror, The Sun and The Daily Star — concentrate on more emotive reporting of stories often featuring sex, violence, the Royal Family, film and pop stars, and sport. It is often said that the popular press aims to entertain its readers rather than inform them. The tabloid press is much more popular than the quality press. In some countries, newspapers are owned by government or 6y political parties. This is not the case in Britain. Newspapers here are mostly owned by individuals or by publishing companies, and the editors of the papers are usually allowed considerate freedom of expression. This is not to say that newspapers are without political bias. Papers like The Daily Telegraph, The Daily Express and The Sun, for example, usually reflect Conservative opinions in, their comment and reporting, while the Daily Mirror and The Guardian have a more left-wing bias. In addition to the 12 national daily newspapers there are nine national papers which are published on Sundays. Most of the " Sundays" contain more reading matter than daily papers, and several of them also include " colour supplements" — separate colour magazines which contain photographically-illustrated feature articles. Reading a Sunday paper, like having a big Sunday lunch, is an important tradition in many British households. Besides, nearly every area in Britain has one or more local newspapers. The British are one of the biggest newspaper-reading nations in the world. Vocabulary
TRETYAKOV GALLERY The State Tretyakov Gallery is one of the best-known picture galleries in Russia. It takes its name from its founder Pavel Tretyakov, a Moscow merchant and art connoisseur. In the mid-19th century, Tretyakov began to collect Russian paintings. He visited all the exhibitions and art studios and bought the best pictures of contemporary artists. He was especially fond of the works of the Peredvizhniki (or Wanderers) — the artists who belonged to the Society of Travelling Art Exhibitions. Little by little Tretyakov extended his range of interest and began to collect earlier Russian paintings. More than once he had to add wings to his house in Lavrushinsky Pereulok, because his collection grew larger and larger. In 1881 Pavel Tretyakov opened his collection to the public. 11 years later he donated it to the city of Moscow. Since then the gallery has received hundreds of pictures from other museums and private collections. The Tretyakov Gallery reflects the whole history of Russian art, from the 11th century to the present day. It has a rich collection of old Russian icons. The world-famous icon is The Trinity painted in the early 15th century by Andrei Rublev. The gallery contains halls devoted to the magnificent works of such 18th-century celebrities as Rokotov, Levitsky, Borovikovsky, Shchedrin. The first half of the 19th century is represented by brilliant paintings by Bryullov, Tropinin, Ivanov, Venetsianov. The second half of the 19th century is especially well represented. The gallery has the best collection of the Peredvizhniki, such as Kramskoy, Perov, Ghe, Yaroshenko, Myasoyedov, and others: Linked with the Peredvizhniki are such great names in Russian art as Surikov, Repin, Vereshchagin, Vasnetsov. Levitan. There you can see historical paintings, portraits, still-lifes, landscapes, seascapes, etc. Further on we find the cream of turn-of-the century Russian art: Serov, Vrubel, Kustodiev. Canvases of Soviet painters are housed in the new building situated on Krymskaya Naberezhnaya (Crimean Embankment). The Tretyakov Gallery is not only Russia's biggest and most important museum of Russian Art. It is also a research, cultural and educational centre.
Vocabulary
SPORTS IN GREAT BRITAIN The British are known to be great sports-lovers, so when they are neither playing, nor watching games, they like to talk about them. Many of the games we play now have come from Britain. One of the most British games is cricket. It is often played in schools, colleges, universities and by club teams all over the country. Summer isn't summer without cricket. To many Englishmen cricket is both a game and a standard of behaviour. When they consider anything unfair, they sometimes say " That isn't cricket". But as almost everywhere else in the world, the game which attracts the greatest attention is Association football, or soccer. Every Saturday from late August till the beginning of May, large crowds of people support their favourite sides in football grounds. True fans will travel from one end of the country to the other to see their team play. There are plenty of professional and amateur soccer clubs all over Britain. International football matches and the Cup Finals take place at Wembley. Rugby football is also very popular, but it is played mainly by amateurs. Next to football, the chief spectator sport in British life is horse-racing. A lot of people are interested in the races and risk money on the horse which they think will win. The Derby is perhaps the most famous single sporting event in the whole world. Britain is also famous for motor-car racing, dog-racing, boat-racing and even races for donkeys. The famous boat-race between the teams of Oxford and Cambridge attracts large crowds of people. A great number of people play and watch tennis. Tennis tournaments at Wimbledon are known all over the world. The innumerable tennis courts of Britain are occupied by people between the ages of 16 and 60 who show every degree of skill — from practically helpless to the extremely able. The British also like to play golf, baseball, hockey, grass-hockey. Various forms of athletics, such as running, jumping, swimming, boxing are also popular. You can sometimes hear that there are no winter sports in England. Of course the English weather is not always cold enough to ski, skate, or toboggan, but winter is a good season for hunting and fishing. Indeed sport in one form or another is an essential part of daily life in Britain.
Vocabulary
CONVERSATIONAL TOPICS MOSCOW I. Learn the topical vocabulary.
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