XII. Прочтите и переведите текст A.

 

Text A. THE BRAIN

Scientists consider that our brain is the most complicated mechanism which has ever been constructed. The brain lies in the biggest cavity of the skull which is called the cranial cavity. It is divided into three parts: the medulla, the forebrain consisting mainly of the cerebrum, and the cerebellum. The medulla (or the brain stem) is a portion of the spinal cord connecting it with the brain. The forebrain and the cerebellum are divided into two hemispheres which are connected by a thick band of nerve fibers. These hemispheres have areas called “lobes” which perform specific functions.

The weight of the human brain is from one to two kg. and it consists of about 12 billion (миллиард) cells. It has been determined by the scientists that each cell is connected to the other directly or indirectly by nerve fibers.

The brain is the centre of a wide system of communication. It has been found out that a constant flow of stimuli comes into the brain through the spinal cord. The stimuli come to the brain from our eyes, ears, and other sense organs for pain, temperature, smell and other feelings. When all the received stimuli have been summarized and analyzed the brain sends orders through the nerve fibers in the spinal cord to different parts of the human body. It is due to these orders that one eats, moves, hears, sees and does many other things.

To estimate the functions of different areas of the brain many experiments have been carried out by the investigators. It is due to such experiments that the investigators have been able to determine those areas of the brain which control vision, hearing, physical movements and even emotions. For example, it has been discovered that the part for thought, memory and feeling is found in the front of the cerebrum. The part for hearing is found at the side of the cerebrum and the part for vision is in the back of the cerebrum. The cerebellum is the centre which makes the muscles work as a team. The medulla is connected with such important acts as breathing and heartbeat.

Due to experimental studies it has been determined that the motor cortex controlling many body movements of the human being becomes tired rapidly. But the hypothalamus which controls such functions as blood pressure is almost never tired.

 

TASKS

I. Translate the following word combinations:

самый сложный механизм; черепная полость; два полушария; отдел спинного мозга; мозжечок; продолговатый мозг; передний мозг; большой мозг; толстый пучок нервных волокон; вес мозга; прямо и опосредованно; система связи; поток сигналов; глаза, уши и другие органы чувств; синтезировать и анализировать полученные сигналы; отправлять приказы; двигаться, слышать и видеть; определять функции различных областей мозга; управлять зрением и слухом; мышление, память и ощущения; дыхание и сердцебиение; двигательный отдел коры головного мозга; контролировать кровяное давление

II. Find the odd word:

1. to investigate, to study, to receive, to determine

2. medulla, cerebrum, hypothalamus, cavity

3. pain, weight, length, width

4. vision, hearing, memory, smell

5. breathing, heartbeat, area, blood pressure

III. Translate the following sentences:

1. Именно головной мозг является центром системы связи.

2. Именно мозг отправляет приказы по нервным волокнам к различным частям тела.

3. Именно продолговатый мозг управляет такими функциями как дыхание и

сердцебиение.

4. Именно гипоталамус контролирует кровяное давление.

5. Именно мозжечок заставляет мышцы работать.

 

IV. Combine the part from A with the part from B to make up sentences:

A 1. The brain is … 2. The medulla is … 3. The nose is … 4. The cerebrum is … 5. The cerebellum is … 6. The motor cortex is … 7. The hypothalamus is … 8. The stimuli … 9. The tongue is …

B the organ of taste. the centre which makes the muscles work. the centre of wide system of communication. connected with breathing and heartbeat. come to the brain from our eyes, ears and other sense organs. the organ of smell. the part controlling body movements. the part controlling blood pressure. the part for thought, memory and feeling.

 

V. Express your agreement or disagreement with the following statements:

1. The most complicated mechanism which has ever been constructed is the heart.

2. The cranial cavity is the biggest cavity in the human body.

3. The brain is divided into three parts: the medulla, the forebrain and the cerebellum.

4. A constant flow of stimuli comes into the brain through the skin.

5. Eyes, ears, the tongue, the nose are the sense organs.

6. The tongue is the organ of smell.

7. The medulla makes the muscles work as a team.

8. The cerebrum is the part controlling vision and hearing.

9. Hypothalamus controlling blood pressure becomes tired very rapidly.

VI. Answer the following questions:

1. What is the brain?

2. Where is the brain located?

3. How many parts is the brain divided into? Name these parts.

4. What is the human brain weight?

5. How many cells does it consist of?

6. How are these cells connected to each other?

7. What sense organs can you name?

8. What do different parts of the brain (the medulla, the cerebrum, the cerebellum)

control?

9. What can you say about hypothalamus?

 

VI. Learn the following words to text B:

advantage [qd’vRntiG] - преимущество

skills - умения

bulk – основная масса, большая часть

to compare [kqm’pFq] - сравнивать

to alter [‘Lltq] – изменять(ся)

 

VII. Read the text B and answer the questions:

1. Do bilingual or monolingual people have the advantage in various abilities and

skills?

2. When is it better to learn a second language?

Text B.

People who are bilingual have an advantage over the rest of us and not only in terms of communication skills. The bilingual brain develops more densely giving it an advantage in various abilities and skills according to new research.

The brain has two types of tissue called grey and white matter. Grey matter forms the bulk of nerve cells within the brain. Studies have shown that bilingual speakers have denser grey matter compared with monolingual participants especially in areas of language, memory and attention. The difference was especially important in the brain’s left side – an area controlling language and communication skills.

The research shows that being bilingual structurally changes the brain. The effect was strongest in people who had learned a second language before the age of 5. Those who had learned English at a young age had greater proficiency in reading, writing, talking and understanding English speech.

“Our findings suggest that the structure of the human brain is altered by the experience of acquiring a second language, ” write the researchers of the journal Nature.

VIII. Translate Text B using a dictionary:

LESSON 13

Грамматика: функции инфинитива, неопределенно-личные

предложения

SENSE ORGANS

 

Префикс sub- соответствует русскому префиксу под-.

Префикс extra- соответствует русским префиксам вне-, не-.

Префикс pre- соответствует русским префиксам пред-, до-.

I. Прочтите и переведите следующие слова:

sub-: subclass, subgroup, subtropical, subdivide, subconscious, subcutaneous

extra-: extraordinary, extracellular, extracranial, extrasensory

pre-: preschool, predict, precede

 

I. Прочтите предложения, определите функцию инфинитива и переведите:

1. The doctor wanted to examine the patient in the morning.

2. To know anatomy well is necessary for every surgeon.

3. The students came to the Institute to listen to the lecture by professor.

4. My friend was the first to pass the examination in chemistry.

5. The surgeon will begin to operate on this patient at 10 o’clock.

6. He can perform this operation in the morning.

7. He wants to determine the functions of the brain cells.

8. Psychology is one of the most interesting subject to study.

9. The doctor changed his method of treatment to restore the patient’s health.

10. Andreas Vesalius was the first anatomist to describe the structure of the human

organs in connection with their functions.

11. To determine the functions of different parts of the brain is not easy.

12. To determine the functions of different parts of the brain many experiments

were carried out.

II. Переведите следующие предложения:

1. Завтра мы начнем готовиться к экзаменам.

2. Я был первым, кто выполнил тест.

3. Чтобы перевести эту статью, вы должны пользоваться словарем.

4. Я хочу задать вам несколько вопросов.

5. Вы должны ответить на несколько вопросов.

6. Иметь хорошую память – очень важно.

7. Он поступил в медицинский университет, чтобы стать врачом.

III. Назовите форму следующих инфинитивов (группу и залог):

to operate, to be treated. to be, to have been affected, to have performed, to be carrying out, to have made, to have, to be explained, to have been predicted, to be overcoming

IV. Раскройте скобки и прочтите предложения:

1. He came to the clinic (to examine, to be examined, to be examining).

2. I hope (to find, to have found, to be found) this book.

3. (to speak, to be speaking, to be spoken) Chinese is very difficult.

4. I am glad (to be listening to, to have listened to, to have been listened to) by you.

5. This is the experiment (to be performing, to be performed, to have performed)

for our research.

 

V. Прочтите и переведите следующие предложения:

1. They say that this patient’s health will be restored soon.

2. One must study English to read scientific journals.

3. It is known that the human brain consists of three main parts.

4. One can say that this problem is very important,

5. It is estimated that the word psychology has the Greek origin.

6. They say that this method is very useful.

7. It was determined that the brain is the centre of the communication system.

 

VI. Переведите следующие неопределенно-личные предложения:

1. Известно, что … (to know)

2. Установлено что, … (to determine)

3. Можно сказать, что … (to say)

4. Доказано, что … (to prove)

5. Считают, что … (to think)

6. Продемонстрировали, что … (to demonstrate)

7. Отметили, что … (to note)

8. Обнаружили, что … (to find out)

9. Нельзя это делать (to do)

 

VII. Прочтите слова, запомните их произношение и дайте русские эквиваленты:

kinesthesia [, kinqs’Tezjq], vestibular [ves’tibjulq], principal [‘prinsipl], special [‘speSql], reflex [‘rJfleks], coordinate [kou’Ldnit], interpret [in’tWprit], membrane [‘membrein], vibration [vQi’breiSqn], receptor [ri’septq], chemical [‘kemikql], pore [pL], cranial [‘kreinjql], odour [‘oudq]

 

VIII. Выучите новые слова и словосочетания:

set – набор, комплект, ряд

to touch [tAtS] – касаться, прикасаться

touch - осязание

pain [pein] - боль

heat [hJt] – тепло, жара

sensitivity [, sensi’tivity] - чувствительность

to ensure [in’Suq] – обеспечивать, гарантировать

whole [houl} – весь, целый

light [lQit] - свет

sight [sQit] - зрение

retina [‘retinq] - сетчатка

image [‘imiG] – образ, изображение

to turn [tWn] – изменять, превращать, переводить

in its turn – в свою очередь

sound [sQund] - звук

speech [spJtS] - речь

wave – волна, зубец (кардиограммы)

outer ear –[‘Qutq] – наружное ухо

middle ear – среднее ухо

thin - тонкий

eardrum [‘iqdrAm] – барабанная перепонка

hair [hFq] – волос, волосок

cochlea [‘kOkliq] – улитка (уха)

auditory [‘Lditqri] - слуховой

to detect [di’tekt] – открывать, обнаруживать

taste bud – вкусовой сосочек

papilla [pq’pilq] (pl. papillae [pq’pili]) – сосочек, бугорок

tongue [tAN] - язык

to respond [ris’pOnd] – отвечать, реагировать

sweet - сладкий

salty [‘sOlti] - соленый

sour [‘sQuq] - кислый

bitter - горький

to dissolve [di’zOlv] - растворять

saliva [sq’lQivq] - слюна

cilia [‘siliq] - реснички

lobe - доля

perception [pq’sepSqn] – восприятие, ощущение

size - размер

IX. Прочтите и переведите следующие пары слов (глагол – существительное):

to touch – touch, to imagine – image, to speak – speech, to detect – detection, to respond – response, to turn – turn, to heat – heat, to see – sight

 

X. Прочтите и переведите словосочетания:

a set of sense organs; vision and hearing; heat and cold; taste, smell and touch; to ensure functioning; the whole organism; good sight; to be sensitive to light; to form the image; to interpret speech; different sounds; a thin membrane; auditory nerve; in its turn; taste buds; to respond to different stimuli; to be dissolved by saliva; cranial nerves; mucus membrane; odour molecules; frontal lobe; size, shape and texture

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