I. Прочтите следующие слова, назовите части речи и переведите

experience, spinal, environment, considerable, growth, vision, investigate, development, directly, condition, closely, sensitivity, tired, possible, mental, unconditioned, disappear, protective, complicate, readiness, generally, treatment, successful

II. Прочтите и распределите следующие слова по группам:

1. the nervous system

2. the sense organs

3. psychology

spinal cord, vision, taste, disorder, behaviour, blood pressure, speech, movement, cerebellum, cold, breathing, cranial cavity, touch, nose, lobe, nerve, hearing, skin, environment, medulla, ear, science, smell, cell, heartbeat, mind, hearing, hemisphere, cell, sleep

 

III. Закончите предложения:

1. … is the study of the mind and behaviour.

2. Flow of the stimuli comes into the brain through the nerve fibers in the …

3. The nerve cells and their fibers make up …

4. One can live longer without food than without …

5. … lies in the cranial cavity.

6. … of the brain is from 1 to 2 kg.

7. … controls such function as blood pressure.

8. … makes the muscles work.

9. We determine size, shape and texture of objects by …

10. … is the organ of taste.

11. The ear is the organ of …

12. A human being has five … organs.

IV. Назовите лишнее слово в каждой строчке:

1. cervical, cranial, important, lingual

2. spinal, nerve, fiber, brain

3. thought, memory, light, speech

4. hearing, skin, smell, touch

5. breathing, heartbeat, pain, pressure

6. chemistry, physical, biology, sociology

7. forebrain, medulla. gland, cerebrum

8. volume, surface, weight, length

9. sweet, bitter, tasty, salty

10. strength, redness, sleepless, ability

V. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What does psychology study?

2. What are the main two areas in psychology?

3. How do psychologists help people?

4. What sciences is psychology connected with?

5. What makes up the nervous system?

6. Where is the brain located?

7. What are the three main parts of the brain?

8. How many cells are there in the brain?

9. What does hypothalamus control?

10. How many sense organs does a human being have? What are they?

11. What is the tongue?

12. What are the organs of touch, vision and hearing?

13. What is the nose?

14. Is there the sixth sense?

15. What did I. P. Pavlov study?

 

VI. Прочтите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на конструкцию there is/are:

1. There are many sciences connected with psychology.

2. In the field of psychology there are many interesting techniques.

3. There is no universal method of treating patients..

4. In the brain there are two hemispheres.

5. There are many reports on this topic.

6. There was no new information in his report.

1. На следующей неделе будет конференция.

2. В этом учебнике нет иллюстраций.

3. В библиотеке много книг и журналов по медицине.

4. На моем столе лежала книга.

5. В тексте было много новых слов.

6. Существует много разных теорий.

7. На этот вопрос нет ответа.

 

VII. Раскройте скобки, употребив прилагательное в соответствующей степени сравнения:

1. Moscow is one of the … (large) cities in the world.

2. Summer is the … (good) season of the year.

3. Russian is … (difficult) than English.

4. He knows anatomy … (bad) of all.

5. Physiology is as … (interesting) as Anatomy.

6. I know English … (well) than Latin.

7. The operation must be performed as … (soon) as possible.

 

VIII. Прочтите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение слов one and that:

1. The weight of the lung is less than that of the heart.

2. The number of the vertebrae in the coccyx is less than the number of those in

the thoracic portion.

3. The right atrium is larger than the left one but the walls of the left atrium are

thicker than those of the right one.

4. This is a difficult problem but a very useful one.

5. In this patient the morning temperature is low but the evening one is high.

6. The results of the experiment were not so useful as those obtained before.

7. The right kidney is lower than the left one.

8. Blood consists of thrombocytes, white cells and red ones.

9. There are four chambers in the heart; two smaller ones – auricles and two larger

ones – ventricles.

10. The article from the Internet was not as difficult as that taken from the journal.

 

IX. Раскройте скобки, употребив причастие I или II:

1. The lung has the apex … (to extend) above the level of the 1^st rib.

2. The right lung … (to consist) of three lobes is heavier than the left one.

3. The heart is the inner organ … (to place) within the chest.

4. The heart consists of two chambers … (to divide) by the septum.

5. The patient … (to admit) to the hospital was a 36-year old male.

6. The fibrous bands … (to form) the muscular structure of the heart are divided

into two groups.

7. The portal system is formed by the veins … (to pass) to the liver.

8. He got new equipment for the … (to organize) department.

9. The results … (to receive) during the experiment were very important.

X. Прочтите и переведите следующие предложения:

1. It was not until 1911 that a first really successful theory of atomic structure was developed by Rutherford. 2. It is on the large surface of the alveoli that oxygen passes from the air into the blood vessels. 3. It is per minute that that the human being breathes in 300-330 ml of oxygen and breathes out 225-250 ml of carbon dioxide. 4. It was not until Roentgen discovered X-rays that scientists were able to examine many inner organs. 5. It is due to many experiments that the investigators could determine the areas of the brain controlling vision, hearing, physical movements and even emotions. 6. It was Andreas Vesalius who published the first work on anatomy “Tabulae Anatomicae”.

 

XI. Переведите вторую часть предложений, используя правило согласования времен:

1. The scientists determined that … (а) уровень белка в крови в среднем составляет 5 – 8%; (в) плазма является жидкой частью крови. 2. Our professor of Physiology said that … (а) капилляры были открыты в 1661 году Марчелло Мальпиги, профессором медицины из Болоньи; (в) первым человеком, который наблюдал ток крови через капилляры при помощи микроскопа, был голландский ученый Антоний ван Левенгук. 3. The doctor thought that … (а) температура понизится после курса соответствующего лечения; (в) это лекарство успокоит боль.

XII. Определите формы инфинитива:

to have changed to carry out to have been treated

to be growing to be being prepared to be performed

XIII. Прочтите и переведите следующие предложения:

1. The air we breathe in enters the lungs through the trachea. 2. The investigations the scientists have carried out show that the process of inhibition can be produced by sleep. 3. We were told the patient had slept soundly the night before. 4. The most interesting lecture the professor delivered last week was that on conditioned reflexes. 5. The food the children receive for their proper development must contain many vitamins.

XIV. Переведите следующие предложения письменно:

1. Известно, что за одну минуту вся кровь в теле человека проходит через легкие и поглощает 1/3 литра кислорода. 2. При выдохе наружные межреберные мышцы расслабляются. 3. Известно, что быстрый сон длится менее получаса. 4. Установлено, что эритроциты являются самыми многочисленными клеточными элементами крови. 5. Нужно определить первый сердечный тон над поверхностью желудочков или клапанов. 6. При глубоком вдохе легкие наполняются 1.5-2 литрами воздуха.

XV. Задайте вопросы к подчеркнутым словам:

1. Nerve is the structure which transmits impulses and stimuli to and from the

brain and spinal cord.

2. The nervous system builds up a background of memory by recording and

relating certain stimuli and responses.

3. Scientists have found that human beings have different kinds of senses.

4. Some kinds of senses give information about the body needs.

5. Heat is felt by special receptor cells in the skin.

6. Impairment in cerebral function can be characterized by a lack of memory and

attention.

7. Cerebrolysin improves the efficiency of the cerebral metabolism.

XVI. Прочтите текст и ответьте на вопрос:

How many groups do the scientists divide the senses into? Name these groups.

SENSE ORGANS

 

Senses are the means by which many-celled animals tell what is happening in their environment. Many people think that human being have only five senses – sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch. But scientists have found that human beings also have other kinds of senses that give information about the body needs. These senses include hunger, fatigue, pain and thirst. Scientists divide the senses into two groups. External senses receive information about the outside environment. These senses include hearing, vision, smell, taste and touch. They also include the sense of heat which is felt by special receptor cells in the skin. Internal senses detect changes that take place in the tissues and organs inside the body and send messages about these changes to the brain. The internal senses respond to chemical and physical stimuli in the circulatory, digestive, excretory, respiratory and central nervous systems. They control such feelings as hunger, fatigue, pain and thirst. The internal senses also respond to the position and movement of the joints, to tension in the muscles, and to the position of the head. By responding to these chemical and physical changes internal senses help maintain a proper environment inside the body.

Answer the questions:

1. What is the difference between these groups of senses?

2. What senses do these groups include?

 

 

LESSON 16

 

Грамматика: повторение временных форм Simple, Continuous, Perfect и

правила согласования времен

 

UNIT III. BRAIN FUNCTIONS

MEMORY

Запомните:

Суффикс -able (-ible) образует прилагательные от глаголов.

Префикс inter- переводится как меж-, между-, взаимо-.

Префикс re- обозначает повторное действие (пере-).

I. Прочтите и переведите следующие слова:

1. comfortable, possible, responsible, considerable, eatable, favourable

2. international, intercontinental, interaction, interdependent, intercostal

3. rewrite, restudy, rebuild, reorganize, retell, reread, remake, restore

 

II. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на правило согласования времен:

1. Он сказал, что учится в институте.

2. Мы думали, что они студенты.

3. Ученые установили, что существует пять органов чувств.

4. Мы узнали, что психология бывает прикладной и академической.

5. Нам сказали, что эмоции – это реакция тела на стимулы.

 

III. Назовите инфинитивы Simple Active, Continuous Active, Perfect Active, Perfect Passive от следующих глаголов:

лечить, предсказывать, объяснять, защищать

IV. Определите сказуемые (время, группу, залог) и переведите предложения:

1. Physiotherapy has a very important role.

2. The patient is sleeping after taking the drug.

3. Moscow University was founded by Lomonosov.

4. The students will attend lectures and practical classes.

5. I have never heard of this disease.

6. These organisms have been isolated from blood.

7. The microscope is on the table.

8. Drugs inhabiting the nervous system are widely used.

9. He is writing a paper on the history of psychology.

10. Ronald Ross made two great discoveries.

11. They will have finished the work by the end of the week.

12. Very interesting findings have been found out by the researcher during the

experiment.

 

V. Раскройте скобки, употребив соответствующую форму сказуемого, и переведите предложения:

1. She already (to translate) the text.

2. The students (to take) the exam in chemistry now.

3. Next year my friend (to enter) the medical university.

4. The experiment (to finish) by the scientist yesterday.

5. They (to work) in the laboratory yesterday from 3 till 5 o’clock.

6. I just (to see) him in the library.

7. Last term the students (to listen) to the lectures in Anatomy.

8. We (not to learn) this material yet.

VI. Измените форму сказуемого по модели:

Model: a). I am not reading a book now.

I have already read it.

b). I am reading a book now.

I have not read it yet.

1. They are not translating the text now.

2. They are discussing the problem now.

3. The professor is delivering the lecture now.

4. I am not having breakfast at the moment.

5. The scientist is not carrying out the experiment at the moment.

6. The students are not passing the exam at the moment.

7. The surgeon is performing the operation at the moment.

VII. Ответьте на вопросы по модели:

Model: - Are you preparing your home assignment now?

- No, I have already prepared it.

1. Is the doctor examining the patient at the moment?

2. Are you memorizing the new words now?

3. Is the teacher explaining a new rule at the moment?

4. Are the students doing exercises now?

5. Is the psychologist giving consultation at the moment?

 

VIII. Запомните произношение следующих терминов и дайте их русские эквиваленты:

information [, infq’meiSn], classification [, klqesifi’keiSn], identify [Qi’dentifQi], type [tQip], basis [‘beisis], second [‘sekqnd], limited [‘limitid], contrast [‘kOntrqst], potentially [pq’tenSiqli], telephone [‘telqfoun], essential [q’senSql], material [mq’tieriql]

IX. Выучите новые слова и словосочетания:

ability [q’biliti] - способность

to store [stL] – запасать, хранить

to retain [ri’rein] – удерживать, сохранять

to retrieve [rq’trJv] - восстанавливать

stage [steiG] - стадия

to accept [qk’sept] – принимать, признавать

duration [dju’reiSn] - продолжительность

short-term [‘SLt tWm] - краткосрочный

long-term - долгосрочный

to strike (struck) – поражать, ударять

item [‘Qitqm] – новость, сообщение

to look like – быть похожим

to appear [q’piq] - появляться

immediately [I’midjqtli] - немедленно

to allow [q’lQu] – разрешать, позволять

to recall [ri’kOl] - вспоминать

rehearsal [ri’hWsql] - повпорение

to be aware of [q’wFq] – сознавать, знать

capacity [kq’pqesiti] – объем, вместимость

definite [‘definit] - определенный

quantity [‘kwOntiti] - количество

life-span – продолжительность жизни

repetition [, repi’tiSqn] - повторение

essential [i’senSql] – необходимый, важный

consolidation [, kOnsqli’deiSqn] – укрепление, закрепление

hippocampus [, hipou’kqempqs] – гиппокамп (морской конек – выпячивание в

боковом желудочке мозга)

sufficient [sq’fiSqnt] - достаточный

to replay [ri’plei] – переигрывать, перерабатывать

current [‘kArqnt] - текущий

available [q’veilqbl] – доступный, имеющийся в наличии

strict - строгий

to mean [mJn] (meant [ment]) – означать; иметь в виду

X. Прочтите и переведите однокоренные слова:

able – ability, store – stored - storage, inform –informed - information, observe – observed – observation, memory – memorize – memorization, appear – appearing -

appearance – disappear – disappearance, definite – indefinite - indefinitely, limit – limited – unlimited – limitation, repeat – repeated –repetition, sufficient – sufficiently – insufficient – insufficiency, active – activity – activate – actively

XI. Прочтите слова, определите части речи и переведите их:

ability, basic, duration, observation, memorize, immediately, experience, storage, strictly, capacity, duration, available, indefinitely, quantity, potentially, unlimited, repetition, essential, consolidation, important, experiment, activity, disappearance

XII. Переведите следующие словосочетания:

to store, retain and retrieve information; generally accepted classification; duration of memory retention; short-term memory; the ability to remember the item; to be transferred to long-teem memory immediately; to be aware of information; a strictly limited capacity and duration; information available for a certain period of time; much larger quantities of information; consolidation of information; sufficient sleep

XIII. Прочтите и переведите текст А:

Text A. MEMORY

Memory is an organism’s ability to store, retain and retrieve information.

A basic and generally accepted classification of memory is based on the duration of memory retention and identifies three types of memory: sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory.

Sensory memory. Information that strikes our sense organs is stored on the basis of the so-called sensory memory (SM). The ability to look at an item and remember what it looked like with just a second of observation or memorization is an example of sensory memory. Materials held by SM disappear if they are not transferred immediately to the second memory system, short-term memory.

Short-term memory. Some of the information in sensory memory is then transferred to short-term memory (STM). Short-term memory allows one to recall something from several seconds to as long as a minute without rehearsal. The STM holds everything we are aware of: thoughts, information, experiences – at any point of time.

Long-term memory. The storage in sensory memory and short-term memory generally has a strictly limited capacity and duration which means that information is available for a certain period of time. Long-term memory (LTM) can store much larger quantities of information for potentially unlimited duration, sometimes a whole life span. For example, we can remember telephone numbers for many years through repetition, this information is restored in the LTM.

The organ essential to the consolidation of information from short-term to long-term memory is hippocampus. Sleep is also very important to the consolidation of information. Experiments have shown that memory depends on getting sufficient sleep between training and test and that the hippocampus replays activity from the current day while sleeping.

TASKS

I. Translate the following word combinations:

способность организма, принятая классификация, сохранять и удерживать в памяти, краткосрочная и долгосрочная память, исчезать из памяти, позволять вспомнить что-то без повторения, осознавать что-либо, строго ограниченный объем и продолжительность, доступная информация, большое количество информации, вся продолжительность жизни, закрепление информации, достаточный сон, текущий день

II. Complete the sentences using one of the following words:

memory, sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory, repetition,

hippocampus, sleep

1. … can store large quantities of information for unlimited duration.

 

2. Memory depends on getting sufficient … between training and test.

3.... allows one to recall something from several seconds to as long as a minute

without rehearsal.

4. … is the organism’s ability to store, retain and retrieve information.

5. … is the organ essential to the consolidation of information from short-term to

long-term memory.

6. One can remember telephone numbers for many years through ….

7. The ability to look at an item and remember what it looked like with just a

second of observation or memorization is ….

III. Translate the following sentences:

1. Существует три основные стадии формирования памяти: накопление,

сохранение и воспроизведение информации.

2. Есть три типа памяти: сенсорная, краткосрочная и долгосрочная.

3. Объем краткосрочной памяти очень ограничен.

4. Долгосрочная память может хранить большое количество информации в

течение длительного периода времени.

5. Гиппокамп –это отдел головного мозга, который отвечает за переход

информации из краткосрочной в долгосрочную память.

IV. Answer the questions:

1. What is memory?

2. What are the main types of memory?

3. What capacity does short-term memory have?

4. What is the difference between STM and LTM?

5. What is hippocampus?

 

V. Read and translate the dialogue:

- Hello. Are you going for a walk?

- No, I am busy. I’m getting ready for my German lesson.

- Haven’t you prepared it?

- Not yet. I have translated the text, I have done the exercises… But all those

words I have to memorize. They just escape my mind.

- Perhaps I can help you. How do you usually learn the words?

- Well, nothing special. I just look at them trying to memorize. But when I close

the book I can’t remember anything. I think I have a bad memory.

- Don’t worry. I think I can help you.

VI. Read text B and find all the international words:

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