English as a world language.

1. English is one of the major languages in the world and geographically it is the most widespread language on Earth, with 400 million speakers. In Shakespeare’s time, for example, only a few million people spoke English, and the language was not thought to be very important by the other nations of Europe, and was unknown to the rest of the world.

2. English has become a world language because of its establishment as a mother tongue outside England, in all the continents of the world. This exporting of English began in the seventeenth century, with the first settlements in North America. Above all, it is the great growth of population in the United States, assisted by massive immigration in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, that has given the English language its present standing in the world.

3. People who speak English fall into one of three groups: those who have learned it as their native language; those who have learned it as a second language in a society that is mainly bilingual; and those who are forced to use it for a practical purpose, administrative, professional or educational.

4. English is the language of business, technology, sport, and aviation. English has the largest vocabulary with approximately 500, 000 words and 300, 000 technical terms. One person in seven of the world’s entire population belongs to one of these three groups. Incredibly enough, 75 % of the world’s mail and 60% of the world’s telephone calls are in English.

Ex. 1. Useful English. Read, translate, learn, and use the following expressions in sentences of your own.

the most widespread; the rest of the world; a mother tongue; in all the continents of the world; growth of the population; massive immigration; the world’s entire population.

Ex. 2. Answer the following questions.

1. How many people in the world speak English? 2. Why has English become a world language? 3. What was the main reason for spreading English?
4. People who speak English fall into one of three groups, don’t they? What are these groups?

 

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 1

Вариант 1.2

I. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи, являются слова с окончанием “ s ” и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т. е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-го лица ед. ч. глагола в Present Indefinite – ( doe s );

б ) признаком мн. ч. имени существительного – ( boy s );

в )показателем притяжат. падежа имени существ. – (friend’ s; friend s’ ).

 

1. Most of my friend s are student s. 2. The teacher’ s help is sometimes very necessary. 3. These student s ’ experiment was a success. 4. The British rail system was considered the world’ s best and most expensive network when it was built in the last century. 5. Parliament represent s the entire country. 6. Today’ s organizations store and process vast amounts of data, which manager s and other employee s must turn into useful information. 7. Today’ s sport s star s can earn as much as they can on tennis court.

II. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какую функцию выполняет окончание – ed, т. е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем стандартного глагола в Past Indefinite;

б) показателем Participle II от стандартного глагола в функции опредeления к существительному:

в ) частью сказуемого от стандартного глагола в Passive Voice or PerfectTense;

г) устоявшимся прилагательным.

1. The young man possess ed such qualities as physical strength, youth, and determination. 2. A technology is the whole body (весь комплекс, совокупность) of methods and materials us ed to achieve the state d objective. 3. The first expeditions to Everest were organiz ed jointly by the Alpine Club and the Royal Geographic Society. 4. After two terms of office weari ed of politics, feeling old and tir ed he refus ed to serve a third term. 5. Besides being very involv ed this procedure is very costly 6. Appli ed research carries the findings of basic research to a point where they can be exploit ed to meet a specific need, while the development stage of research and development includes the steps necessary to bring a new and modifi ed product or process into production.

 

Глагол ‘TO BE’

Infinitive	Past Indefinite	Participle II
to be	was (ед. ч.) were (мн. ч.)	been

Спряжение глагола ‘to be’

Лицо	Present	Past	Future
I He She It We You They	am is is is are are are	was was was was were were were	shall/will be will be will be will be shall/will be will be will be

III . Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на многофункциональност ьглагола “to be”:

а) словарное значение – ‘быть кем-то’, ‘чем-то’; ‘находиться где-то’;

б) вспомогательный глагол для образования а) Passive Voice;
б) Continuous Tense;

в) модальное значение долженствования;

г) глагол-связка в именном составном сказуемом.

1. A standard is defined by the British Standards Institution (BSI) as ‘a published document that contains precise criteria designed to be used consistently as a rule, guide line, or definition’ 2. My friend will be a photographer. 3. The town was destroyed by the earthquake. 4. This firm is designing a new type of TV sets. 5. The students are to be at the lecture. 6. The three weeks before mid-June, are the best for making climbing on Everest. 7. Another serious problem was the corruption among some members of the government.

 

 

Глагол ‘TO HAVE’

Infinitive	Past	Participle II
have (got)	had	had

1. They have (have got) five children. 2. The secretary hasn’t finished her work yet. 3. I have my TV set repaired. 4. They don’t have to devorce (разводиться). 5. They have lived in this town for 30 years. 6. I use a computer for my job, and I have to have a lot of meetings with all the other people who work with me. 7. Though the unemployed have so far been concentrated on middle and old-age groups in Japan, we now find that a growing number of youth cannot find jobs after graduation from high schools.

 

Глагол ‘TO DO’

Present	Past	Future
do (don’t) does (doesn’t)	did (didn’t)	shall do (shan’t do) will do (won’t do)

IV. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на многофункциональность глагола ‘to dо’:

а)словарное (смысловое) значение – «делать», «выполнять»;

б) вспомогательный глагол, формы: ( do, does, did) для образования вопросительной и отрицательной форм в Present и Past Indefinite;

в) для замены смыслового глагола во избежание повторения;

г) усилительный глагол, формы: ( do, does, did ) перед инфинитивом смыслового глагола.

1. They didn’t have a good time. 2. I don’t like to do such exercises.
3. You do write a letter to him. 4. Did they leave for Moscow? ” Yes, they did. 5. The first computers (like Colossus) did not have computer chips; they used glass tubes. 6. Because today’s computer chips are so fast, modern PCs can do amazing things.

V. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения прилагательных; подчеркните в предложениях формы сравнения (таблица с. 21).

1. He often spends more money than he earns (зарабатывает). 2. The more he studies the problem, the more he likes it. 3. Your translation is better than mine. 4. Mount Everest, is the world’s highest peak. 5. This method of work is the most efficient. 6. The possibilities of this enterprise are much greater than those of this one. 7. The availability of smaller, more powerful and less expensive computing equipment made electronic data processing within the reach of small business and the home user.

 

VI. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод личных, неопределённых и отрицательных местоимении , (таблица с. 29).

1. He earns som e extra money teaching computer studies at a private computer school. 2. Give me something to eat, I’m very hungry. 3. Nobody will do this work better than this specialist. 4. The doctor could not consult anybody on that day. 5 . No one heard anything about the expedition. 6. The book is somewhere on the shelf (полка). 7. Creative resources can now be accessed anywhere in the world.

VII . Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на особенности определений, выраженных именем существительным.

1. There are many picture galleries and museums in this small town. 2. He teaches computer studies. 3. The laboratory equipment was very modern. 4. The first boat competition was organized in the 19^th century. 5. The ridge (череда гор, хребет) divides the Arctic Ocean into two major basins, and it influences water circulation, and ice movement. 6. The design of an information system produces the details that state how a system will meet the requirements identified during systems analysis. 7. Data base development requires experienced personnel.

VIII . Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на многофункциональность местоимения “it”:

а) личное местоимение 3-го лица ед. ч. ( он, она, оно ) заменяет ранее упомянутое неодушевлённое существительное;

б) указательное местоимение «это » (синоним местоимения this );

в) прямое дополнение, если “it” следует за сказуемым;

г) формальное подлежащее в безличных предложениях (в этом случае “it” не переводится);

д) “it” – в составе усилительной конструкции, it is … that, who, which (обычно переводят ’именно‘ ).

1. It is our institute that trains specialists in the field of optics, cartography and geodesy. 2. We knew everything about it. 3. The scope of economics is indicated by the facts with which it deals. 4. It is known that he was a professional musician. 5. The method makes it possible to obtain interesting results.
6. Henry Ford built a hospital in Detroit. It had the highest standard of comfort and equipment. 7. It is in ourteens that we learn about the staples that make our financial diet – the basics that will apply throughout our life.

 

IX. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его форму и видо-временную форму
и залог.

1. Sorry I’m late. I got held up in the traffic. 2. The solution of the problem will require concentrated efforts of many research scientists (учёных-исследователей). 3. Many bridges, tunnels and signaling systems are now reaching a dangerous state of fatigue and are considered too expensive to replace. 4. New technologies were being invented and applied to the manufacture of cotton and wool, iron, transportation and agriculture at that time. 5. An extensive programme of cleaning and restoration of historic buildings especially in towns, where centuries of grime (грязь) have been deposited, has been under way for several years. 6. There are several techniques for protecting oneself from radiation, that have been worked out by our specialists. 7. The structures humans build undergo chemical and physical weathering, just as rocks and minerals do.

Задание: переведите текст ‘ English as a world language ’ устно,
а подчеркнутые предложения –письменно, с. 21; выполните грамматический анализпо заданиям, предложенным преподавателем.

 

 

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 2

Вариант 2.1

I . Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций ( Passive Voice ); подчеркните эту конструкцию в предложении.

1. At the present time, more than half of all old people are looked after at home. 2. This metro station will be opened next year. 3. High-quality computers are beingproduced by this company. 4. Many firms have been invited to discuss and take part (принимать участие) in the construction of the experimental house. 5. Recently some changes in family life have been caused by new laws and others are the result of changes in society. 6. Absolute accuracy (точность) cannot be received with this instrument, you should take the mean (средний) value of several observations. 7. The quality of this instrument used can be relied upon.

 

Modal Verbs (модальные глаголы).

Can (could) могу, можем; May (might) можете; Must должен, должны категоричная форма; Ought to (следует, должен); Need (to) – нужно.

 

II. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы; подчеркните их в предложении:

1. Some corrections must be made in the programme. 2. Machine parts (детали) can be produced by today’s machine tools with very high precision.
3. The company shouldn’t waste any more time on this project. 4. Laser scanning data quality may be considered from two view points: accuracy and usability. 5. Such a corrupt and despotic government must in itself be weak just when a government ought to be strong. 6. The virus could do a lot of damage very quickly. 7. This is a danger area. Employees may not enter this area without protective clothing

 

III. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения; подчеркните Infinitive (инфинитив); определите его функцию в предложении.

1. Recently many local authorities in the UK and in Europe have invested in GIS technology to achieve corporate planning. 2. To make the market as large as possible, there must be no impediments (препятствия) to free trade both within a country and among the countries. 3. The text to be translated was rather difficult. 4. I want her to help us. 5. To criticize is more pleasant than to be criticized. 6. To acquire skill and knowledge became the boy’s greatest desire. 7. His ambition was to educate himself to join the learned men on whom the tsar Peter I the Great was calling upon to transform Russia into a modern nation.

 

IV. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I; определите функцию в предложении (определения, обстоятельства и части сказуемого):

1. Having written a test paper, they were invited to attend this professor’s classes. 2. Being a talanted technician he is always invited to repair complex apparatus. 3. While doing research he received a very interesting information.
4. The expedition exploring Siberia found rare minerals lying deep under the ground. 5. Standing in the heart of modern London, the Tower reminds (напоминает) Londoners of many historical events that took place in their country.
6. The world is becoming more crowded and resources are becoming more scarce.

 

V. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle II; определите его функцию в предложении (определения, обстоятельства и части глагола-сказуемого):

1. They have considerably improved the engine. 2. Unless (если не …) tested the machine must not be put into operation. 3. The Natural Toronto Park (710-acre) was opened in 1974 by the municipality of Toronto Zoological Society to replace the former overcrowed and outdated. 4. As seen from the report these engines are produced abroad. 4. She looked tired and depressed. 5. The investigations analysed resulted in an interesting discovery. 6. Later the Zeiss workshop was transformed into an industrial enterprise which now is a world leader in optics 7. When required these data will be applied in our practical work.

 

VI. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения; подчеркните Gerund; сложные формы герундия переводятся придаточными предложениями:

1. Mankind is interested in atomic energy being used only for peaceful purposes. 2. Research work is carried out for the purpose of advancing man’s knowledge. 3. Public authorities, primarily governmental ones, have assumed many of the functions that the family used to provide, such as caring for the aged and the sick, educating the young, and providing for recreation. 4. Strategic planning includes defining the company’s long-term and specific objectives. 5. By combining the technologies of computers, telephones, and television and then finding new methods of storing and transmitting data it will be certainly possible to transport any information to every home. 6. In addition to the task of creating new facilities for an expanding population, there is the problem of repairing and updating the existing facilities. 7. Extraction costs depend on the type of mining system selected, the level of mechanization, mine life, and many other factors.

 

VII. Задание: переведите текст ‘Uses of computers’ устно; выполните лексико-грамматический анализ по заданиям, предложенным преподавателем.

 

USES OF COMPUTERS

1. Computing technology abounds (изобиловать). We use it in many ways, from visible to invisible; spectacular (эффектный) to routine; video games and special effects for film and television to microwave ovens, electronic cameras, and automobile ignition systems. Organizations generate and retain large amounts of data concerning many different things. Their key concern is how to manage and provide selectivity and accessibility by storing data electronically. Once stored, data may be retrieved in an infinite number of combinations. In business, too, computers and information systems occupy a special place, for they make possible the smooth and efficient operation airline reservations offices, hospital records departments, accounting and payroll functions, electronic banking, telephone switching systems, and countless other operations, both large and small.

2. For thousands of years, humans have needed to count. Families needed to know how many animals, how much food and how much land they had. The word ‘computer’ used to mean a person, not a machine. In the nineteenth century, builders and technicians needed to know the answers to very difficult calculations in order to do their work. They did not have the time to do these calculations themselves, so they bought books of answers. The people who did the calculations and wrote the books of answers were called computers.

3. In the 1820s when Charles Babbage, a professor of mathematics at Cambridge University invented the first calculating machine, he could hardly have imagined the situation we find ourselves in today. Nearly everything we do in the modern world is helped, or even controlled, by computers. He called his machine a Difference Engine, but he didn’t finish it because he had a better idea. (Babbage never finished anything – he always had a better idea and started working on something new.) He invented an Analytical Engine. This machine could do more: it had a kind of memory. This meant that it was possible to write programs for it. For this reason, the Analytical Engine is often seen as the first real computer. Babbage’s ideas were ahead of the time.

4. A woman called Ada Lovelace worked with Babbage. She was the daughter of Lord Byron, a famous English poet. Ada was an excellent mathematician and understood Babbage’s ideas. She wrote a programme for the Analytical Machine. She is considered to be the first computer programmer in the world. In 1979, a modern computer programming language was named ADA .

5 . Slowly, over the next one hundred years, inventors began to build better calculating machines. One of the best inventors of the 1930_s was a German called Konrad Zuse. In 1938, he built his first machine, the Z1 . His later machines, the Z3 and Z4 were like modern computers in many ways.

Ex. 1. Useful English: прочтите, переведите, выучите следующие словосочетанияииспользуйте их в своих предложениях:

computer and information systems occupy a special place; countless other operations; they don’t have the time; we could hardly have imagined the situation we find ourselves in today; I had a better idea; his ideas are ahead of the time; an excellent mathematician; one of the best inventors; an infinite number of combinations.

Ex. 2. Просмотрите текст и найдите ответы на следующие вопросы; данное задание выполните письменно.

1. In what spheres can computers be used? 2. What did the word computer mean in the nineteenth century? 3. Who were called computers? 4. Who is considered the first computer programmer? 5. Who was one of the best inventors of the 1930s? 6. What is the organization’s key concern?

 

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 2

Вариант 2.2

I. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций ( Passive Voice ); подчеркните эти конструкции в английском предложении.

1. Absolute accuracy (точность) cannot be received with this instrument, you should take the mean (средний) value of several observations. 2. Cambridge Science Park was established in 1970 by Trinity College which has a long scientific tradition going back to Isaас Newton. 3. High-quality computers are being produced by this company. 4. Computers are supplied with various programs designed primarily to assist the user to run jobs or to optimize system performance. 5. Much is being said and written these days about information systems. 6. Raw data and figures are not very useful until they are processed.

II. Перепишите и переведие следующие предложения, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы( Modal Verbs с. 35); подчеркните их в предложении.

1. The level of accuracy in measurements may differ greatly in this case.
2. Data need to be easily understood and consistent through time. 3. You ought to be more responsible. 4. The doctor should be very attentive while examining the patient. 5. The shopping centre owners may be able to lower their insurance rates by following the safety engineer’s suggestions. 6. All these components are interrelated and cannot exist without each other. 7. This professor’s lecture must be attended by all means.

 

III. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них Infinitive ; определите его функцию в предложении:

 

1. Recently many local authorities in the UK and in Europe have invested in GIS technology to achieve corporate planning. 2. The Bank’s role is to act as adviser to the Government, and to carry out agreed monitory policy decisions in the markets. 3. For the map to be legible the amount of data represented in the map must be limited. 4. To criticize is more pleasant than to be criticized. 5. The detailed information on competitors is likely to be useful to a production team in a plant. 6. The first challenge in every project has now become to design the best combination of tools and techniques to acquire, manage and disseminate spatial data at the desired level of quality within the given delays and allowed budgets. 7. To feed, clothe, house and otherwise care for these millions of additional Americans will require the production of millions of tons of minerals, food, and fiber, most of which must come from our own land, upon which many other claims have already been laid.

 

IV. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения. Подчеркните Participle I; определите его функцию (определения, обстоятельства
и части сказуемого):

1. Standing in the heart of modern London, the Tower reminds (напоминает) Londoners of many historical events that took place in their country.
2. The expedition exploring Siberia found rare minerals lying deep under the ground. 3. The world is becoming more crowded and resources are becoming more scarce. 4. Many of the fastest growing job categories are now in service industries. 5. An automatic machine sorting the letters, the post office’s services are much easier to perform. 6. Having written a test paper, they were invited to attend this professor’s classes. 7. Today, the Old Royal Observatory is open as part of the museum, illustrating the history of astronomy.

V. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения. Подчеркните Participle II; определите его функцию: (определения, обстоятельства
и части глагола-сказуемого).

1. The investigations analyzed resulted in an interesting discovery.
2. When required these data will be applied in our practical work. 3. Later the Zeiss workshop was transformed into an industrial enterprise which now is a world leader in optics. 4. Having lost the plan of the district she could not find the street she needed. 5. The clergy and the nobility, attached to their privileges and fearing the spread of education and science, actively opposed the reforms of which M. Lomonosov was a lifelong champion. 6. Since World War II the British government has spent billions to provide the working class with adequate and inexpensive shelter. 7. A program is a series of instructions written to produce the desired output.

VI. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на Gerund ; подчеркните герундий в английском предложении. Сложные формы герундия переводятся придаточными предложениями.

1. When he left school, he decided to get serious about computing. 2. I prefer doing things in a proper way. 3. Strategic planning includes defining the company’s long-term and specific objectives. 4. Stuffing means filling jobs positions with the right people at the right time. 5. Job analysis is a systematized procedure for collecting and recording information about jobs. 6. Surveyor’s information is essential to planning the wise use of our land and discovering and managing the natural resources it contains. 7. Aerial and satellite imagery provides one means of quickly examining large land areas and of identifying mineralization that may be indicated by differences in geologic structure or in rock, soil, and vegetation type.

 

VII. Задание: переведите текст ‘Uses of computers’ устно с. 37–38; выполните лексико-грамматический анализ по заданиям, предложенным преподавателем.

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