ЛЕКСИКО-ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ МАТЕРИАЛ

I. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные функции местоимений ‘It’.

1. It is Monday today; it’s 10 a.m.; it’s too cold outside. 2. It has been very cold for a few days. 3. If the growth of the population actually happens, it means that in the next 70 years we will have to provide as many goods (товары) houses, roads, schools and other facilities as we have already produced in our previous years of existence. 4. It has been raining since early morning. 5. It will be interesting to watch this device in action; it’s quite a new device. 6. It has become necessary to look through a special literature. 7. It took them half an hour to make a decision. 8. It takes less time to do it right by myself than it does to explain why you did it wrong. 9. Since the time of its erection the Tower of London has served many purposes; first it was a king’s palace, a fortress, a political prison, a mint place and now it is a museum. 10. I made it a rule for myself to come on time. 11. He was quite right when he tried to do it himself. 12. It should be noted that it was A. Popov who invented radio; now it is a widely used means of mass media. 13. It is known that he is a well-known mathematician. 14. It is because of work of this standard that in the short period he has been in business he has made about £ 9, 000; with it he has bought more equipment. 15. It was only a year ago, that he decided to get serious about computing. 16. Once an agreement was reached, it was to be kept, and the villagers, who got their land from the landlord were not free to leave it without permission. 17. It was Nikolai-Garin Mikhailovsky who in 1893 headed a survey party and chose the site for a railway bridge to cross the river Ob. 18. A business is an organization, a complex of jobs and relationships and technologies for production of goods and services. It is an impersonal ‘It’ that lives longer thananyof its managers or employees. But a company is more than an ‘It’. A company is an association of real and live people. 19. At both universities there have already been radical changes in admissions policies which are making it harder for some independent school pupils to gain access – and could make it harder still in future. 20. Oxbridge has, in fact bowed to public pressure for a fairer admissions system.

 

II. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на оборот «there + to be». В этом обороте глагол “be” может употребляться в личной и неличной форме, в любом времени, наклонении (кроме повелительного)
и с модальными глаголами. На месте глагола “be” могут использоваться
и другие смысловые глаголы со значением возникновения, становления, существования, наиболее характерные для научного текста.

to appear – возникать, появляться

to exist – существовать

to follow – следовать

to live – жить

to remain – оставаться

to seem – казаться

there is – имеется, существует

there will be – будет существовать

there were – имелись, существовали

there must be – должно быть, должно существовать

there could be – могло (бы), могло бы существовать

there would be – имелось бы, могло бы существовать

there would have been – существовало бы

there being – так как существует

1. There are still a lot of problems to be solved. 2. There is one important factor to be considered. 3. There is no end to evolutionary process. 4. There were no mistakes in these calculations. 5. There is an unexplored area as big as that explored. 6. There will never be another such possibility. 7. There will be nobody who could prove it. 8. There are things that one can’t do for oneself.
9. Where there is a will (желание), there is a way out. 10. I think there will not (won’t) be many students at tomorrow’s meeting. 11. There will follow many days of hard work. 12. There might be some trouble. 13. In a village there took place an exchange of land for labour. 14. There are, in fact, those who believe that control of information stores and processing facilities may well become more important than many natural resource as a source of social and economic power. 15. There still remained much work to do. 16. There existed a great interest in this method. 17. There remains one more controversal (противоречие) phenomenon to describe. 18. There is hardly any aspect of human life that would not be affected by changes that automation will bring about.
19. There are about 10 million old-age pensioners in Gr.Britain, of whom about a million cannot live entirely independently. 20. There are some scientists who seem to be born to be scientists, whose life is devoted completely to discovering the laws of nature. 21. There is not a single branch of industry to dispense with a great number of high quality precise instruments both optical and mechanical. 22. In the UK there has been continuous monitoring and re-assessment of forestry policy to reflect changing public attitudes, and the impact of socio-economic changes such as those associated with the Common Agricultural Policy. 23. All jobs are different but there are a few similarities that link them all, the tax. 24. There comes a time for most of us when we are fed up with paying off someone else’s mortgage and we want and can afford to buy a place of our own.

III. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на видо-временную форму сказуемого.

1. The population of our planet is constantly growing. 2. I’ve got an interesting story to read. 3. Until 1891 the underground (metro) trains were steam-driven. 4. There will be a lot (many) of science centres in the town. 5. It didn’t take them more than three hours to carry out (do) the test. 6. Two new schools are being built in this district (микрорайон). 7. In some countries sick people do not get medical help, children do not go to school. 8. External environment – including the economy, consumer markets, technology, politics, and cultural forces – are all changing so rapidly that an organization that does not adapt, will probably not survive. 9. They were making measurements when the earthquake began. 10. What have you been doing this afternoon? 11. The bank has been offering new services since last year. 12. I had much work to do at the office yesterday; I had been working at the problem for 10 hours by that time. 13. The students will have to go over (repeat) the material of the lectures before the examination. 14. Yesterday one of our scientific workers completed the experiment which he had begun some months before. 15. The utility of computer systems is greatly enhanced by their ability to communicate with one another through computer networks, provided that the proper communications connections have been established and the computer data files and programs have been modified with a common communications protocol. 16. They had covered 4 800 km (3 000 miles) but they had not reached the Pacific Ocean. 17. They have been investigating the problem for a year. 18. By 6 o’clock he will have been testing the system for 3 hours. 19. These devices are now being given the leading role in the exploration of space, the Moon and other celestial (небесный) bodies, because they cost less and are more effective for lunar research and exploration than manned spaceships. 20. It is thought that schools first started in Egypt 5 000 to 6 000 years ago, and that it was the invention of writing that made them necessary. 21. Throughout the great Roman Empire there was a network of schools free of charge (бесплатный) which provided for three stages of education. 22. We are taught to read and write, and are taught many of the essential facts about the world and are shown how to sort them out so that (чтобы) later in life we shall be able to find out things ourselves and not to ask other people. 23. Nowadays not only is business becoming a science, but science has in most instances already become a business. 24. So far (до сих пор) we have been able to visualize what was being discussed. 25. The amount of input information will gradually be being reduced throughout the whole process. 26. This could have been noticed by the programmer if he would have inspected his programme carefully. 27. If the benefit were to be allowed to increase profits to be distributed to shareholders, there might not be sufficient addition to consumer demand to absorb the additional goods to be produced.
28. In the former case the characters (характерные признаки, особенности) should show great similarity; in the latter case they should show great diversity. 29. They suggested that such results would be very carefully considered.
30. My boss said I was difficult to work with, and she said she wouldn’t be able to give me promotion. 31. She even asked if I had thought about getting another job. He said she might be able to find me something different to do, because I told her that my work was very boring. 32. Living in England will help you to learn English.

III. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на ing-формы.

1. A primitive man had no idea of the earth’s being round. 2. A barometer is an instrument measuring atmospheric pressure. 3. While you are looking through the article, I’ll be preparing for the test. 4. Though Americans are used to everything being advertized, watching such programmes gives one a headache instead of providing relaxation. 5. The solving of the problem was approved (одобрять). 6. A man should be viewed (рассматривать) as a free rational being possessing a free will. 7. Swimming is my favourite occupation but I am fond of jogging (бег трусцой) too. 8. In spite of being complicated the problem has been solved. 9. The longest landing platform 1 100 meters, is at the underground station in Chicago. 10. Having landed in Britain the Romans founded a military station on the north bank of the river Thames. 11. Being skilled in the art of building they started fortifying their settlements and laying roads across the country. 12. We read about many Oxford graduates remaining unemployed. 13. The earlier calendars that were offered by ancient astronomers were lunar calendars, each month being given the name by the Romans. 14. The first man to succeed in swimming the Channel in 1875 was Captain Webb, an Englishman. 15. Research work is carried out for the purpose of advancing man’s knowledge. 16. They succeeded in getting reliable information on dealing with these types of errors. 17. Feeling better equipped and more confident he decided to find a sea route which would link the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific. 18. Our specialists have made some new discoveries, the latter being commented upon in various scientific magazines. 19. Washington D. C., the capital of US having been planned and designed with great thought (продуманы), it is easy to get to any point of the town. 20. The capital is constantly growing and the main feature of its present development is the establishment of the industries requiring highly skilled labour and the branches producing high-quality equipment as well as the development of new technologies. 21. The Metro Toronto Zoo has a fine collection comprising a few thousand specimens representing nearly 280 species (видов). 22. Great Britain being an island, it’s climate is rather mild. 23. The highest-elevated underground is in Mexico lying deep at an altitude of 2, 279 meters above sea level. 24. Many terminals (терминалы) are more complex, having many devices for sending and receiving data messages. 25. The experiment that is being conducted is of great interest and is thought of as being highly promising. 26. The relatively broad beam (about 20°) of this antenna facilitates finding the satellite in space. 27. One cannot expect a complicated problem like that of using solar energy to be solved in a year or so. 28. Programming a computer involves analyzing the problem to be solved and a plan to solve it. 29. Scientific research, in many fields, is now dependent on computers, either for working out the implications (выводы) of a theory, or for handling the very large amounts of data obtained from certain experiments. 30. A space suit is a complete miniature world, a self-contained environment that must supply everything needed for an astronaut’s life; but the best engineering has not been able to provide as much flexibility of movement as is desirable. 31. In planning, accurate decision-making reduces uncertainty. 32. The cost of replacing all the sewer systems in England and Wales has been estimated at about 50 billion pounds. 33. We move from being reliant on our parents for pocket money to earning our own money and the financial freedom that brings with it. 34. Getting the right mortgage is one of the most difficult decision making processes that you go through financially.

 

IV . Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на различные функции инфинитива.

1. The aim of any research is to enlarge the possibilities offered by modern science. 2. To live is to learn. 3. To meet the accelerated demands for resources, we must find means to accelerate our acquisition (приобретение, накопление) of knowledge concerning them. 4. Such a land registration system should be designed to serve as a sound basis for a more fully developed land information system in the future. 5. Knowledge in this field will help (to) solve some problems. 6. The duties of a postman are to deliver letters and newspapers. 7. To elect and to be elected is the right of every citizen of this country. 8. In the future it will be more and more difficult for the national economy to support the increasing number of elderly (пожилые ). 9. The teacher considers this subject to be very interesting for the discussion. 10. She is clever enough to show her emotions in such a situation. 11. To acquire skill and knowledge became the boy’s greatest desire. 12. Canadian Geographic Information Systems are being used in many countries to integrate and analyze information on climate, soil and other conditions to determine the best type of crops to plant in a given area.
13. M. Lomonosov was the first to establish the first chemical laboratory in Russia and himself headed it in its work. 14. Scientists have been conducting (doing) very important research in order to study the Earth’s space environment. 15. It was for our engineer to decide what kind (type) of a computer to use. 16. The history of automatic computers is believed to have started with Charles Babbage who was a professor of mathematics at Cambridge University. 17. To programme a computer is to analyze the problem to be solved and to make a plan for solving it. 18. There are some scientists who seem to be born to be scientists. 19. From the earliest civilizations maps have been used to portray (present) information about the earth’s surface. 20. Geometrical optics is known to account for (объяснять) the phenomena of reflection. 21. The director ordered these documents to be sent off at once. 22. I know him to be working at this problem. 23. Astronomy, philosophy and mathematics are supposed to have been known in Egypt as early as 5000 years B.C. (Before Christ). 24. So as (in order to) to obtain good results you must do such exercises every day. 25. To discover new sources of energy and to develop new methods of power generation is the main problem to be solved by our scientists. 26. The method to be used in our research work has (is) to be reliable. 27. The aim of the expedition was to examine the mountain and the surrounding area and find a route by which a later expedition might hope to reach the top. 28. They must get used to their customs. 29. Newton’s principal contribution to mechanics is often considered to be the discovery of his three laws of motion. 30. B. Franklin (1706–1790) is acknowledged to be the founder of the theory of atmospheric electricity. 31. The tunnel builders are supposed to encounter (to face) many difficulties in driving tunnels. 32. There are two approaches to the solution of the problem, one to be used in analytical investigations, the other in simulation (модeлирование). 33. The legislation is designed to protect the environment against pollution by industry or by any other source, including general public. 34. The biggest purchase you are likely to make is buying your first house.

 

V. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы (Modal verbs).

1. Data, results, and other information must be shared. 2. It may, or may not, be possible to correct the input (входной) information on the spot at once. 3. It appears that the deal offered by Taiwan to potential investors may still not be as good as that offered by Singopore. 4. This idea might be of interest for many specialists. 5. Problems that might have taken years to solve are solved now within a few months or even weeks. 6. In spite of the fact, that he was promised a financial help, he had to finance the whole work himself. 7. This apparatus can’t be used, because it is out of order. 8. You could have done it earlier. 9. We shall be able to correct the programme. 10. Code at any level can be represented graphically. 11. He was not allowed to take part in the experiment. 12. His research must be completed as soon as possible. 13. The data which must be obtained are important. 14. We must be able to predict the properties of this compound. 15. Some corrections must be made in the programme. 1 6. We have to consult an expert. 17. They had to look through a lot of special literature. 18. Special techniques had have to be advised (suggested) for solving this problem. 19. The test is to be done in half an hour. 20. You ought to be very careful while working with this instrument. 21. Another approach (method) ought to have been applied to get better results. 22. It is for this reason that many reports on scientific research include discussion of how the research ought to have been done of the experience gained in having done it the first time. 23. Would you mind showing me the results of the measurements? 24. It is necessary that he should work hard to earn his living. 25. It is very important that this method should be recommended. 26. Bad news should be broken gently, good news all at once. 27. It would be impossible to measure the temperature of this planet without a radio telescope. 28. We were suggested that we should carefully study the properties of this substance under a very high temperature. 29. If they invested the money in the building of this enterprise, they would get a high interest (%) in some years. 30. Our shop (цех) needs to be equipped with the latest machinery. 31. Nowadays laboratories have to be introduced into colleges and educational institutions to teach scientific and technical knowledge by means of experiments. 32. We are to take certain special steps to clarify the situation. 33. The function of the University is to give specialized training of a high degree. 34. You should know all the basic laws of the subject. 35. It must be said that the control system is looked upon as an experimental one.

VI. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на PassiveVoice.

1. The article is still being translated; it will have been translated by tomorrow evening. 2. They have already been informed about this unpleasant event. 3. The first teachers were fathers and mothers, but very early in the history of man children began to be taught by other people. 4. This method has been greatly modified. 5. His help is needed by everybody. 6. Geographical data have traditionally been represented in the form of a map. 7. Natural resources needed by man are, unfortunately not evenly distributed on the surface of the earth. 8. Urban land is among the most valuable economic and social resources of any nation, and cannot be properly managed without an adequate system for the measurement and recording of the boundaries of parcels, and the registration of all legal rights related to each parcel. 9. The lecture will be followed by an interesting discussion. 10. Russia’s talent for programming software is widely recognized. 11. The method described above is the most accurate and should be followed. 12. This design was to be worked out by a highly qualified specialist. 13. Information technologies have been developed rapidly in recent years. 14. We are taught to read and write, and are taught many of the essential facts about the world and shown how to sort them out, so that later in life, we shall be able to find out things ourselves and not to ask other people. 15. The first part of the project, connecting six city districts, will be fully completed in a few weeks. 16. At present (nowadays) some fundamental questions concerning the physical properties of the earth may be answered by relatively simple means. 17. Since direct observation of the ocean floor is difficult and expensive, most of our information has been derived from remote measurements of its topography, heat flow, gravity, and magnetism. 18. Our engineering resources are increased when they are designed to withstand damage from natural forces (выдержать натиск стихии). 19. Since 1887 many national standards laboratories have been founded to set up and maintain standards of measurement both for six basic quantities and for their systematic derivatives. 20. The Metro Toronto Zoo has a fine collection comprising a few thousand specimens representing nearly 280 species; it’s exhibits are arranged zoogeographically so that all the animals native to a particular continent are grouped together. 21. The Cambridge Science Park is the modern face of the University, was attractively designed by Trinity College, which has a long scientific traditions going back to Sir. Isaac Newton; this park was established in 1970 to increase the contact with high technology industry and it is now a home to more than sixty companies and research institutes. 22. This stage was proceeded by careful study (analysis) of the results. 23. Reference was made of this aurthor’s earlier publications.
24. Less attention was paid to another possible way of conducting the investigation. 25. The results of experiments are always looked through by the head of the research team (group). 26. Steps will be taken to increase the production of these enterprises. 27. These measurements will not be influenced by outer factors. 28. These terms (условия) were agreed upon. 29. Reference has been made to these phenomena. 30. Einstein’s special theory of relativity is often referred to by a great number of researchers. 31. Some of the data obtained cannot be referred to, the others have not been published yet. 32. The results of the experiment can be relied upon. 33. The quality of the instruments used can be safely relied upon. 34. Siberia which is now in the focus of the world’s attention is looked at as a land of future. 35. At construction sites care must be taken to establish bench marks (репера) in locations of maximum stability. 36. Because of continuing problems of ground movements, and the setting of structures, careful consideration must be given to the location and type of mark (репер) to be constructed, having regard to local soil and rock characteristics, and the capital value and permanence of the project.

 

VII. При переводе обратите внимание на значение и функцию следующих слов: “that”, “those”; “one”, “ones”; “for”.

 

1. One must master one’s feelings. 2. Read few books but only good ones. 3. The system of the London underground is a complicated one. 4. We consider the new system more convenient than all those that were previously used.
5. One should use a new method, not the old one. 6. One of our fundamental problems today, that is basic to many of the seemingly (по-видимому) more immediate and pressing problems, is the task of supplying the raw materials that our modern society requires. 7. Two years were sufficient for the work to be done. 8. Of the numerous methods of conducting similar experiments to be found in literature the following are among those that (which) have been proved to be most useful. 9. It is supposed that no very convincing mechanism appears to have been offered for a hypothesis of this nature. 10. Practically all day-time students get grants, while those taking the evening courses have reduced working hours and paid leave (отпуск) for examinations. 11. The device may be relied upon, for it is of the latest design. 12. In the Middle Ages it was supposed that the Moon had a crystaline smooth surface like a mirror and that the dark spots on the Moon were accounted for (объяснять) by the fact that the Earth was reflected on its surface. 13. Galileo thought that he saw mountains, valleys, seas and continents. 14. This idea is one of the most interesting and important. 15. He knew that no one could help him. 16. One seldom likes waiting for somebody or something. 17. Another and later form of bridge and one requiring a higher degree of skill was the arch (арка). 18. One of the newest trends in research, hardly (вряд ли) ten years old, is the creation of extremely tough composite materials. 19. The problem is far too involved (сложный) for one to be solved. 20. One must know that these rays produce a harmful effect on man. 21. This is a new measuring instrument, its accuracy is much higher than that of the old ones. 22. The unusual phenomenon occupied the scientist’s thoughts for some weeks. 23. Einstein’s work was a great surprise for scientists all over the world. But for (если бы не) the atmosphere no life would be possible on the Earth. 24. For a computer to be programmed each problem must be reduced to a series of very simple steps. 25. He liked questions and answered them at once, for there were no simple or foolish questions for him. 26. For these experiments to be meaningful the observations must be made at regular intervals. 27. Laser has become one of the key technological tools, for it provides, a means for maximum energy concentration. 28. For resources that are more or less fixed in quantity or availability, increased productivity must come from increased efficiency of use. 29. One may easily observe the effects of weathering (эрозия) in monuments, statues, and the remains of historic buildings. 30. In a decade one will no longer have to worry about getting lost in the city.

 

VIII . Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод следующих слов и парных союзов: both; both…and; either; either…or; neither ; neither…nor; the…the .

1. Both brothers live abroad. 2. My brother and I both study at the same university. 3. They are pulling down (сносить) both the big houses. 4. Both of us (we both) want to learn how to write business programmes. 5. He knows both when to speak and when to hold his tongue. 6. Both students and teachers are taking part in a scientific conference. 7. Both scientists and engineers study these phenomena. 8. For centuries the English Channel has been for Britain both defence against invaders and the way to the Continent. 9. Both scientists and detectives collect facts, formulate hypotheses, and test them against the facts. 10. The phenomenon of light can be explained by both the wave theory and the particle theory. 11. Sea water hides (contain) both many of the keys to our past and the keys to the future. 12. Our engineers carrying out experiments combine both research work and practical work. 13. Take both maps, either will show you all the local roads. 14. You can take either of the two routes.
15. There is a bus stop at either side of the street. 16. If you don’t go, I won’t (will not) either. 17. I don’t like it either. 18. Either you or your colleagues have to solve this problem. 19. Neither of these methods will find wide application. 20. Neither of us knowabout it. 21. Which book do you want? – Neither. 22. If you don’t go, neither will I. 23. This programme is neither interesting, nor useful (important). 24. Energy can be neither created nor destroyed. 25. Neither this plant nor that one can produce such complex apparatus. 26. I could remember neither the name of the author, nor the title of the book. 27. The oceans of Earth are neither an inexhaustible cupboard nor an infinite sewer. 28. The more we read, the more we know. 29. The darker (is) the sky, the brighter (are) the stars. 30. The nearer a planet is to the sun, the quicker it goes round. 31. The stronger (is) the wind, the higher (are) the waves.

 

IX . Переведите слеующие предложения, обращая внимание на неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения “some”, “any”, “no” и наречия, производные от “some”, “any”, “no”, “every” .

1. No student can master English without reading much. 2. No more than two tests are required. 3. None of the systems of measures and weights of the past can be compared in simplicity to that of our days. 4. The metric system is so simple that anybody can learn it in a very short time. 5. There is nothing interesting in this magazine. 6. There is no one here. 7. Nothing else is important. 8. This text is written for the student who knows nothing about anything.
9. Nobody has ever seen the other side of the moon. 10. I don’t like this town, there is nowhere to go in it. 11. Any of these methods is useful. 12. Some of these results are not very accurate. 13. Nobody said anything. 14. He didn’t make any mistakes in the test. 15. We live in a world where we don’t know anything about anything. 16. I can do this job alone, I don’t need anybody to help me. 17. I haven’t got any money. 18. Some of this money is yours.
19. Something is better than nothing. 20. They were faced with some difficulties. 21. I didn’t see him anywhere. 22. Someone has taken my book by mistake. 24. Some day they can meet each other. 25. Somebody must speak to the manager about it. 26. He lives somewhere near London. 27. Sometimes a decision to compute is followed by a process of selecting the particular kind of computing machine best suited for the given problem. 28. Every house in this street is the same. 29. Everybody is to be at work a bit earlier tomorrow. 30. He does everything with great accuracy. 31. She said something but I didn’t understand anything. 32. Everybody needs friends. 33. There is a public library in every town, anyone may become its member, and it costs nothing to borrow books. 34. Everyone has to succeed in one’s work.

X. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значения слов:

Use be used to used to

To use get used to

1. Engineers use the experience of previous generations. 2. Architects make use of fresh forms, fresh materials and fresh technique. 3. They have used the conventional crystal growth methods. 4. This approach is used for time and money saving purposes. 5. They presented mass of data necessary for effective land use planning. 6. Most laboratories have small machines (установки) which are being used for demonstration purposes. 7. He is used to listening to the nine o’clock news. 8. They got used to driving left. 9. I’m used to getting up early. 10. Members of Everest expeditions must get used to the thin air (разреженный воздух) of the Himalayan heights; they do this by spending as many weeks as possible in the high mountain country. 11. During his useful life he often felt he was useless. 12. Society is now more tolerant than it used to be of unmarried people, unmarried couples and single parents. 13. The members of the family used to meet more often than they do it now. 14. He used to do sports a lot. 15. Any of these methods is useful. 16. Public authorities, primarily governmental ones, have assumed many of the functions that the family used to provide, such as caring for the aged and the sick, educating the young, and providing for recreation.

rather 1. This problem is rather difficult. 2. Rather we attempt to develop in detail the principal mathematical method. 3. Two approaches with a rather well established methodology suited well in our case. 4. We shall concentrate, however, on the process which generates this knowledge, rather than on the knowledge itself. 5. He is rather difficult to deal with.

involve(d) 1. The branch of optics which involves quantitative measurements of the intensity of light and the illumination provided by different sources on surfaces at varying distances from the source is called photometry. 2. The method involved was quite new. 3. The phenomenon involved was rather difficult to explain. 4. We have to analyse all the factors involved. 5. The quantities (values) involved in our study are interrelated. 6. Robert Koch was involved in the investigation of infectious diseases throughout his life. 7. Besides being very involved this procedure is very costly. 8. The problem is far too involved for one to be able to solve it. 9. Under these conditions the requirements involved are only partially met.

provide; provide for; provided 1. Special measures must have been taken by tunnel builders to provide stability to the works and safety to the workers in boring this tunnel. 2. We are to provide all the necessary equipment for the experiment to be carried out successfully. 3. Apochromats are highly corrected optical systems (точно-скорректированные оптические системы) providing maximum optical quality and are used in microscopy and astronomy. 4. Timekeeping (служба частот и времени ) at the Royal Greenwich Observatory began in 1675, when it provided a standard by which sailors could set their clocks before they set out on voyages. 5. There is always an element of risk in providing capital and starting business. 6. The cenral organization provided all the expeditions with the necessary equipment; it has provided our expedition with means of radio communication. 7. Well provided with food now we shall start in two days provided there is no change of the weather. 8. In hot weather water is the best drink provided it is cool and pure. 9. Provided the supplies arrive in time, all will go well. 10. Great increase in labour productivity would be made provided mechanization and automation of manufacturing process were increasingly used. 11. The colleges provide for residence and tutoring personal instruction of the students; by means of personal contact the tutor may influence the student’s political and social ideas. 12. Providing for the doubling of the U.S. expanding population at their current level of living is equivalent to building a complete new small town every day of the year for the next 30 years, including all of its buildings and facilities. 13. The contract provides for that possibility.

mean; to mean; means; by means of 1. Science is the means by which the whole of our civilization is rapidly being transformed. 2. A. Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790) is acknowledged to have invented a means of protection against the disastrous affects of lightning – the lightning rod. 3. To meet the accelerated demands for resources, we must find means to accellerate our acquisition of knowledge. 4. Means must be provided for a system to be adjusted for the important experiment. 5. In addition to being a means of exchange, money is also a means of measuring the value of men’s labour. 6. A mean solar day is the mean time during which the Earth makes one revolution round the sun. 7. Utilizing solar power on a large scale means getting possession of an immense source of power. 8. I mean to leave tomorrow. 9. Your friendship means a lot to me. 10. This will mean a lot of expense for him. 11. The title means nothing to me. 12. The golden mean. 13. He is mean with his money. 14. To concentrate railway facilities means to increase the average capacity and load per wagon. 15. What did you mean by looking at me like that? 16. The word “farm” comes from the Latin “firma”, meaning a fixed payment, a rent, a settled agreement, and it wasn’t until the 16th century that the “farm” came to mean a piece of land. 17. This doesn’t mean that the result is correct. 18. This means that the method of geometric means leads to more satisfactory results than that of arithmetic means. 19. The fastest means to detect an artificial satellite is radio, largely used for that purpose.

main (adj.); mainly ( adv. )

1. The main theme of the conference – “Ecology”. 2. The main concern of an engineer is the rate at which work is being done. 3. The main problem is to survive. 4. All main Rutherford’s works deal with the nuclear atom. 5. It was the main factor in their difference. 6. They mainly focused on fundamental problems. 7. Those people were mainly students. 8. This enterprise produces mainly the equipment for medicine.

to affect – влиять на; to effect – осуществлять; приводить к; вызывать, быть причиной. 1. This will affect their decision. 2. The change affects the whole process. 3. Moisture affects all kinds of metal. 4. They effected some changes in the plan. 5. If you give up smoking, you’ll effect about £ 100 a year. 6. Thus they effected the desired result.

science 1. Science both informs and instructs. 2. The body of information geneated by science and the knowledge of how to use it are two products of science. 3. The foundations of the science of optics were not established until the 17^th century. 4. In the 20^th century with the rapid growth of science and technology human achievements in conquering nature became so great that man’s economic activities began to produce an increasingly harmful (negative) effect on the biosphere. 5. Science has used experimental and theoretical investigation, or research, as its principal tool since the dawn of modern science began with Galileo.

since 1. Since the cost of study at Oxford is very high, the average parents can give their children a full education only at the cost of strict economy.
2. Since the colleges don’t provide the students with sports equipment, sport is the privilege only of the rich who have means for buying all (everything) that is necessary for any kind of sport. 3. They have been living here since 1997. 4. In spite of all the difficulties that he succeeded in going to Petersburg he was appointed mechanic to the Academy of Sciences; and since then he spent all his free time and all his money on new inventions.

some 1. There are some basic operations at any workshop. 2. The engineers of the research laboratory developed some new methods of work. 3. Some rivers flowing across the vast territory of Russia run into the Arctic Ocean.
4. There was some water in the glass. 5. I’d like to have some cheese. 6. Some locations are simply unsuitable for anything but open space and parks.

same 1. These elements have different colours but their chemical properties are the same, some of them are very important. 2. He proposed that we should take measures to maintain the t^о (temperature) at the same level during the entire process of the experiment. 3. I live in the same street where my parents used to live. 4. Though their characters differed, their views on life were the same.

until 1. Until a few years ago superconductors were simply a laboratory curiosity. 2. Problems cannot be solved until they are accurately defined. 3. The experiment was repeated until a satisfactory result was obtained. 4. It was not until 1959 that chemists succeded in obtaining this compound. 5. The experiment did not start until next week.

unless 1. Unless a material is tested it is not used for building purposes.
2. They will not go unless the weather is good.

near 1. The station is quite near. 2. In the very near future they are going to marry. 3. My office is near my home. 4. Construction is nearing completion.

nearly 1. She is nearly 90 years old. 2. The mother was sitting near the child nearly for an hour. 3. Nearly all the students have passed the exams successfully. 4. To construct an experiment of this kind seems nearly impossible. 5. In nearly every case, family law represents a delicate balance between the interests of society and the protection of individual rights.

through 1. Providing this project were realized, the new train would run through huge tubes at twenty times the speed of sound by means of magnetic driver. 2. Ships will pass through two deep-water channels which are located on each side of the island. 3. They’ve got good results through many experiments. 4. He looked out through the window. 5. Government is the mechanism through which public will is expressed. 6. A business enterprise that is owned by a number of people through shares of stock is a Corporation

throughout 1. The amount of information will gradually be reduced throughout the whole process. 2. T.E. Edison (1847–1931) well-known throughout the world, began to experiment when he was ten or eleven years old, his inclination being towards chemistry. 3. The weather was good throughout.

thorough 1. The function of the University is to give specialized training of a high degree, and the carriculum is arranged to give thorough knowledge and form education inits broadest sense. 2 You need thorough knowledge in this field. 3. Newton began his higher education with Aristotel’s work, he also had thoroughly mastered the works of the French philosophers. 4. A thorough analysis of the experiment has revealed some mistakes

though; although 1. He looked at me as though he were surprised to see me. 2. Although he is nearly seventy, he still likes to play sports. 3. Although the new method can be used to study these systems we shall use the old ones.
4. But the tables (таблицы) though filled up, were to be extended by some additional elements unpredicted by Mendeleev. 5. Primitive men, though they might have enjoyed the beauty of virgin nature had to live in caves.

hard; hardly 1. Studying is hard work; a student must work hard. 2. We can hardly read notes written with a hard pencil. 3. Those were hard years.
4. He is a hard father; he’s hard (strict) on his son. 5. I can hardly believe it.

the former, the latter 1. The latter procedure is much more complicated than the former one. 2. This latter case is considerably more difficult to represent, since all subcomponents of a programme will need to be activated. 3. At present there exist lasers of various sizes, big and small, the latter being widely employed in various branches of our industry. 4. In mechanics we are interested in two kinds of energy, namely, potential energy and kinetic energy, the latter being the energy of position, while the former being the energy of motion. 5. Physics is divided very naturally into two great branches, experimental and theoretical physics; the task of the former is to make observations and carry out experiments. 6. The former president was a very talanted politician. 7. Of the two routes (roads) the former is shorter.

too 1. This task is too urgent. 2. The Navy was too new, too small and not experienced enough to resist the enemy’s fleet. 3. Economists too, have come to a similar point of view. 4. He lived in Russia and in France too.

1) to follow – следовать за; следить за; использовать (метод, теорию); придерживаться;

2) following – следующий за; использующий;

3) followed by – за которым следует; с последующим.

 

1. You will all have to follow him, the youngest as well as the oldest. 2. This follows from their decision. 3. One misfortune followed another. 4. They followed their own policy. 5. We followed some of their procedures. 6. Events followed in quick succession. 7. We must follow the job through (доводить дело до конца). 8. He followed (унаследовать) his father as head gardener.
9. I always follow the home and international affairs. 10. The police are following up this information. 11. Data analysis follows data gathering. 12. The report followed by a discussion showed the importance of this problem. 13. The procedure followed by this investigator was proposed by Smith. 14. The scientist following this technique investigated some phenomena of radioactivity. 15. The lecture will be followed by an experiment. 16. You have to look through the following documents. 17. Following these early discoveries, a great many alloys have been discovered. 18. Feudalism as a system was followed by capitalism.

Задание: Read and translate the text. Be ready to talk about yourself, using the words and structures from the text.

Текст “ABOUT MYSELF”

My name is Ann. I am from Russia. I was born in Siberia, in a small town. My birthday is on the 10th of May. I still live with my parents. Our family is not very big. We are four: father, mother, my elder brother and me. A few words about myself: I am a first-year university student - the Siberian State University of Geo Systems and Technologies. I am ambitious and energetic and have a good sense of humour. I am studying to become a specialist in Information Systems, because it is important for my future professional career. I was good at Maths and natural sciences at school, and this helps me greatly now. I’d like to be a qualified engineer and specialize in Land Management¹ and Cadastre. Besides, I am taking English classes bеcause it’s important to be able to use English in my future work or travelling abroad.

My brother works with computers. He is well educated and has a university degree in IT. He is a professional, successful soft developer. He is lucky to have a good job, because he got in touch with² a big engineering company³. They were impressed by his project and offered him a position of a head of the information systems department. He is a very busy young man but tries to find some time for sports. He loves to keep fit, so the main sports he participates in is playing tennis, swimming and hiking.

Our father is a pensioner. He is very active. His main interests are: gardening, and fishing. Mom works in the library, in the Local Studies Section. The library keeps a lot of valuable information about interesting local people. The father helps her a lot. Our parents are very sociable people and spend a lot of time arranging various events: parties, concerts and meetings.

I live in a big town in a hostel because I am a student. In my spare time, at the week-ends I earn some extra money teaching computer studies at a private computer school. I enjoy working with pupils. When I feel tired I prefer to relax listening to a beautiful light music or watching interesting TV programs about animals and wild life. I am a gregarious person. I like going out and meet with my friends. I need to talk about things that interest me like world news, art, interesting people and so on. It’s exhilarating to live in a big town where there’s so much happening: good theatres, concerts, discoes, exhibitions. Living in a city has some advantages. There are a lot of interesting things to do and places to see.

 

Notes:

1. Land management землеустройство

2. get in touch with связаться с кем-либо

3. engineering company строительная компания

 

Ex. 1. Useful English: read, translate, learn and use the following expressionsin sentences of your own:

professional career; I am good at….; I’d like to be a qualified……. and specialize in….; to keep fit; I earn some extra money; I prefer to relax; a qualified specialist in…; I am very ambitious: it’s important to be able to….

Ex. 2. Complete the following sentences.

 

1. I was born…. 2. I am studying to become…. 3. I am good at…. 4. I’d like to be…. 5. He has a university degree in…. 6. I am going to get in touch with…. 7. The main sports I participate in is…. 8. There’s a lot of interesting and valuable information about …. 9. In my spare time I enjoy…. 10. He earns some extra money …. 11. When I feel tired I…. 12. It’s exhilarating to…. 13. My favourite…. 14. She is a gregarious person and likes….

 

TЕКСТЫ ПО СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТЯМ

Принцип работы с текстом

 

 

Text 1. INNOVATION

 

1. The term innovation derives from the Latin word innovatus (to renew or change). Innovation generally refers to the creation of better or more effective products, processes, technologies, or ideas that are accepted by markets, governments, and society.

Inter-Disciplinary Views. Due to its widespread effect, innovation is an important topic in the study of economics, business, entrepreneurship, design, technology, sociology, and engineering. In society, innovation aids in comfort, convenience, and efficiency in everyday life. For instance, the benchmarks inrailroad equipment and infrastructure¹ added to greater safety, maintenance, speed, and weight capacity for passenger services.

These innovations included changing from iron to steel rails, diesel-powered to electric-diesel locomotives. By mid-20th century, trains were making longer, more comfortable, and faster trips at lower costs for passengers. Other areas that add to everyday quality of life include: the innovations to adoption of modems to cellular phones, paving the way to smart phones which meet anyone’s internet needs² at any time or place.

2. Business and Economics. In business and economics, innovation is the catalyst to growth. Entrepreneurs continuously look for better ways³ to satisfy their consumer base with improved quality, durability, service, and price which come to fruition in innovation with advanced technologies and organizational strategies.

Organizations. In the organizational context, innovation may be linked to positive changes in efficiency, productivity, quality, competitiveness, market share, and others. All organizations can innovate, including for example hospitals, universities, and local governments. For instance, former Mayor Martin O’Malley pushed the City of Baltimore to use City Stat, a performance-measurement⁴ data and a management system that allows city officials to maintain statistics on crime trends to condition of potholes. This system aids in better evaluation of policies and procedures with accountability and efficiency in terms of time and money. The growing use of mobile data terminals⁵ in vehicles that serves as communication hubs⁶ between vehicles and control center automatically send data on location, passenger counts, engine performance, mileage and other information. This tool helps to deliver and manage transportation systems.

3. Sources of Innovation. There are several sources of innovation. General sources of innovations are different changes in industry structure, in market structure, in local and global demographics, in human perception. Another source of innovation, only now becoming widely recognized, is end-user⁷innovation. End-user innovation is, by far, the most important and critical source of innovation. In addition, the famous robotics engineer Joseph Engelberger asserts that innovations require only three things: 1) a recognized need; 2) competent people with relevant technology; and 3) financial support.

Innovations by businesses is achieved in many ways, with much attention now given to formal research and development (R& D) for ‘breakthrough innovations’. R& D help spur other scientific innovations that leads to productive growth in such areas as industry, medicine, engineering, and government.
Yet, innovations can be developed by less formal on-the-job modifications of practice, through exchange and combination of professional experience. The more radical and revolutionary innovations tend to emerge from R& D, while more incremental innovations may tend emerge from practice - but there are many exceptions to each of these trends.

A great deal of innovation is done by those actually implementing and using technologies and products as part of their normal activities. In most of the times user- innovators have some personal record motivating them. Sometimes user-innovators may become entrepreneurs, selling their product, they may choose to trade their innovations in exchange for other innovations.

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