Text 18. LAND INFORMATION SYSTEMS

1. The official record of interest in land is termedcadastre. It is the legally recognized registration of the quantity, value and ownership of land parcels.
A cadastral system, the system used to store and maintain the cadastre, consists of three components. These are as follows: -records of the cadastral parcels (the continuous areas ofland, i.e. the land units) within which unique and homogeneous interests are recognized; - the cadastral record (e.g. maps and text information describing the nature and extent of the land interests; - the parcel index (the system for relating parcels and records NRC (National Registration Cadastre).

2. The most complete land records data bases are probably those of the insurance industry and not available to the public. The information is commonly recorded on a large-scale map or more recently is stored in a computer-based LIS. It is administered and maintained by government unit that is legally responsible for maintaining the land records in the jurisdiction. A number of county, state, of federal jurisdictions may exercise regulatory control over an area.

3.The importance of cadastral information systems is recognized all over the world. Data is stored in these systems which is useful to many users and for a wide diversity of activities. In addition to their juridical and fiscal impact, cadastral systems support spatial planning and allotment policy, for example for purposes like agricultural modernization and regional development. Such systems are therefore vital for the good management of soils, as well as of natural and social-economic resources.

4. The need for Parcel-Based Information. Parcel-Based Information is required in a wide variety of activities, and frequent users range from the individual landowner (current or prospective), to lawyers, surveyors, appraisers, real estate managers, and agencies at all levels of government. Cadastres may answer four basic queries: -Whohas ownership /control over, or interests in land resources in a particular area? - What is the nature of those interests? - What is the value of those resources and related improvements.

5. Land information systems integrate property rights information with information on the uses, value, and distribution of natural and cultural resources. They are used for a wide variety of such applications as the maintenance of tax and parcel information, the analysis of changing land use, the scheduling of road maintenance activities, the maintenance of utility inventories, and the management of watersheds. The user groups range from emergency service coordinators and school boards utilities, public works departments, planners, developers, financial institutions and the general public. Utility Companiesoften use automated mapping systems to maintain schematic diagrams of their facilities, such as telephone lines, power lines, and gas pipelines. Often the diagrams are used for facility management applications alone and are not accurately referenced to geographic coordinates.

 

Text 19. REPRESENTATION OF ARTIFICIAL FEATURES

 

1. International boundaries. International boundaries are the major divisions on the Earth’s surface, and because human societies often compete for control of the Earth’s resources, they frequently represent the lines or zones of friction or conflict. They may be determined by force or by agreement. In many cases, disputes about international boundaries are settled by agreement. Causes of dispute may occur through a change in the value of the land concerned, especially along undefined frontiers. For example, although an area of desert between two states, virtually uninhabited, may serve as a frontier zone in which there is so little interest that there is no conflict, the discovery of a resource such as petroleum may lead to a change in the economic value of the area concerned; in which case the exact location of the boundary line becomes critical. The term frontier generally applies to the outer limit of settlement of any people. It may or may not be coincident with a boundary, because boundaries are divisions, not just limits.

2. Status of boundaries. As with property boundaries, international boundaries are not uniform. They vary in a number of ways, depending on the nature and state of agreement applied to them, the extent of delimitation and demarcation, and their acceptance by other nations. The most important classes are as follows. De jure boundaries are those agreed and accepted by treaty and recognized by other nations. De facto boundaries are those which exist and are enforced by at least one country. They are frequently disputed by other countries, and therefore only have limited recognition. Even so, they are the boundaries enforced on the ground, and therefore are significant in terms of human movement and communication. Cease-fire lines, armistice lines, and other provisional (временный) boundaries are intended to be de facto boundaries until a boundary dispute is settled by treaty.

Ex. 1. Useful English. Red, translate, learn and use the following expressionsin sentences of your own;

is recognized all over the world; the increasing demand; a primary resource; the primary objective; to evaluate situation; not available to the public; in some way or another; the most important financial asset;

 

Ex. 2. Finish the following sentences.

1. The increasing demand for information about land in …. 2. Those who have access to land information have …. 3. The primary objective of cadastral systems is …. 4. Cadastral information systems support …. 5. Cadastre is the legally recognized registration of …. 6. Cadastral information is administered and …. 7. Utility companies often use …. 8. Land information systems are used for a wide variety of… 9. The user groups range from …. 10. Every investment is in some way or another dependent on ….

 

 

ТАБЛИЦА НЕСТАНДАРТНЫХ ГЛАГОЛОВ

	Infinitive	Past Indefinite	Past Participle	Перевод
a	arise	arose	arisen	возникать
b	be bear become begin break bring build buy	was, were bore became began broke brought builtt bought	been born become begun broken brought built bought	быть рождать становиться начинать(ся) ломать приносить строить покупать
c	catch choose come cost cut	caught chose came cost cut	caught chosen come cost cut	ловить, схватывать выбирать приходить стоить резать
d	deal do draw drink	dealt did drew drank	dealt done drawn drunk	иметь дело с делать тащить; рисовать пить
e	eat	ate	eaten	есть, кушать
f	fall feed feel fight find forbid forget	fell fed felt fought found forbade forgot	fallen fed felt fought found forbidden forgotten	падать кормить(ся) чувствовать бороться, сражаться находить запрещать забывать
g	get give go grow	got gave went grew	got given gone grown	получать, становиться давать идти, ехать расти, выращивать
h	have hear hide hit hold	had heard hid hit held	had heard hid, hidden hit held	иметь слышать прятать ударять, поражать держат
k	keep know	kept knew	kept known	держать, хранить знать
l	lay learn   leave let lie light   lose	laid learnt learned left let lay lit lighted lost	laid learnt learned left let lain lit lighted lost	класть учить(ся)   оставлять; уезжать позволять; сдавать лежать; находиться   зажигать; освещать терять
m	make mean meet	made meant met	made meant met	делать, заставлять значить, подразумевать встречать
p	pay put	paid put	paid put	платить класть
r	read rise run	read rose ran	read risen run	читать подниматься бежать
s	say see sell send show sing sit sleep smell   speak spend spread stand swim	said saw sold sent showed sang sat slept smelt smelled spokе spent spread stood swam	said seen sold sent shown sung sat slept smelt smelled spoken spent spread stood swum	говорить, сказать видеть продавать посылать показывать петь сидеть спать пахнуть; нюхать   говорить тратить распространять (ся) стоять плавать
t	take teach tell think throw	took taught told thought threw	taken taught told thought thrown	брать обучать, учить рассказывать думать бросать
u	understand	understood	understood	понимать
w	wear win write	wore won wrote	worn won written	носить выигрывать писать

 

LITERATURE

1. The New Encyclopedia Britanica, 1994.

2. GIM International, 2007.

3. Geomatics Industry association of Canada / Режим доступа: [email protected].

4. Мифтахова Н. Х. Пособие по английскому языку для III–IV курсов. – М.: Высш. школа, 1981.

5. Костенко С. М., Михельсон Т. Н., Успенская Н. В. – Л.: Наука, 1988.

6. Рубцова М. Г. Обучение чтению английской научной и технической литературы: лексико-грамматический справочник. – М.: Наука, 1989.

7. 3DLaser Mapping Salesand Support. – Режим доступа: www.3Dlasermapping.com.

8. Learn to read Science «Курс английского языка для аспирантов и научных работников»: учеб. пособие. – М: Флинта, Наука, 2005.

9. Андрианова Л. Н., Багрова Н. Ю., Ершова Э. В. Английский язык: учебник для заочников технических вузов. – М.: Высш. школа, 1988.

10. Close R. A. A Reference Grammar for students of English. – Moscow, Prosveshcheniye, 1979.

11. Thomson A J., Martinet A. V. A practical English Grammar. – Oxford University Press, 1996.

12. Hornby A. S. Oxford Progressive English for Adult Learners. – London Oxford University Press, 1960.

13. Hicks D. Foundations of English. Student’s book 1, 2, 3. – Longmans, 1960.

14. Баркунова Н. Б., Никулина Л. М. Английский язык. Введение
в специальность. – Новосибирск: СГГА, 2010.

15. Никонова И. В. Английский язык: сборник научно-технических текстов на англ. языке. – Новосибирск: СГГА, 2012.

 

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

Предисловие...................................................................................................... 3

Общая часть...................................................................................................... 4

Контрольные работы. Требования к выполнению контрольных работ 20

Контрольная работа № 1. Вариант 1.1........................................................... 22

Контрольная работа № 1. Вариант 1.2........................................................... 30

Контрольная работа № 2. Вариант 2.1........................................................... 35

Контрольная работа № 2. Вариант 2.2........................................................... 40

Лексико-грамматический материал.............................................................. 43

Текст “About Myself”....................................................................................... 61

Тексты по специальностям

Text 1. Innovation.............................................................................................. 63

Text 2. Managing Creativity and Innovation.................................................... 66

Text 3. Nature of Creativity and Innovation..................................................... 67

Text 4. Research and Development................................................................... 69

Text 5. Information Systems............................................................................. 70

Text 6. Information As a Resource and Commodity........................................ 73

Text. 7. Information Science............................................................................. 75

Text 8. Geomatics.............................................................................................. 77

Text 9. Geomatic Engineer................................................................................ 78

Text 10. The Evolution of a Technology........................................................... 80

Text 11. Spatial Information Theory As a Basis for GIS.................................. 82

Text 12. Mine Surveying................................................................................... 85

Text 13. History of the Production of Optical Instruments.............................. 88

Text 14. Metrology............................................................................................ 90

Text 15. Economics........................................................................................... 95

Text 16. Management........................................................................................ 96

Text 17. Areas of Managemant......................................................................... 97

Text 18. Land Information Systems................................................................ 100

Text 19. Representation of Artificial Features............................................... 101

Таблица нестандартных глаголов............................................................ 103

Literature........................................................................................................ 105

 

Учебное издание

 

ЖдановСергей Сергеевич

Никулина Людмила Михайловна

 

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

 

 

Редактор Е. К. Деханова

Компьютерная верстка Л. Н. Шиловой

 

 

Изд. лиц. ЛР № 020461 от 04.03.1997.

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