Exercise 4.Complete the following sentencesusing the words in the box

a. compression/ b. torque/ c. twin-port heads/ d. direct injection / e. fuel economy regulations / f. compression ratio g. wide open throttle (WOT)

 

1. This week, the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) finalized automotive greenhouse-gas and __________ for the 2017 to 2025 model years.

2. The ____________ of an engine can be defined as the ratio of its cylinder volume when compared to the combustion chamber volume.

3. The higher its octane number, the more___________ the fuel can withstand before detonating.

4. Most major car manufacturers make or plan to make gasoline cars with_____________ engines, such as GM’s Ecotec engine.

5._____________ refers to an internal combustion engine's maximum intake of air and fuel that occurs when the throttle plates inside the carburetor are " wide open", providing resistance to the incoming air.

6. __________ are believed to be more vulnerable to cracking.

7. __________ is defined as themoment or tendency of a force to rotate.

Exercise 5.Answer the following questions. Find the answers in the right column.

	When will the GM engines become four cylinder?	a	they become stiff.
	What are the requirements of fuel economy regulations for automakers?	b	stronger bulkheads and high-capacity coolant passages
	What innovations have been introduced by GM in recent years?	c	premium -octane fuel.
	What fuel is recommended for the non-turbo Family II engine by GM?	d	to pressurize fuel at up to 2250 psi (155 bar).
	What are the features of “Gen II" aluminum cylinder block?	e	a value used to indicate the resistance of a motor fuel to knock.
	What is a camshaft-driven pump used for?	f	in a few years.
	What is the octane number?	g	turbo-chargers, direct injection, twin-port heads.
	What makes four cylinder engine global?	h	optimizes fuel efficiency by mechanical energy reduction.
	What is the variable-dis­placement oil pump contribution to the engine performance?	i	fuel economy regulations

Exercise 6. Topics for reports:

1. Innovations introduced by GM

2. Trends in fuel developments and use

3. Application of materials in automotive engines

4. Ways to reduce fuel consumption.

Text 2B. Volvo Trucks Looks to Methane-Diesel for the Long Haul.

by Ryan Gehm

Read the text and to answer the following questions:

1. What is the new FM Methane Diesel model provided with?

2. What needs can the liquefied gas meet?

3. What did the Volvo Trucks' field tests demonstrate?

4. What advantages are offered by a new technology in comparison with conventional gas-powered spark­plug engines?

5. Why was it decided to use natural gas in engine?

 

1.The new FM MethaneDiesel model is powered by a 13-L engine producing 460 hp (343 kW) and 2300 N-m (1700 Ib-ft) of torque. The technology is based on a conventional diesel engine equipped with gas injectors, a " Thermos-like" fuel tank that keeps the gas liquefied and chilled to -140°C (-220°F), and a specially modified catalytic converter. Using liquefied gas allows more fuel to be stored in the tanks than if the fuel is compressed, providing greater range than that of traditional gas-powered trucks that utilize spark-plug technology. In a truck with a gross weight of 40 t (44 ton), the fuel tank holds enough gas for a range of up to 500 km (310 mi) in normal driving.

2. Liquefied gas is the alternative fuel of choice for a new regional distribution truck from Volvo Trucks that can also fulfill long-haul requirements. The Volvo FM MethaneDiesel, which will launch ini­tially in select European countries where sufficient infrastructure exists, can run on a fuel combination of up to 75% natural gas or biogas—both of which consist of methane—and the rest diesel. The pro­portions can vary depending on how the vehicle is used. By using liquefied gas in an efficient diesel engine it is possible to use gas-powered trucks in heavier and longer-distance transport operations.

3. Volvo Trucks' field tests show that the methane-diesel engine offers the same operating reliability as the conventional diesel, and with " similar" drive ability. When the gas tank runs dry, the system automatically switches over to diesel. The driver is alerted via a control lamp that comes on in the instru­ment panel. This technology with natural gas gener­ates 10% lower CO₂ emissions than a diesel engine does, according to Volvo Trucks. The company claims that, compared with conventional gas-powered spark­plug engines, its gas technology offers 30 to 40% higher efficiency, which in turn cuts fuel consumption by 25%. Interest in natural gas is being largely driven by environmental considerations as well as by concerns over the secure supply of energy. The Volvo FM MethaneDiesel will be sold initially in the Netherlands, the U.K., and Sweden.

(2151 characters)

 

Text 2. Read the following information without a dictionary and make its rendering in English

First Results from National EV Trial

Initial results from a UK-wide trial of low-carbon vehicles are providing valuable information about how drivers use and charge electric cars. 22 Mitsubishi i-MiEV electric cars have been leased to drivers to use for 12 months. Over the course of the project 110 vehicles from six manufacturers will be tested, including electric, plug-in hybrid and hydrogen fuel cell cars. Average daily mileage was 23 miles, well within the i-MiEV’s 80-mile range. The longest journey was 56 miles, perhaps indicating that the drivers avoid recharging at their destination. The maximum distance driven in one day was just over 100 miles.

The vehicles are quick and easy to plug in and this becomes a habit, even if the battery is still mostly full, so the vehicles are usually fully charged at the start of the day. Collecting data from real-world usage of electric vehicles through satellite mapping and on-board telemetry has been essential in understanding the actual demands and requirements placed on EV by the end user. The vehicles are fitted with a GPS and data logger. Data is sent out every minute when the car is in use and every 15 minutes when parked.( 950 characters )

(Engineering and Technology, issue10, 2010 )

Unit 3

New words

Nouns

	advancement	достижение
	challenge	зд.перспектива
	performance	характеристика
	precursor	предшественник
	beam	балка, штанга
	dashboard	приборнаядоска
	impact	удар, воздействие
	resin	смола
	durability	долговечность
	issue	проблема

Verbs

	to reinforce	армировать
	to feature	демонстрировать
	to yield	давать
	to save	экономить
	to realize	осознавать
	to convince	убеждать
	to offer	предлагать
	to substitute	заменять
	toexhibit	демонстрировать
	to share	зд. перераспределять
	to cause	вызывать

Adjectives

	stiff	жесткий
	significant	значительный
	relative	относительный
	careful	тщательный
	tubular	пустотелый
	crossbar	поперечный
	efficient	экономичный
	foreseeable	ближайший
	ambitious	честолюбивый
	unsprung	неподрессоренный

Word-combinations

	the lightweight but strong and stiff com­posites of fiber-reinforced resin	легкие, но прочные и жесткие композиционные материалы, созданные на основе смол и армированные волокнами
	mass - efficient carbon-fiber bodies	кузова с облегченной массой, выполненные из углепластика
	contin­uedtechnicaladvancement	непрерывное техническое развитие (появление новых идей)
	low-cost, mass-produced auto chassis and bodies	серийные шасси и кузова с низкой себестоимостью (дешевые)
	weight savings	снижениевеса
	the relative weight savings and costs	разумное соотношение цены и веса
	current carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer composites	современные композиты на полимерной основе, армированные углеродными волокнами
	careful predictive analysis	тщательныйпрогноз
	finite element analysis	методконечныхэлементов
	crash performance equivalent to that of a steel structure	результаты краш анализа, свидетельствующие о сходстве с прочностными характеристиками стали
	carbon-fiberprecursors	предшественники углепластика (композиты на полимерной основе)
	lighter-weight interior cross­bar beams	легкие внутренние поперечные балки (штанги)
	the benefits of advancements in polymer composite technology	преимущества развития технологии полимерных композитов
	to be up to the challenge	быть перспективным, отвечать современным требованиям
	to exhibit stiffness as well as modal and crash performance	демонстрироватьжесткостьипрочность
	to reduce durability and noise issues	зд. повышать срок службы и уменьшать проблемы, связанные с шумом и долговечностью
	control arms	шаровая опора подвески
	unsprangmass	неподрессоренная масса

Exercise 1. Match the pairs of synonyms

	advancement	a	cut
	substitute	b	progress
	reduce	c	replace
	reinforce	d	give
	challenge	e	near
	yield	f	strengthen
	foreseeable	g	advantage
	benefit	h	result in
	performance	i	problem
	cause	j	efficiency

 

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