Exercise2.Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Participle.

1. Composite suspension components such as control arms need to be as lightweight as possible to reduce durabilityand noise issuescaused by large unsprang mass.

2. Race cars and exotic sports car prototypes featuring mass - efficient carbon-fiber bodies started to appear.

3. Unlike the linear operation of a conventional fixed-flow pump, the volume of oil being pumped varies with rpm.

4. Sandwich composites are becoming more and more popular in structural design, mainly for their ability to substantially decrease weight while maintaining mechanical performance.

5.This weight reduction results in a number of benefits, including increased range, higher payloads and decreased fuel consumption.

Text 3 A. Progress in Fiber Reinforced Resin Composite Technology

1. The lightweight but strong and stiff com­posites of fiber-reinforced resin had already made the transition from military aircraft structures to civilian ones, and race cars and exotic sports car prototypes featuring mass - efficient carbon-fiber bodies had started to appear. Yes, composites were still too expen­sive, but many experts believed that continued technical advancement would in due time yield low-cost, mass-produced auto chassis and bodies that could save fuel while enabling new designs that were never previously possible. That trend seems poised to change direction, however. Car structures are still made primarily of steel and other metals, and are likely to stay so for the foreseeable future. But many auto engineers are starting to realize the benefits of advancements in polymer composite technology to convince the auto industry that composites are up to the challenge.

Composites save weight

2. Potential weight savingsoffered by structural composite ma­terials are significant. Estimates of the relative weight savings and costs that could be achieved by replacing steel with current carbon-fiber- reinforced polymer composites (CFRPCs) range from 50 to 60% at two to ten times the cost. Substituting glass-fiber-reinforced polymer composites (GFRPCs) for steel could cut weight by a quarter to a third with a comparatively modest— 50%—cost rise. Composites can do the job, but it is a differ­ent material that requires careful predictive analysis as well as design with its special behavior in mind. Using finite elementanalysis, engi­neers designed the component to exhibit stiffness as well as modal and crash performance equivalent to that of a steel structure.

A new composites fabrication line

3. An even more ambitious effort is being mounted by MAG Industrial Automation Systems ¹, headquartered in Basic materials research at Oak Ridge National Laboratory is focus­ing on waysto reduce the cost of carbon-fiber precursors such as polyacrylonitrile (PAN), or lignin. Another pressing need is for lighter-weight interior cross­barbeams under the dashboard and in the floor, which are intended to pass crash energy from side impacts across to the other side of the vehicle to share the load. Composites might find early application in these tubular crossbeams. In addition, composite suspension components such as control arms could also find application. These parts need to be as lightweight as possible to reduce durabilityand noise issuescaused by large unsprang mass.

Notes: MAG - a group of leading machine tool and systems companies.

(2173 печ. зн.)

Exercise 3. Complete the sentences

	Strong and lightweight composites	a	realize the benefits of composite technology.
	Many auto engineers	b	find application in civilian structures.
	Structural composite materials	c	to reduce durability and noise issues.
	Glass-fiber reinforced composites	d	equivalent to that of a steel structure.
	Composite suspension components should be lightweight	e	interior crossbar beams intended to pass crash energy.
	Composites exhibit stiffness	f	cut weight by a quarter.
	Composites can be used in	g	offer weight savings.

 

 

Exercise 4. Answer the following questions. Find the answers in the right column.

	Why are composite materials up to the challenge?	a	steel and other metals
	What are car structures still made of?	b	weight reduction and cost savings
	What are the benefits of advancements in polymer composite technology?	c	could yield low-cost auto chassis and bodies
	What are the potential weight savings offered by structural composite materials?	d	stiffness equivalent to that of steel structure
	What stiffness could composite materials have?	e	weight savings range from 50 to 60%
	Why should composites find application in suspension components?	g	the lightweight parts reduce durability and noise issues

 

 

Exercise 5. Discuss advantages and disadvantagesof different materials in car body design.

Materials in car body design

are… / are characterized by… / exhibit features …

fiber -reinforced composites

metal alloys

pro

contra

pro

contra

Useful language: stiff/ stiffness

durable/ durability

environmentally friendly

impact resistance/resistant

waterproofing (гидрофобный)

corrosion resistance/ resistant

easy to process

cost effective / cost savings

weight effective / weight savings

fuel efficient / fuel efficiency

recyclable

recoverable / recyclability

noise suppression

safety protection

Exercise 6. Open the brackets and put the verb in Active or Passive Voice

1. Recently the layers of woven Kevlar (to combine)____________ with the layers of resin, the resulting ‘rigid’ material is light and has twenty times the strength of steel.

2. Since its invention Kevlar _________ (to use) with 4 x 4 vehicles, especially when the vehicle is used off road and far away from recovery services.

3. Kevlar is ideal because it is lightweight and non-flammable and it ________ (to offer) protection from high temperatures and excellent impact resistance.

4. Kevlar is used as reinforcement material for some car tyres and bicycle tyres. This standard of tyre is more expensive than ordinary road tyres. They are of particular use with 4 x 4 vehicles, especially when the vehicle (to use) ___________ off road and far away from recovery services.

5. The first active suspension system with the ability to recapture energy (to develop) ____________ by the Levant Power Corp. It features modest power consumption, minimal complexity and affordable cost.

 

Exercise 7.Complete the following sentencesusing the words in the box

a. reduced/ b.advancement/ c.strength/ d.performance/ e.durability/

 

1. Composites are still too expen­sive, but many experts believed that contin­ued technical ___________could bring low-cost, mass-produced auto chassis and bodies that could save fuel.

2. To improve car ____________ would require more powerful and more efficient combustion.

3. Composite materials allow engineers to create very complicated structures with _____________weight and increased strength at a lower-cost than can be achieved with conventional metal structures.

4.The s hape of the material determines its stiffness without affecting its ultimate __________.

5. The new and improved air suspension seating today provides drivers with a smooth vibration -free environment by focusing advancements in technology and _______________.

 

Exercise 8.Readthefollowing text withouta dictionary and speak on the benefits of polymer composites in auto bodies and chassis.

Researchers continue to believe that further work on cheaper fibers, new resin systems such as liquid crystal polymers, and automated processing equipment will eventually cut costs and improve the final product.

Potential benefits derived from the adoption of structural composites are manifold. Improved crash safety could be achieved when engineers take advantage of the materials' higher specific energy absorption.

Composites contribute to simpler assembly opera­tions. Polymer composite structures offer better long-term durability than metal ones and supe­rior environmental sustainability through enhanced end-of- life recyclability.

(640 characters)

Exercise 9.Make reports supported by slides on the following topics (your speech should last for 5-7 minutes)

Topics for reports

1. Application of composite materials in automotive research.

2. Aspects of lightweight car design.

3. Advances in car design

4. Composite materials and car performance.

Text 3 B. UK Specialist Drives Composite Advance

Read text 3 B and render it in English:

1. For some time, the automobile industry has been searching for cost-effective lightweight carbon fiber technologies capable of improving speed and fuel efficiency. In the unique body panels developed by UK advanced composites specialist SP and used on the newly-launched MG X-Power SV sports car, it could just have found what it is looking for.
2. Until now, carbon fiber used in performance vehicles has proved complex and costly to manufacture. Not surprisingly, it has only been used on cars that cost at least £ 200, 000 ($366, 600). The demand for customized performance cars at series production costs has, however, fuelled a global drive to develop a solution that will address the two most important requirements: performance and looks. SP has been at the heart of this activity - and has come up with a technique that reduces the average cost of a carbon body shell from more than £ 40, 000 ($73, 327) to around £ 10, 000 ($18, 331).

3. SP's expertise derives from its involvement in revolutionary changes in boatbuilding techniques in the 1980s. SP has become a leading supplier of advanced composites for the marine, wind energy and automotive markets. It has also built a reputation for the skill with which it combines material science, structural design and process engineering. In the automobile market, its reputation owes much to SPRINT® CBS, a material that weighs 20% that of steel for the equivalent stiffness, and SF95, a surfacing film that matches the car's performance. For mass producing 20, 000 cars, steel and aluminum are still likely to be the cheapest option, but for 5 to 2, 000 production, carbon fiber could be the answer.

(1381 characters )

Notes: SP - a leading supplier of advanced composites for the marine, wind energy and automotive markets.

Unit 4

Newwords

Nouns

	axle	ось
	welding	сварка
	predecessor	предшественник
	lubricant	смазка
	torque	вращающий момент
	joint	соединение (шов)
	ribbing	ребристость, неровность
	distribution	распределение
	feature	особенность
	compatibility	совместимость

 

Verbs

	weld	сваривать
	allow	позволять
	eliminate	сокращать, устранять
	involve	предусматривать
	join	соединять
	incorporate	включать

 

Adjectives

	pneumatic	пневматический
	available	имеющийся
	rear	задний
	parasitic	избыточный
	autogenous	газовый
	remaining	остающийся
	sacrificial	присадочный
	smooth	гладкий
	stiff	жесткий
	single	монолитный, единый
	sliding	скользящий

Word combinations

	a design and manufacturing revolution	прорыв в конструировании и производстве
	a manufacturing facility	производственная установка
	heavy duty applications	сложные условия
	one-piece casting	цельная отливка
	a 'smart lubrication' system	умнаясмазочнаясистема
	tocutsplashlosses	зд. предотвратить выбросы лишнего масла
	44 ton-plusapplications	осевые нагрузки свыше 44 тонны
	thedifferentialcasedesign	разработка корпуса дифференциала
	bolts for ring gear to differential case	болты крепления ведомой шестерни к корпусу дифференциала
	bolts for diff case to diff case	болты соединения половинок корпуса дифференциала
	bolts for pinion housing to carrier casting	болты крепления гнезда подшипника шестерни к корпусу (главной передачи)
	the bolts for differential side gear bearing cover	болты крепления крышки подшипника ведущей шестерни
	a sacrificial filler metal	присадочныйметал
	a single, exceptionally stiff, one-piece component	цельная жесткая неразъемная деталь
	the hypoid offset	гипоидное смещение, рассогласование
	current and future braking and chassis control strategies	cовременные прогрессивные подходы куправлению тормозной системой и работой шасси
	an solenoid-driven electromechanical differential lock	механизм блокировки дифференциала с соленоидным приводом
	the associated valves and pipework	соответствующие клапаны и разводка труб

 

Glossary

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