Read the text again, divide it into logical parts, entitle them thus making a plan.
Exercise 6
Write out of the text all sentences expressing the main idea(s) of each logical part, condense them in any possible way (or paraphrase for the sentences to be shorter) and write: 1) a summary, 2) an abstract to the text.
Exercise 7
Make an oral summary of the text.
APPENDIX 1
CLARIFICATION
I’m afraid it’s not quite clear what you mean by…
I’m sorry I didn’t follow what you said about…
I’m afraid I don’t understand what… means.
When you say…, do you mean that…?
ASKING QUESTIONS
I’d like to know what/ when/ why/ how/ who/ if…
Could you tell me what/ when/ why/ how/ who/ if…
I wonder what/ when/ why/ how/ who/ if…
Would you tell me what/ when/ why/ how/ who/ if…
It’s interesting to find out what/ when/ why/ how/ who/ if…
OPENING PHRASES:
As far as I know/ understand/ can judge…
According to the lecturer…
As far as … is concerned…
The lecturer says that…
The professor gives information on…
Dr. Brown claims that…
EMPHASIS CERTAINTY
I particularly want to emphasize… I’m certain…
It’s essential to realize… There’s no doubt…
It’s well worth noting… Without doubt…
I wish to draw your attention to… Undoubtedly…
I consider this point of utmost It goes without saying…
importance… I'm positive…
I'm sure…
INTERRUPTIONS. AGREEMENT/DISAGREEMENT.
don’t follow me – не успеваете за мной
to begin with – начнем с того, что
you mean – вы имеете в виду
it’s not as simple as that – не так все просто
it should be noted – следует отметить
sorry to interrupt – простите, что перебиваю
absolutely true – абсолютно верно
I have a point to make here – здесь я хочу сказать
as far as I know – насколько я знаю
to a large extent – в большой степени
to tell you the truth – по правде говоря
see you later – до встречи
for that matter – в этом отношении
just a minute - минутку
just think – только подумать
benefit mankind – приносить пользу человечеству
Come on! – перестань!
to be under way – проходить, вестись
I wouldn’t say that exactly. – я бы так не сказал.
At least this is my way of looking at it. – по крайней мере я так думаю.
You see what I mean. – ты понимаешь, что я хочу сказать.
How shall I say? – как это сказать?
first of all – прежде всего
representative forum – представительское собрание специалистов
acid rains – кислотные дожди
ozone depletion – исчезновение озонового слоя
I took advantage – воспользоваться возможностью
chapter outline – краткое содержание главы
they’re a joy to address – с ними приятно общаться
tell us straight – скажите нам прямо
Are we in trouble? – мы в опасности?
overlooked facets – незамеченные аспекты
I have the privilege of serving on the staff – я имею честь работать в штате
to acknowledge my debt – признаться, что я в долгу
I also wish to express – также хочу выразить
emotional warning – эмоциональное предупреждение
harmful use – опасное использование
by the way – между прочим
there’s no cause for concern – нет причин для беспокойства
as far as fossil fuels are concerned – что касается природного топлива
let me assure you – позвольте заверить вас
in the short run – в настоящее время
on the agenda – в повестке дня
to give the floor – дать слово
scientific enterprise – научное сообщество
to come into question – стать предметом обсуждения
to be on the safe ground – избежать риска
to take steps – предпринять шаги
I’ll make no claim – я не буду заявлять
a clear-cut case – выявленный случай
a deadline – крайний срок
treatment of data – обработка данных
to become mired – оказаться в затруднительном положении
on the other hand – с другой стороны
to get out of hand – выйти из-под контроля
to walk a delicate line – ходить по лезвию бритвы
to go astray – сбиться с пути
to burst forth – разразиться
in the first place – во-первых
not to mention – не говоря уже о...
to come under criticism – подвергаться критике
in regard to – по отношению
AGREEMENT: DISAGREEMENT:
That’s right. You’re not right, I’m afraid.
You’re quite right. Not quite right.
Fine. Just the opposite, I’m afraid.
True. Just on the contrary, I’m afraid.
Quite true. It’s not quite so.
Right. I can’t quite agree with you here.
Quite right. You’re wrong, I’m afraid.
APPENDIX 2
GRAMMAR MATERIAL
Finite tense-aspect forms of the verb have the function of the predicate (сказуемое) in the sentence and are characterized by the following categories: tense-aspect, person, number, voice and mood. They show the connection of the subject (подлежащее) and the predicate (сказуемое).
THE SYSTEM OF ENGLISH TENSES
Table 1
Aspects or groups and voice infinitives
| PAST
Actions preceding
the moment of
speaking
| PRESENT
From speaker's point of view
| FUTURE
Actions following
the moment of
speaking
|
|
|
|
|
SIMPLE ACT
to solve – решать. Pass, to be solved –решаться
| He solved the problem yesterday. The problem was solvedyesterday.
| He always solvesproblems in chemistry.
Problems arealways solvedin chemistry.
| He will solve the
problem tomorrow.
The problem will be solvedtomorrow.
|
CONTINUOUS
(PROGRESSIVE)
Act. To be solving –решать в определенный момент
Pass. To be being solved –решаться в определенный момент
| He was solvingthe
problem yesterday at that time.
The problem was being solvedat that time.
| He is solvingthe problem now.
The problem is being solvednow.
| He will be solvingthe problem at this time tomorrow.
|
PERFECT CONTINUOUS
(PROGRESSIVE)
Act. to have been
|
|
|
|
solving –решать в течение определенного отрезка времени
Pass. ----------
| He had been solving
the problem for 2 hours when we came.
| He has been solving
the problem for an hour.
| He willhave been solvingthe problem for a long time when we come.
|
QUESTIONS FORMATION
Table 2
Sentence Type
| Question-word
| Help-verb
|
Subject
|
Predicate
|
Object or Adverbial Modifier
|
Affirmative sentence
|
|
| Alchemy
The facts
The the book
People
Chemistry
| began to decline
can be observed
was published
have long
ha had studied
| in 1539.
by us.
in England.
a lust for gold.
Co compounds.
|
General questions
|
| Did Can
Was
Have
Does
| alchemy
the facts
the book chemistry
| begin to decline
be observed
published long
had study
| in 1539?
by us?
in England?
a lust for gold?
compounds?
|
Questions to the subject
| What
Who
What
|
|
science
| began to decline
was published
can observe
studies
| in 1539?
in England?
the facts? compounds?
|
Table 2.1
Sentence Type
| Examples
|
Disjunctive questions
Note:
Example:
| Alchemy began to decline in 1539, didn’t it?
The facts can be observed by us, can’t they?
The book was published in England, wasn’t it?
People have long had a lust for gold, haven’t they?
Chemistry studies compounds, doesn’t it?
If the sentence is negative, the end of the disjunctive question is positive.
(Если предложение отрицательное, вторая половина разделительного вопроса – положительная )
Physics doesn’t study chemical changes, does it?
|
Alternative questions
| Did alchemy begin to decline in 1539 or did it begin to decline earlier?
Can the facts be observed by us or by you?
Was the book published in England or wasit publishedin Germany?
Doeschemistry study chemical or physical changes?
|
SEQUENCE OF TENSES
Table 3
Main sentence
| Subordinate clause
|
|
|
1) It is known that
| a) they always makesuch experiments.
|
Известно, что, …
| они всегда проводят такие опыты.
|
| b) they made such experiments last year.
|
| они проводили такие опыты в прошлом году..
|
| c) they will make such experiments next year.
|
| они будут проводить такие опыты в следующем году.
|
Продолжение табл. 3
|
|
2) It was knownthat
Было известно, что
| а) they always made such experiments at that time.
они всегда проводили опыты в это время
b) they had made such experiments the year before.
они провели такие опыты за год до этого
с) they would make such experiments next year.
они проведут такие опыты в следующем году
|
MODAL VERBS
Modal verbs are used to show the speaker’s attitude toward the action or state indicated by the infinitive, i. e. they denote that the action indicated by the infinitive is considered as:
Possible,
Impossible,
Probable,
Improbable,
Obligatory,
Necessary,
Advisable,
Doubtful,
Uncertain, etc.
MODAL VERBS AND SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS
Table 4
Modal Verbs
| Examples
| Meaning
|
|
|
|
can
| CanI stay in the laboratory?
Я могу остаться в лаборатории?
Can you explain to me the formula?
Ты можешь объяснить мне эту формулу?
Students can attend any lecture.
Студенты могут посещать любую лекцию.
I can’t find the book I need.
Я не могу найти нужную книгу.
I can doit in no time.
Я могу сделать это моментально.
| Permission
(Разрешение)
Request
(просьба)
Possibility
(возможность)
Inability
(невозможность)
Potency (способность)
|
be able to
| I'm able to do it in no time.
|
|
could
| Could I borrow your notes?
Можно взят твои записи?
Couldyou give an example?
Дайте пример, пожалуйста.
We could ask Dr. Black for help.
Мы могли бы обратиться к д-ру Блэку за помощью.
We could do it in no time.
Мы могли делать это моментально.
| Permission
Request
Suggestion
(предложение)
Potency
|
were able to
| We were able to do it in no time.
|
|
may
| May I borrow your notes?
Можно взять твои записи?
(более официально, чемcould)
The acid rain may spoil the crop.
Кислотный дождь может испортить посевы.
| Permission
Chance (возможность)
|
Продолжение табл. 4
|
|
|
might
| It might be possible to make the experiment.
Есть возможность провести эксперимент.
He might be wrong, but he was open to reason.
Он бывал неправ, но его можно убедить.
| Future possibility
(Возможность в будущем)
Chance
|
will
| How many people will work here?
Сколько людей будет здесь работать?
There won’t be much space.
Будет мало места.
I’ll give you my notes.
Я дам тебе свои записи.
Under these conditions the process will be irreversible.
При этих условиях процесс всегда будет необратимым.
The door won't open.
Дверь не открывается.
| Future fact
(факт в будущем)
Prediction
(предсказание)
Promise
(обещание)
Property
(Свойство или его отсутствие)
|
would
| Would you speak louder, please?
Говорите, пожалуйста, громче.
What book would you like to have?
Какую книгу вы бы хотели?
Would you like to join us?
Не хотите ли к ним присоединиться?
What time would suit you?
Какое время вам подходит?
Would you do this if we help you?
Вы сделаете это, если мы вам поможем?
Man would ever ask questions.
Человеку всегда свойственно задавать вопросы.
Nature would never be exhausted to challenge man with more riddles.
Природа неистощима в своей способности ставить перед человеком все новые вопросы.
| Request
Offer
(предложение)
Invitation
Suggestion
Property
|
Продолжение табл. 4
|
|
|
shall
| Shall I do this for you?
Мне сделать это для вас?
Shall we ask for volunteers?
Нам позвать добровольцев?
You shall do it as I say.
Ты сделаешь так, как я говорю.
We shall let you know our decision.
Мы дадим вам знать о нашем решении.
| Offer
Suggestion
Insistence
(Restricted use) (настоятельность.)
Intention on the
part of the speaker, only in the 1st person
|
should
| I think we should do this in time.
Я думаю, нам следует сделать это вовремя.
It’s an English journal, so you should use a dictionary.
Это английский журнал, так что вам следует пользоваться словарем.
| Recommendation
(рекомендация)
Saying what is
right or correct
(констатация того, что правильно)
|
must
| Students must attend seminars.
Студенты должны посещать семинары.
Students mustn’t work in the lab without the instructor.
Студенты не должны работать в лаборатории без инструктора.
| Obligation
(обязательность)
Prohibition (запрет)
|
be to
| This metal is to be found in nature in a free state.
Этот металл находят в природе в свободном состоянии.
| Arrangement
запрограммированность
|
have to
| He has to attend lectures.
Он вынужден посещать лекции.
| Circumstances
(обстоятельства)
|