THE USE OF MODAL VERBS IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF SENTENCES
Table 5
| Modal verbs
| Verbs with not and n’t
| In a question
| Describing what someone said
| |
|
|
|
| | can
could
| She can’t/cannot do this.
I couldn’t/could not do that when I was a child.
| Can she do this?
Could you do that when you were a child?
| She said she could do
that.
He said he could do that when he was a child.
| | may
| You may not attend this lecture.
| May I attend this lecture?
| I said you may not attend this lecture.
| | might
| He might not be in this laboratory.
| Where might he be?
| He said he might be in the laboratory.
| | shall
| We shall not do this work.
| Shall we do this work?
| They said we should dothat work.
| | must
| You must not come in here.
| Must you go there?
| They said they must go there.
| | have to
| You don’t/do not have to go there.
| Do you have to go there?
| They said they had to go there.
| | are to
| You aren’t/are not to record the data.
| Are you to record the data?
| They said they were to recordthe data.
| | should
| He shouldn’t/should not record the data.
| Should he record
the data?
| They said he should recordthe data.
| | ought
| You oughtn’t/ought not to go there.
| Ought you to go there?
| They said you ought to go there.
| | will
| It won’t/will not take two hours to do the work.
| Will it take two hours to do the work?
| They said it would taketwo hours to do the work.
| | used to
| I didn’t use to work there.
| Did you use to
work there?
| They said they used
to workthere.
| Продолжение табл. 5
|
|
|
|
| | would
| I wouldn’t/would not go there.
| Would you go there?
| They said they would often go there.
|
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
Table 6
|
| Affirmative Sentences (повествовательные предложения)
| | He says
He tells me
(I am told)
| That he
| 1) will make experiments tomorrow.
2) makes experiments every day.
3) is making an experiment now.
4) has already made the experiment.
5) made an experiment yesterday.
| | He said
He told me
(I was told)
| that he
| 1) would made experiments.
2) made experiments.
3) was making an experiment.
4) had already made the experiment.
5) had made an experiment.
| | Indirect Questions (косвенные вопросы)
| | a) General Questions
| | We ask him He is asked
| if he
| 1) will make an experiment.
2) makes experiments.
3) is making an experiment.
4) has already made the experiment.
5) made an experiment...
| | We asked him
He was asked
| if he
| 1) would make an experiment.
2) made an experiment.
3) was making an experiment.
4) had already made the experiment.
5) had made an experiment.
|
| b) Special Questions
| | We ask him (He is asked)
| what
how
when he
where
| 1) will make experiments.
2) makes experiments.
3) is making an experiment.
4) has already made the experiment.
5) made the experiment.
|
VERBALS
Table 7
| Form
| Active
| Passive
| | Infinitive Simple
| to ask
| to be asked
| | Infinitive
Continuous
(Progressive)
| to be asking
| -------
| | Infinitive Perfect
| to have asked
| to have been asked
| | Infinitive
Perfect Continuous
(Progressive)
| to have been asking
| --------
| | Gerund Simple
| asking
| being asked
| | Gerund Perfect
| having asked
| having been asked
| | Participle Present
| asking
| being asked
| | Participle Past
| -
| asked
| | Participle Perfect
| having asked
| having been asked
| Note: Negation not is placed before the infinitive and participle: to do - not to do, having done - not having done. Gerund is used with the preposition without: saying - without saying.
INFINITIVE AND ITS TRANSLATION INTO RUSSIAN
Table 8
| Examples
| Translation
| | 1. To make experiments is useful.
2. 1. The problem was - to understand the procedure.
2. 2. He was to make the solution.
2. 3. He began to experiment in his early childhood.
3. She wanted to speak with the lecturer.
4. The method to be used is being discussed now.
5. There was only one method to be discussed.
6. He was the first to write the test.
7. We must work hard (in order, so as) to master chemistry.
8. Materials thrown out by volcanoes are spread over the surface to form fertile soils.
| 1. Проводить эксперименты – полезно.
2. 1. Задача состояла в том, чтобы понять процедуру.
2. 2. Он должен был приготовить раствор.
2. 3. Он начал экспериментировать в раннем детстве.
3. Она хотела поговорить с лектором.
4. Метод, который должен быть использован, сейчас обсуждается.
5. Существовал только один метод, который можно было обсуждать.
6. Он был первым, кто написал тест.
7. Мы должны упорно работать, чтобы овладеть химией.
8. Материалы, выбрасываемые вулканами, распространяются по поверхности, образуя плодородные почвы.
|
GERUND AND ITS TRANSLATION INTO RUSSIAN
Table 9
| Examples
| Translation
| | 1. Attending lectures is not obligatory.
2. Her greatest pleasure was working in the laboratory.
3. He began making the experiment yesterday.
4. We remember having discussed this problem two days ago.
5. The professor was pleased with Tom’s studying organic chemistry.
6. They insisted on the conference being put off.
7. I don’t like his manner of lecturing.
8. The barometer is an instrument for measuring pressure.
9. After having read the article, she wrote a letter to Dr. Brown.
10. They worked without stopping for rest.
11. In copying the formula, he made a few mistakes.
12. We enrich our knowledge of chemistry by making experiments.
| 1. Посещение лекций не обязательно.
2. Самое большое удовольствие для нее – работа (работать) в лаборатории.
3. Он начал проводить эксперимент вчера.
4. Мы помним, что обсуждали этот вопрос два дня назад.
5. Профессор был доволен тем, что Том изучает органическую химию.
6. Они настояли на том, чтобы конференция была отложена.
7. Мне не нравится его манера читать лекции.
8. Барометр – это инструмент для измерения давления.
9. Прочитав статью, она написала статью доктору Брауну.
10. Они работали, не останавливаясь для отдыха.
11. Переписывая формулу, он сделал несколько ошибок.
12. Мы обогащаем наши знания по химии, проводя эксперименты.
|
PARTICIPLES I, II
ITS FUNCTIONS AND TRANSLATION INTO RUSSIAN
Participle I doing expresses simultaneous action with the main verb (выражает одновременное действие с действием, выраженным основным глаголом).
Table 10
| Functions
| Examples
| Translation
| |
|
|
| | 1. Adverbial modifier
(обстоятельство)
a) of time (времени)
b) of reason (причины)
c) of manner (образа действия)
11. Attribute (определение)
| (While) making the experiment, he broke some glassware.
Knowing the subject well, he helped his fellow students.
Not knowing what the matter was, we couldn’t help her.
I like books describing scientific discoveries.
| Проводя опыт, он разбил посуду.
Хорошо зная предмет, он помогал своим однокурсникам.
Не зная, что с ней, мы не могли ей помочь.
Мне нравятся книги, описывающие научные открытия.
| Perfect Participle having done expresses the action preceding the action expressed by the main verb (выражает действие, предшествующие действию, выраженным основным глаголом).
| Functions
| Examples
| Translation
| | 1. Adverbial modifier
a) of reason
b) of time
| Having lost his notes, he couldn't get ready for the seminar.
Having conducted the experiment, he handed in the results to the teacher.
Note: Perfect Participle is not used as an attribute.
Перфектное причастие не употребляется в качестве определения.
Everybody knows the name of the man who made this discovery.
| Потеряв свои записи, он не смог подготовиться к семинару.
Проведя эксперимент, он сдал результаты преподавателю.
Все знают имя человека, сделавшего это открытие.
|
Participle II worked, done has the meaning of the passive voice (имеет значение страдательного залога).
| Functions
| Examples
| Translation
| | 1. Attribute
2. Adverbial modifier
| We were impressed by the discovery described in the article.
(When) askedto make the experiment, he refused.
| Открытие, описанное в статье, произвело на нас большое впечатление.
Когда его попросили провести опыт, он отказался.
|
THE USE OF THE COMPLEX OBJECT
Table11
| The Use of the Complex Object
| Examples
| Translation
| | 1. After the verbs denoting desire, and the verbs to like and to hate
| They wanted me to make the experiment.
| Они хотели, чтобы я провел эксперимент.
| | 2. After the verbs denoting sense perception: to hear, to notice, to observe, to feel and after to make and to let
| I saw him make the experiment.
I saw him making the experiment.
| Я видел, что он проводил эксперимент.
Я видел, как он проводил эксперимент.
| | 3. After the verbs denoting mental activity: to know, to think, to consider, to believe, to suppose, to expect, etc.
| I consider him to be right.
We expected him to writean article.
| Я считаю, что он прав.
Мы ожидали, что он напишет статью.
| | 4. After the verbs denoting order, request, permission (infinitive is passive)
| The instructor ordered the goggles to be worn.
| Инструктор приказал носить очки.
| | 5. After the verbs requiring prepositional object: to wait for, to count on and others
| I rely on you to make the experiment.
| Я рассчитываю на то, что вы проведете опыт.
|
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