Wind energy and tidal energy

1) Russia has a long history of small-scale wind energy use but has never developed large-scale commercial wind energy production. Most of its current wind production is located in agricultural areas with low population densities where connection to the main energy grid is difficult.

2) In 2006, Russia had a total installed wind capacity of 15 MW. Current Russian wind energy projects have a combined capacity of over 1, 700 MW. The Russian Wind Energy Association predicts that if Russia achieves its goal of having 4, 5% of its energy come from renewable sources by 2020, the country will have a total wind capacity of 7 GW.

3) In 2010, plans for the construction of a wind power plant in Yeisk, on the Sea of Azov, were announced. It is expected to initially have a capacity of 50 MW, which will become 100 MW a year later. German engineering company Siemens announced in July 2010, following a visit to Russia by Chancellor Angela Merkel, that it would build wind power plants in Russia. By 2015, the company hopes to install 1, 250 MW of capacity in Russia.

4) Russia has many tidal energy resources at its disposal, although they are currently underdeveloped as well. The Kola Bay and Sea of Okhotsk alone could produce 100 GW with tidal power stations, and the national energy potential from tidal energy can compete with current total energy production. The currently active Kislaya Guba Tidal Power Station is the largest tidal power facility in Russia and has the fourth largest capacity (1, 7 MW) among the world's tidal power plants.

5) Plans for constructing an 800 MW tidal power plant in the Barents Sea were announced in 2008. The Penzhin Tidal Power Plant Project is a set of proposals for construction of tidal power plant in the Penzhin Bay, which is an upper right arm of Shelikhov Bay in the north-east corner of the Sea of Okhotsk. Because the tides in the Penzhin Bay are the highest ones for Pacific Ocean reaching the height 13, 4 metres (44 ft), several projects of power station were suggested. One of proposed variants presumes installed capacity 87 GW and annual production 200 TWh of electricity.

8. Прочитайте 1-й и 2-й абзацы текста и письменно ответьте на вопросы:

1) Has Russia ever developed large-scale commercial wind energy production?

2) What are the areas of wind energy production located and what are they characterized by?

3) How much wind energy had Russia in 2006?

4) What are the renewable energy prospects in Russia?

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 2

Грамматические комментарии к выполнению

контрольного задания № 2

 

Упражнение № 1

1) Participle I – причастие настоящего времени.

To work + ing = working – работающий, работая.

а) While bombarding the upper layers of the atmosphere, cosmic rays reach the surface of the earth. – Бомбардируя верхние слои атмосферы, космические лучи достигают поверхности земли (bombarding – обстоятельство).

б) The smallest particle having all the characteristics of an element is called an atom. – Мельчайшая частица, имеющая все характеристики элемента, называется атом (having – определение).

2) Participle II – причастие прошедшего времени образуется:

а) у правильных глаголов – +ed: asked – спрошенный;

б) неправильных глаголов – 3-я форма: written – написанный.

When heated to a certain temperature, this alloy increases in volume. – Нагретый до определенной температуры, этот сплав увеличивается в объеме.

Упражнение № 2

Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты

Модальный глагол	Эквивалент
1) can – мочь, уметь (физическая или умственная способность): I can speak English (Present). I could speak English (Past).	a) to be able to – мочь, быть в состоянии (употребляется во всех временах): I am able to speak English. I was able to speak English. I’ll be able to speak English.
2) may – мочь (разрешение, вероятность): May I take your book? He may come at 6. Might – прошедшая форма.	a) to be allowed to – мочь, иметь разрешение (употребляется во всех временах): I was not allowed to go there. – Мне не разрешили пойти туда.

 

3) must – должен (употребляется только в настоящем времени): I must finish this work today.

a) hаve to – должен, быть вынужденным, приходиться (в силу обстоятельств), (употребляется во всех временах): They had to leave. – Им пришлось уйти. б) to be to – должен (в силу договоренности или плана), (употребляется в настоящем и прошедшем времени): I am to finish this work today. – Я должен закончить эту работу сегодня. в) should, ought to – должен, следует, не мешало бы (в виде совета), (употребляется только в прошедшем времени) You should stay in bed if you are ill. – Тебе следует оставаться в постели, если ты болен.

 

Упражнение № 3

Спряжение глагола to be

Местоимение	Present	Past	Future
I	am	was	Shall be
You	are	were	Will be
He, she, it	is	was	Will be
we	are	were	Shall be
you	are	were	Will be
they	are	were	Will be

 

INDEFINITE TENSES

PRESENT	Past	Future	Passive
Ask Asks (he, she, it)	Asked wrote	Shall ask Will ask	To be + Participle II

 

CONTINUOUS TENSES

ACTIVE	PASSIVE
To be + Participle I (-ing)	to be + being + Participle II (-d, 3-я форма)

 

PERFECT TENSES

ACTIVE	PASSIVE
Have + Participle II (-ed, 3-я форма)	Have + been + Participle II

 

Упражнение № 4

Функции глаголов to be, to have, to do to be

1) глагол-связка: I am a student.

Смысловой глагол (быть, находиться):

The book was in the bag.

2) to be to – должен (эквивалент модального глагола must – обозначает договоренность или план):

The train is to start at noon. – Поезд должен отправиться в полдень.

We were to meet at the airport. – Мы должны были встретиться в аэропорту.

3) вспомогательный глагол (во временах Continuous и в Passive Voice):

I am reading a book now. – Я читаю книгу сейчас (Continuous).

I was asked some questions. – Мне задали несколько вопросов (Passive Voice).

To have

1) смысловой глагол (иметь):

He has one sister.

2) вспомогательный глагол (во временах Perfect):

He has done this work. – Он сделал эту работу.

3) have to (эквивалент модального глагола must) – быть вынужденным, приходиться (в силу обстоятельств):

He had to buy another newspaper. – Ему пришлось купить другую газету.

To do

1) Смысловой глагол (делать):

2) Do this work at once! – Сделай эту работу немедленно!

2) Вспомогательный глагол (в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях):

We do not like this film.

Do you speak English?

 

Упражнение № 5

Неличные формы глагола

Инфинитив: To measure volume we must know the dimensions of a body. – Чтобы измерить объем, мы должны знать размеры тела.

Причастия:

Participle I (-ing): The man writing the letter is my brother.

Participle II (-ed, 3-я форма): The letter written by my brother is on the table.

Герундий: глагол + ing (обозначает процесс):

I like reading. – Я люблю чтение.

Упражнение № 6

Зависимый и независимый причастные обороты

Независимый причастный оборот в отличие от зависимого имеет собственное подлежащее. На русский язык независимый оборот переводится придаточным обстоятельственным предложением, начинающимся союзами: если, так как, как, когда, после того как, причем, а, и, но.

Зависимый оборот	Независимый оборот
Having translated the article, the student showed it to the teacher. – Переведя статью, студент показал ее учителю.	The article having been translated, the student showed it to the teacher. – После того, как статья была переведена, студент показал ее учителю.

Для выполнения задания № 2 необходимо усвоить разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:

1. Пассивный залог (The Passive Voice) видовременных форм Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect.

2. Функции глаголов to be, to have, to do.

3. Простые неличные формы глагола. Инфинитив. Причастие. Герундий.

4. Зависимый и независимый причастный оборот.

Используйте образцы выполнения упражнений:

Образец выполнения № 1

Nylon was the first synthetic fiber used in clothing. – Нейлон был первым синтетическим волокном, используемым в одежде.

Used – Participle II, определение.

Образец выполнения № 2

These metal parts had to be subjected to X-ray examination. – Эти металлические детали пришлось подвергнуть рентгеновскому исследованию.

Had to – эквивалент модального глагола must.

Образец выполнения № 3

The main question has already been discussed. – Главный вопрос уже обсудили (Present Perfect Passive).

Образец выполнения № 4

You have to study hard to know English well. – Ты должен много заниматься, чтобы знать английский хорошо.

Have to – эквивалент модального глагола «must».

Образец выполнения № 5

Reading the article I learnt many interesting facts. – Читая статью, я узнал много интересных фактов.

Образец выполнения № 6

New technological processes having been developed, new types of equipment have been installed in the shop. – Когда были разработаны новые технологические процессы, в цехе было установлено новое оборудование (независимый причастный оборот).

 

 

Вариант I

1. Перепишите и переведите предложения. Подчеркните в них Participle I и Participle II и установите их функции в предложении – определение, обстоятельство или часть глагола-сказуе-мого (см. образец выполнения № 1).

1. Students can be educated not only for academic professions, but also for technical professions.

2. When placed in a strong magnetic field iron becomes magnetized.

3. The Blue Room in the white house is an oval-shaped room connecting the Green and the Red Rooms.

4. A person beginning some experiment should be very careful and attentive.

5. The importance of the scientific researches and discoveries is growing with every year.

6. Speaking about the new method of work the engineer told us many interesting details.

7. Hydrogen is the lightest substance known.

 

2. Перепишите и переведите предложения. Подчеркните в них модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты (см. образец выполнения № 2).

1. Making friends can be difficult in American schools, as the same group of students does not attend all the classes together.

2. Parents have to pay the sum equivalent to the school tax directly to the school the child goes to.

3. Soon we shall be able to understand many phenomena which occur on the solar surface.

4. This mixture is to be heated before the experiment.

5. Due to the energy of the atom man can produce electric energy at atomic power stations.

6. In scientific work we must measure in units of the metric system.

7. Man-made satellites had to use solar cells as a source of power.

8. This power station was to supply us with all necessary energy.

3. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Определите видовременную форму и залог сказуемого (см. образец выполнения № 3).

1. Hundreds of technologies have been invented to carry out energy conversion processes.

2. The expanding thermal energy is converted to mechanical energy.

3. Electric cars will be widely used in future.

4. Today plastics are being applied for car bodies.

5. The importance of scientific research is growing with every day.

6. A group of seven engineers had worked out the technology for producing a new alloy.

7. By that time Niels Bohr had already accepted Rutherford's model of the atom.

8. The data of the latest research in this field of science were discussed at our conference.

9. Gold is not affected by moisture.

10. The laboratory of our Institute was given a new task.

 

4. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do (см. образец выполнения № 4).

1. Compressed steam has more power than hot water.

2. The engine walls have to be cooled or the engine will melt.

3. This material does not possess elastic properties.

4. The exam was to start in the morning.

5. They have graduated from the University this year.

6. You have to come to the language laboratory of the university to work at your pronunciation.

7. Do you really know this man?

8. The exam was to start in the morning.

5. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на неличные формы глагола (см. образец выполнения № 5).

1. Automobile has reduced effort required to transport people and materials.

2. The shaft turns the magnet, creating a magnetic field.

3. To translate a sentence is to discover its meaning.

4. Combustion makes molecules move faster causing the gas to expand.

5. Carrying out the experiment they were wearing protective suits.

6. The broken cutter must be repaired today.

7. The number of solar power plants is increasing.

8. The aim of this experiment is to investigate the properties of tungsten.

6. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения № 6).

1. A simple laboratory experiment demonstrating this principle is shown in Fig. 29.

2. Having done a number of calculations, our astronomers have shown that the basic mass of the galaxies is concentrated outside their visible part.

3. Ordinary light entering a crystal of tourmaline, the phenomenon of «selective absorption» takes place.

4. Having improved living standards, the mankind partly damaged environment.

5. There is a high level of air pollution in Eastern Europe, it causing serious health problems.

6. The water crisis being crucial for the survival of our planet, we should take care about keeping it clean.

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