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UNIT V. DWELLINGS IN BRITAIN



Exercise 1

Read the text. Translate it (orally). Make use of the Vocabulary.

 

No visitor to Britain can help being struck by the many building sites and the relatively large number of new houses and flats that he sees in the suburbs of towns and cities all over the country. The overwhelming majority of these are two-storey houses, built either in rows (terraced houses), in pairs (semi-detached houses), or singly (detached houses), with a small enclosed garden at the front and the back. In recent years a considerably higher proportion of new housing has been in the form of flats, and blocks of flats have now become a common feature of the urban scene. Nevertheless, the traditional British prejudice in favour of houses has only been modified, not fundamentally changed. An increasing number of people, chiefly elderly persons and childless, prefer to live in bungalows.

As is implied above, most of the new residential areas and housing estates have been built on the outskirts of towns and cities, well away from the industrial estates and also at a considerable distance from the town or city centres. In the inner parts of many British industrial towns and cities small areas of slums still continue to exist, however. These overcrowded, unhygienic houses are considered unfit for people to live in, but they are nevertheless still occupied, for the rate of slum clearance is slow in relation to the size of the problem. In addition, almost every older town and city contains large areas of shabby monotonous and depressing terraced houses which are only slightly better than the official slums themselves.

Despite all the building that has taken place since the war there is still an acute housing shortage in many parts of Britain. The housing problem is not simply a matter of the shortage of decent houses, however. The essence of the problem in contemporary Britain is that housing is regarded first and foremost as a source of profit for financiers, landowners and builders and not as a social service. Houses ànd flats are commodities and are bought and sold like other commodities. They are allocated, not according to social need, but according to the ability to pay. The fact that several million houses and flats are publicly owned and administered does not basically alter this situation.

Broadly speaking, three main alternatives are open to a family seeking a home in contemporary Britain: they may rent a house or flat from a private landlord; they may rent a publicly-owned council house or flat; or they may buy a house of their own, usually on a mortgage.

Most, but not all privately rented accommodation consists of older houses and tenements, but is nevertheless in great demand. Rents are high and have been rising rapidly ever since the mid fifties, when the Conservatives began to remove controls, thus allowing the free play of supply and demand to determine the level of rents. Private tenants who cannot pay higher rents may be evicted, for the housing shortage is so great that the landlord can usually find a tenant who is willing to pay what he demands. As a result of this policy there are homeless families in Britain's big cities, notably in London.

In the inter-war period, and particularly in the immediate post-war years, large numbers of council houses were built, and let at moderate rents with the help of or from the central government and the local councils. The aim was to provide decent accommodation for working people at rents, which they could afford. Council houses were and still are, in great demand. They are democratically allocated on the basis of waiting or priority lists. It is extremely difficult to obtain a council house or flat nowadays, unless the council is forced to re-house people rendered homeless by slum clearance or road-building projects. Moreover, council rents have also gone up in recent years and are sometimes so high that lower-paid workers or old-age pensioners cannot afford to pay them.

Under these circumstances it is no wonder that millions of families decide to buy a house of their own on mortgage. Becoming an owner-occupier, however, is not a very satisfactory solution of the problem, because the burden of mortgage repayments is very heavy indeed.

A person looking for a place to live is free to choose but whichever alternative he chooses, whether he is a private or a council tenant or an owner-occupier, he pays dearly for the privilege of having a roof over his head.

 

Notes

no visitor to Britain can help being struck - никто из посетивших Великобританию, не может не удивляться

 

 

Vocabulary

dwelling, n жилище;  dwelling house жилой дом

bungalow, n одноэтажный дом на одну семью

residential area  жилой квартал

housing estate  участок, застроенный жилыми домами; industrial estate  промышленный район

outskirt, n, обыкн . pl. окраина, предместье города, пригород

slum, n, обыкн . pl.  трущобы

unhygienic, a зд. не пригодный для жилья в санитарном отношении

commodity, n часто pl. товар, предмет потребления

allocate, v предоставлять, выделять

mort gage, n залог, ссуда, ипотека (для покупки дома)

accommodation, n  жилье

tenement, n сдаваемый в аренду многоквартирный дом

private tenant квартиросъемщик (тот, кто арендует квартиру у частного домовладельца)

evict, v  выселять

council house муниципальный дом, жилье

let, v сдавать внаем

subsidy, n cубсидия, дотация

 

Exercise 2

Answer the questions about the text (in written form).

1. What is the difference between terraced, detached and semi-detached houses?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What are slums?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Broadly speaking, what are the three main alternatives open to a family seeking a home in contemporary Britain?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Is privately rented accommodation easy to obtain? Yes or no, explain why.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. How are council houses allocated?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 

Exercise 3

Record the 1st paragraph of the text beginning with the words «No visitor to Britain can help being struck ...» and ending with the words «... prefer to live in bungalows». The tape with the recording should be presented at the tutorial session.

 

Exercise 4

Ask 4 - 5 questions about the text (in written form).

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 5

Say, what the text is about. Comment on the content of the text (orally). Your interpretation of the text should be presented in oral form at the tutorial session.

 

 

Exercise 6

From the text, select those facts and ideas concerning the main types of dwellings in Britain (in written form).

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 7

Compress the text to 5-6-sentences (in written form).

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 

Exercise 8

Review the Grammar material «The Passive Voice ». Use any Grammar source you like.

The main patterns of The Passive Voice are those presented in the chart. Study the patterns. Make sure you know all of them.

 

Housing is regarded as a source of profit. Жилье рассматривается как средство обогащения.
Houses and flats are allocated according to the ability to pay. Дома и квартиры распределяют согласно платежеспособности (семьи).
At present, mortgage is given by many banks, though in old times building societies could only do it. В настоящее время ссуда для покупки жилья предоставляется многими банками, хотя раньше это могли делать только ипотечные банки.
We are often shown new films. Нам часто показывают новые фильмы.
This book can be bought in any shop. Эту книгу можно купить в любом магазине.
In the post-war years, large numbers of council houses were built. В послевоенные годы было построено много муниципального жилья.
We were shown a new film yesterday. Íàì ïîêàçàëè (ïîêàçûâàëè) íîâûé ôèëüì â÷åðà.
My sister was sent for a few minutes ago. За моей сестрой послали несколько минут тому назад.
We will be shown a new film tomorrow. Нам покажут новый фильм завтра.
She said that we would be shown a new film the next day. Она сказала, что завтра нам покажут новый фильм.
We are being shown a new film now. Нам показывают новый фильм (сейчас).
We were being shown a new film when he came. Нам показывали новый фильм, когда он пришёл.
The traditional British prejudice in favour of houses has only been modified. Традиционное пристрастное отношение британцев к дому как к единственно возможному жилью лишь только слегка видоизменилось.
We have just been shown a new film by Mary. Нам Мэри только что показала новый фильм.
The film has much beenspokenabout lately. В последнее время о фильме много говорят.
We had been shown a new film before he came. Нам показали новый фильм, до того как он пришёл.
We will have been shown a new film before he leaves. Нам покажут новый фильм, до того как он уйдёт.
She said that we would have been shown a new film before he left. Она сказала, что нам покажут новый фильм, до того как он уйдёт.

 

Exercise 9

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form. Wherever necessary, change the word order and the words expressing time. Write down the correct variant in the space opposite the original sentence.

 

Our house (to build) in the 15th century.   
Pupils usually (to teach) one foreign language at school.  
Nothing (to prepare) yet.  
Paper (to invent) by the Chinese many centuries ago.  
German (to speak) in different countries by several nations.  
This article already (to write) by a friend of mine.  
Have you heard the news? Oil (todiscover) under the White House!  
Your tickets (to send) to you next week.  
My sister was very excited yesterday: she (to invite) to a party in New York.  
He (not to see) by anyone lately. He has disappeared.  
Be careful about what you are telling us: this conversation (to record).  
Her new book (to publish) by next June.  
She asked us not to enter the classroom: the last student (to examine).  
He said he (not to offer) such a good job before.  
The children (to look after) very well for more than two years.  

 

Exercise 10

Translate the sentences from Russian into English. Write down your translation in the space opposite the original sentence.

 

Сейчас музей ремонтируют. Его откроют для посетителей только в сентябре.  
Почему собрание отменили? Его не отменили, а перенесли на четверг.  
Новый роман посвящается сестре писателя.  
Мост уже построили к тому времени, как мы переехали в этот город.  
Боюсь, что вас не похвалят за такое поведение.  
Контрольные работы уже    проверили; результаты вполне удовлетворительные.  
Дом уже построили? - Нет, он еще строится. - Когда его построят? - Его построят к сентябрю.  
Об этой книге никогда не говорили.  
За доктором пошлют немедленно.  
Наша работа должна быть закончена как можно скорее.  
Я понял, что ей уже задавали этот вопрос раньше.  
Он спросил, учили ли нас когда-либо, как себя вести.  

 

 

TUTOR’S REMARKS

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UNIT VI. THE WEEKEND

 

 

Exercise 1.

Read the text. Translate it (orally). Make use of the Notes and the Vocabulary.

 

Most people in Britain work a five-day week, from Monday to Friday. Schools, colleges, and universities are also closed on Saturdays and Sundays.

 Everyone looks forward to the weekend and when Friday comes along, as people leave work they say to each other, “Have a nice weekend”. Then on Monday morning they ask, “Did you have a nice weekend?” or “What did you do at the weekend?”

Students, young people working away from home and single people in general like to go away for the weekend. They may go home, go to stay with relatives or friends in different parts of the country or stay in a hotel or boarding house in the country or at the sea. Most towns in England are not more then four hours apart by train and many are much less; and no one in England lives more then 100 miles from the sea. Therefore it is possible to leave straight from work on Friday and come back on Sunday evening.

Those who stay at home at the weekend try both to relax and catch up with all the jobs they are too busy to do during the week. For women who go out to work these include housework, sewing , washing, shopping and sometimes gardening; for men - repairs and other odd jobs in the house, cleaning the car, mowing the lawn and gardening. Saturday morning is a very busy time for shopping, as this is the only day when people who are at work can shop for any length of time.

On Saturday afternoon the most important sporting events of the week take place - football, rugby (in the summer, cricket and tennis), horse-racing, car and motor-cycle racing and other sports. Some men go and watch, others sit and watch the sports programmes on TV. In the late afternoon the sports results are announced on radio and television and the sports editions of the evening papers are on sale.

Saturday evening is the favourite time for parties, dances, going to the pictures or the theatre, in fact for “going out” generally. For many people it is the climax of the weekend. There is plenty of time to get ready and no one has to worry about getting up early for work the next day.

Having gone to bed late the night before, many people have a lie-in on Sunday morning. When they finally get up they have a leisurely breakfast. Some have breakfast in bed, although this depends on your having someone willing to make it and bring it up. However, some breakfast-in-bed enthusiasts will get up, make breakfast themselves and take it back to bed. While having breakfast people start reading the Sunday papers, which they either fetch themselves from the local paper shop or have delivered by the paper boy for a small extra charge. There are at least eight papers which are published weekly on Sunday (though some are the Sunday version of a daily paper ). It is usual for a family to have two or three Sunday papers, and some enthusiasts have more. These people have little time for anything else on Sunday and spend the day submerged in a sea of newspapers.

       If the weather is fine, people may decide to go out for the day. Often, however, having got up late in any case, they wait until after lunch, which is at 1 or 1.30 p.m. Sunday lunch is traditionally the most important family meal of the week. Most people have a “joint” (a piece of meat for roasting in the oven ) which is roasted, then carved and served with roast and boiled potatoes and one or more other vegetables, such as peas or cabbage, and gravy. Then comes the pudding, for example apple pie and custard, and finally tea or coffee.

This meal induces in most people a state of inertia, and they sit talking, reading the paper, watching TV or just dozing, until tea time. In the summer they sit in the garden and more energetic people go out for a walk or to see friends. After what often seems quite a short while it is tea time, that is 5 - 5.30 p.m. Besides the all important tea there are sandwiches, sometimes cold meat and salad, fruit and cream, bread and butter, and jam and cakes. Quite often friends are invited to Sunday tea.

Some people spend Sunday evening quietly at home, others go to see friends, go to a concert or film, or go out for a drink. The realization that the weekend is nearly over casts a slight melancholy on the evening.

 

Notes

to look forward to something/doing something - с нетерпением ожидать чего-либо

p. m. - после полудня

gravy - подливка из сока, который выделяется из мяса при жаренье, тушении и т.п.; такая подливка обязательно подается к ростбифу с йоркширским пудингом (который, в свою очередь, представляет собой кусок теста, обжаренного в растительном масле)

custard - сладкий заварной крем, который подается как отдельный компонент к сладкому пирогу (обычно яблочному), а не наносится на пирог заранее

Vocabulary

boarding house пансион

catch (up with), v успеть сделать

go (out), v  ïîéòè êóäà- ëèáî (÷òîáû ðàçâëå÷üñÿ, îòäîõíóòü )

to have a lie- in оставаться в постели позже обычного

fetch, v пойти и принести (привести)

submerge, v погружаться

take (out), v пригласить куда- либо

carve, v резать, разрезать, нарезать

induce, v вызывать

dozе, v  дремать, клевать носом

cast (cast, cast), v зд. привносить, повергать

 

Exercise 2

Answer the questions about the text (in written form).

 

1. Do the British stay at home for the weekend? If not, where do they go?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 

 

2. Saturday morning is a very busy time for the people at work, isn’t it? Why?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Why can Saturday evening be called the climax of the weekend?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What do the people who stay at home do at the weekend?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Which is the most important family meal of the week?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. What is usually served for Sunday lunch?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. What does “tea time” imply besides the all important tea?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 3

Record the 7th paragraph of the text beginning with the words «Having gone to bed late the night before ...» and ending with the words «... spend the day submerged in a sea of newspapers». The tape with the recording should be presented at the tutorial session.

 

 

Exercise 4

Ask 4-5 questions about the text (in written form).

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 5

Say, what the text is about. Comment on the content of the text (orally). Your interpretation of the text should be presented in oral form at the tutorial session.

 

 

Exercise 6

From the text, select those facts and ideas concerning the main ways of spending weekend in Britain (in written form).

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 

Exercise 7

Compress the text to 5-6-sentences (in written form).

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 

Exercise 8

Review the Grammar material «The Modal Verbs and their equivalents». Use any Grammar source you like.

The main patterns of the Modal Verbs and their equivalents (to express mental and physical ability, permission, order, necessity, absence of necessity, advice and prohibition) are those presented in the chart. Study the patterns. Make sure you know all of them.

 

Saturday morning is the only time when people who are at work can shop. (physical ability) Те, кто работают, могут ходить в магазины за покупками только в утренние часы в субботу.
He was ill and could not attend classes. Он был болен и не мог посещать занятия.
If I learn the poem, I will be able to recite it in class tomorrow. Если я выучу стихотворение, я смогу рассказать его наизусть завтра на уроке.
She said she was able to speak  English when she was 5. Она сказала, что она могла (умела) говорить по-английски, когда ей было 5 лет.
May I come in? (permission) Можномогу) войти? (Вы позволите мне войти?)
He said she mighttake his dictionary. Он сказал, что она может взять его словарь. (Он позволил ей взять его словарь).
She will be allowed to take part in the competition. Ей позволят принять участие в соревнованиях.
I was allowed to go to the party yesterday. Мне позволили пойти вчера на вечеринку.
You must learn all Grammar rules. (order, necessity) Вы должны (вам следует) выучить все грамматические правила.
Though I was very busy last Monday, I had to go and see Ann who was in hospital then. Хотя я был очень занят в прошлый понедельник, я должен был (мне пришлось) навестить Анну, которая сейчас лежит в больнице.
That was the last bus. Now you will haveto walk to the station. Это был последний автобус. Теперь вам придется идти на станцию пешком.
The train was to arrive at 6 p.m. but it was delayed. Поезд должен был (по расписанию) прибыть в 6 часов вечера, но прибытие задерживалось.
You needn’t go there today. (absence of necessity) Можете не (нет необходимости) ходить туда сегодня.
He should (ought to) take better care of his health. (advice) Ему следует больше заботиться о своем здоровье.
You shouldn’t (ought not to) do it. (prohibition) Вам не следует делать этого. (Напрасно вы делаете это).

 

Exercise 9

Replace the infinitives in brackets by the modal verbs/or their equivalents + Infinitive. Write down the correct variant in the space opposite the original sentence.

She does not have a sore throat, does she? So she (to have) an ice-cream too.  
You (not, to eat) fish, and you know it. It’s because of your allergy.  
He was out when we came, and we (to wait) for over an hour.  
I am so busy today. I am afraid I (not, to go) to the party tonight.  
She (to work) hard if she wants to master the English language.  
You (not, to go) to the University today. The classes have been cancelled.  
According to the time-table, the lecture (to begin) at 9 a.m. yesterday.  
He was very kind. Everybody (to take) anything they wanted.  
You (not, to worry). I am sure you will get the highest mark.  

 

Exercise 10

Translate the sentences from Russian into English. Write down your translation in the space opposite the original sentence.

 

Если вы написали контрольную работу, то можете идти домой.  
Он должен сделать упражнение 8.  
Вчера мы должны были (заранее договорились) встретиться в 7 часов вечера, но он не пришел.  
Он мог читать, когда ему было 4 года.  
Здесь нельзя курить. (Вы не должны здесь курить).  
Вы можете сделать это упражнение дома.  
Я не смогла без словаря перевести этот текст.  
Можно мне здесь подождать ее?  
Тебе придется взять зонт и плащ. Похоже на то, что пойдет дождь.  
Вам следует немедленно пойти к врачу.  
Студентам разрешили пользоваться справочным (reference) материалом.  

 

Exercise 11

Review the Grammar material «The Modal Verbs». Use any Grammar source you like.

The main patterns of the Modal Verbs (to express near certainty, doubt, strong doubt, reproach, criticism of a past action, absence of necessity in the past) are those presented in the chart. Study the patterns. Make sure you know all of them.

 

They may (might) go home, go to stay with relatives or friends. Они, возможно, едут домой, в гости к родственникам или друзьям.
She may (might) have left. Вероятно, она ушла.
Somebody must know her. Должно быть, кто-нибудь знает ее.
He must be waiting for Kate. Должно быть, он ждет Катю.
Is he still waiting? He must have been waiting for about an hour. Он все еще ждет? Должно быть, он ждет уже около часа.
She seems to be very nervous. You must have told her everything. Кажется, она очень взволнована. Должно быть, вы ей все рассказали.
It can’t (couldn’t) be that late! Can (could) it be that late? Неужели так поздно?
He can’t (couldn’t) be waiting for someone. Can (could) he be waiting for someone? Неужели он ждет кого-нибудь? (Не может быть, чтобы он ждал кого-нибудь).
They can’t (couldn’t) have left the child alone. Can (could) they have left the child alone? Неужели они оставили ребенка одного? Не может быть, чтобы они оставили ребенка одного.
You  should (ought to) have told me everything. Вам  следовало мне все рассказать.
She shouldn’t (ought not to) have behaved like that. Ей не следовало вести себя подобным образом.
You needn’t have done exercise 5. It wasn’t our homework. Вам необязательнобыло (можно было и не) делать упражнение 5. Это не было нашим домашним заданием.

 

 

Exercise 12

Replace the infinitives in brackets by the modal verbs + Infinitive. Write down the correct variant in the space opposite the original sentence.

 

You walked all the way here carrying this heavy luggage. You (to take) a taxi.  
Nobody (to see) him do that. It’s absolutely impossible.  
Where are the children? They (to play) in the garden, I suppose.  
Mary (to go) to the shops. The money on the table has gone. Mary (to take) it.  
You (to buy) this book. We have it in our library.  
She was standing behind the door and listening what we were talking about. She (to hear) our secret.  
Where is Peter? - He has lost a very important document and now he (to look) for it in his study.  
She is very bright. She (to fail) the exammination.  

 

 

Exercise 13

Translate the sentences from Russian into English. Write down your translation in the space opposite the original sentence.

 

Не может быть, чтобы она вам об этом рассказала.  
Вероятно, она ушла в театр.  
Можно было и не повторять (review) грамматику. Вы и так ее хорошо знаете.  
В окнах нет света. Должно быть, они легли спать.  
Не может быть, чтобы он опоздал на поезд!  
Он выглядит очень плохо. Должно быть, он болен.  
Вам следовало остаться дома, а не ходить на вечеринки. У вас завтра очень трудный экзамен.  
Неужели он верит этому?  
Что она делает сейчас? - Вероятно, звонит по телефону своей подруге.  
Можно было и не оставлять машину во дворе, у нас есть гараж.  

 

 

 

TUTOR’S REMARKS

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