Questions to the Subject/Object

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Subject Question: Who wrote the letter?

Object Question: a) Who was the letter written to?

b) What was the letter written about?

Passive Voice and Causation

We have repaired the device. Мы отремонтировали устройство.

We have the device repaired. Нам отремонтировали устройство.

The device has been repaired. Устройство было отремонтировано.

The technician has repaired the device. Техник отремонтировал устройство.

Passive Voice

	Present	Past	Future
Simple	It is repaired.	It was repaired	It will be repaired
Progressive	It is being repaired.	It was being repaired.
Perfect	It has been repaired.	It had been repaired.	It will have been repaired.

Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

intransitive verbs	transitive verbs
lie-lay- lain лежать	lay-laid-laid класть
	lie-lied-lied лгать
rise- rose- risen расти, подниматься	raise-raised-raised поднимать; воспитывать, собрать деньги
arise-arose-arisen возникать
	arouse-aroused-aroused возбуждать
sit-sat-sat сидеть	set-set-set ставить, устанавливать
fall-fell-fallen падать	fell-felled-felled валить
	fill-filled-filled заполнять
	fulfill-fulfilled-fulfilled выполнять

Causation

The teacher made us repeat the experiment. We were made to repeat the experiment.

The teacher got us to repeat the experiment.The teacher had us repeat the experiment.

The teacher had (got) the experiment repeated.

	Present	Past	Future
Simple	We have it repaired.	We had it repaired.	We will have it repaired.
Progressive	We are having it repaired.	We were having it repaired.	We will be having it repaired.
Perfect	We have had it repaired.	We had had it repaired.	We will have have it repaired.
Perfect Progressive	We have been having it repaired.	We had been having it repaired.	We will have been having it repaired.

6. Functions of have

function

Example

Modality (necessity)

They had to repeat the test because the results were poor.

Perfect tenses

They had repeated the test.

Causative sentences

They had the test repeated.

Subjunctive

They had better repeat the test.

Conditional sentences

If they had repeated the test they would have got better results.

Forms of Infinitive

	Active	Passive
Simple	to write	to be written
Progressive	to be writing
Perfect	to have written	to have been written
Perfect Progressive	to have been writing

Functions of Infinitive

function		example
Parts of Predicate	1. modal verbs	They are to make a report. They must do it. They must have made it.
	2.complex object	I’d like them to make a report. I know him to have been doing it for a week.
	3.complex subject	They are expected to make a report. They claimed to have made the report.
	4. nominal predicate	They are bound to make a report. They were the first to make a report.
Subject		To make reports is difficult.
Attribute		It’s an interesting report to make. The report to be made was in English.
Adverbial Modifier	Purpose	He came to make a report.
Text organizers	Introductory phrase	To tell the truth, it’s very dull to make such reports.

Complex Object

to write articles.

to be writing a new article now .

I know him to have written it already.

suppose to have been writing it for a month.

think, believe to be written about in newspapers.

watch, see, hear to have been written to already.

Complex Subject-I

to write articles.

He is known to be writing a new article now.

reported to have written it already.

said to have been writing it for a month.

announced to be written about in newspapers.

found to have been written to already.

Complex Subject-II

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