Types of Conditional Sentences

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Conditional Clause	Main Clause
0. If /when I have time	I visit that place.
1. If I have time tomorrow Should I have time tomorrow	I will visit that place.
2. If I had time	I would visit that place.
3. If I had had time yesterday Had I had time yesterday	I would have visited that place.
If I had done it yesterday	I would not visit it today.

CONVERSION

* marks words that change stress: a noun has stress on the first syllable,

a verb − on the second one.

Word

noun/adjective ( meaning)

Verb ( meaning)

address

адрес

обращаться

advance

прогресс

двигаться, продвигать

аmount

количество

достигать

approach

подход

приближаться

attack

атака , приступ

активно заниматься

book

книга

заказывать

charge

заряд, плата

заряжать, взимать плату

engineer

инженер

создавать

feature

черта

содержать, изображать

form

форма

образовать

force

сила

заставлять

fuel

топливо

приводить в движение

gear

механизм

приводить в движение

glue

клей

соединять

harbor

гавань

содержать

honor

честь

прославлять

number

число

насчитывать

*object

предмет, дополнение

возражать

question

вопрос

подвергать сомнению

paste

клей

соединять

*permit

разрешение

разрешать

*perfect

совершенный

совершенствовать

power

сила

поддерживать, вызывать

probe

зонд

зондировать, исследовать

process

процесс

обрабатывать

*progress

процесс, движение

двигаться (вперёд)

*project

проект

проецировать

reason

причина, разум

убеждать, уговаривать

question

вопрос

подвергать сомнению

*record

запись, рекорд

записывать

*subject

тема, подлежащее

подвергать

term

термин, условие

называть

view

взгляд

рассматривать

25. Functions of would

Functions	Example
Subjunctive	I would like you to check up these data.
Conditional	I would appreciate it if you check up these data.
Future in the Past (Sequence of tenses)	He said that he would check up these data.
Repeated Action	Every morning he would check up these data.
Willingness /unwillingness	The motor would not start.
Conditional	If he had time he would check up these data.

26. Functions of should

Functions	Example
Modality Subjunctive	He should repair the device. He should have repaired the device.
Unlikely Condition	Should he repair the device we will be able to start work.
Subjunctive (Desired Action)	It is imperative that he should repair the device.

27. Functions of be

Functions	Example
Progressive tenses	They are repairing the device.
Passive	The device is repaired.
Modality	The device is to be repaired by Monday.
Predicted Action in the Past	However, it was to break on Tuesday.

28. Functions of one

Functions	Example
numeral	We will analyze one example
pronoun	One may analyze this example.
noun substitute	These examples are well-known ones.

29. Functions of that/those

Functions	Example
conjunction	He was told that he failed the exam.
demonstrative pronoun	He was to resit that exam.
noun substitute	He did not use his computer, he used that of his brother.

Inversion

Functions	Example
questions	Had he finished the experiment on time?
conditional clause	Had he finished the experiment on time he would have published the article.
emphasis	Hardly had he finished the experiment when the power supply was out.
Short negative answers	- I have not finished the experiment. - Neither/Nor have I.

MODEL TESTS

TEST 1

(Passive Voice)

I .Word Formation

Form nouns from the given verbs and fill in the gaps:

disposepreserve argue destroy govern

1. World Wildlife Fund tries to draw attention to the … of Europe’s ancient woods.

2. … encourage the regeneration of forests their management in nature-friendly way.

3. The … of ancient forests causes the extinction of many species.

4. There is an … that recycling may have some unforeseen negative effects.

5. One of the most vital environmental problems is the problem of waste … .

II. Vocabulary

Correct the mistakes

6. There are both theoretical and practical subjects on our schedule.

7. I have lost my credit book and I have a problem with decanate.

8. In four years we will have practice and then we will write our diplomas.

9. Academic Alferov is to give a lecture at our department next week.

10. In five years we will obtain our magister’s degrees.

11. I will finish university in five years and will go to the aspiranture.

12. I am interesting in science so I would like to be an aspirant.

13. After the university I would like to enter a scientific research institute.

Choose the correct word

14. Students who have poor attendance/attention may be summoned to the deputy dean.

15. At the end of the term we usually take/pass five exams.

16. The theme/subject of today’s lecture is very important.

17. My goal/ambition is to work at the Polytechnic University.

18. The foundations of chemistry were laid/lain by Dalton and Lavoisier.

19.The standards of university education have been risen/raised recently.

20. Care must be taken in handling radioactive materials as painful burns may result from/in prolonged exposure to the rays.

III. Grammar

Passive Voice

Use the appropriate verb forms

21. The results of the experiments can (rely) upon.

22. These data (refer) to in many articles recently.

23. Many conventional ideas and superstitions not (do away) with yet.

24. Admixtures of other metals (influence) the properties of basic metals.

25. Any deduction usually (succeed) a number of experiments and observations.

26. Newton’s laws of motion (subject) to criticism by Einstein.

27. Neutron capture by a nitrogen nucleus (follow) by the emission of a proton.

28. This discovery (follow) by another ones in the early twentieth century.

29. That sequence of events (bring about) the discovery of radioactivity.

30. The conference to be held next month (attend) by eighty physicists.

TEST 2

(Infinitive)

1.Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами из предложенного списка.

SERENDIPITY

a) carefully b) chemist c) development d) fortunate e) important f) impression

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