Conclusions and Summaries

1. We have seen two aspects of ...

Our conclusions are summarized as follows:

2. I conclude with an example ...

Still the problem of solving... remains an intriguing open question

3. In this paper I had described my point of view that... to shed some
light on ...

4. A brief review is presented of recent theoretical and experimental
efforts that have led to an improvement in our knowledge of ...

5. This paper sums up results of our work …

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Dr. X for reading the manuscript critically

for language corrections/for valuable general comments on ...

for making some useful suggestions for organizational change/for all these contributions

The author is grateful to… for…

It is a pleasure to thank X for reading the manuscript and making many useful remarks.

I am grateful to ... and other colleagues for pointing out errors and suggesting improvements in the original manuscript.

The work described in this paper was done in collaboration with …

Discussion. Asking and Answering Questions

Asking questions:

Let me ask you a question concerning…

I have a question about…

My next question relates to….

One more question…

The last question is…

Answering Questions:

1. Thank you, as to your question…

2. Thank you, I’m afraid I don’t have enough information to answer that…

3. Thank you, that’s a difficult question to answer…

4. It is not within the scope /beyond the scope of my research.

 

Expressing an opinion:

To my mind…; in my opinion… As I see it…. As far as I'm concerned...

Personally, I... My point of view is...

 

Expressing an opinion weakly :

I'm inclined, to think that... I tend to think that..

 

Expressing an opinion strongly:

I'm sure that... I'm certain that... I'm convinced that...

I really do think that... I definitely think that...

I absolutely convinced that... There's no doubt that...

 

Hesitating:

Well, let me see…Oh, let me think for a moment...

Well now... What do I think of the problem? Well...

I've no idea, I'm afraid. I'm sorry, but I'm not the right person to answer that question.

I can't answer that. I'll need some time to think about that if you don't mind.

 

Agreements:

I completely agree. I agree entirely with your point of view.

I'm exactly of the same opinion. I agree in principle, but...

 

Strong Disagreement:

I totally disagree with you. I don't agree at all. I disagree entirely.

I respect your opinion, of course, however... I don't completely agree with you that…

 

Asking for Confirmation:

If I understood you correctly, you are saying that...Are you saying that...?

Asking for Repetition:

I'm sorry, but I didn't quite follow what you were saying about.

I'm afraid I don't understand what you mean.

Correcting Misunderstandings:

I think you've misunderstood me.

That isn't quite what I mean.

 

For Disbelief:

 

It's hardly likely that... It's not likely that...

I’m afraid it contradicts the facts...

 

A Model for a report

Thank you, Mr X. I am happy to have this opportunity to present my paper at this workshop session. The purpose of this study was to understand the mechanism of…..

It is well known that some interesting research has been done in this field in recent years. Yet, it is not clear why ….

So the aim of this work was to find an explanation for the….

We suggest an explanation in terms of …., which is confirmed by a model calculation.

Now let me discuss in some detail the data we have obtained and the conclusions we have made.

I would like to start by….

I'm afraid we'll have to skip some details, because we're short of time.

Have a look at this diagram, please. It demonstrates the difference between (You can see a good agreement) the experimental data and the model calculations,

This enables us to make the following conclusion…

Experimental results agree with this theory and show that …

In contrast with a previous interpretation, we attribute the phenomenon to …

With this I would like to finish.

If there are questions I'll be glad to answer them. Thank you.

Appendix 2

Word formation: prefixes

.

Prefixes

Negative and positive	Size	Location	Time and order	Number
un-	semi-	inter-	pre-	mono-
non-	mini-	super-	anter-	hex-
in-	micro-	trans-	fore-	oct-
re-		ex-	post-	multi-
		extra-
		peri-

 

1 Negative and positive prefixes:

	prefix	Meaning	Examples
Negative	un-, in-	not	unmagnetized, incomplete
	im-, il-		impossible, illegal
	ir-		irregular, irrelevant
	non-	not connected with	non-programmable
	mis-	bad, wrong	misdirect
	mal-	bad, wrong	malfunction
	dis-	opposite feeling	disagree
		opposite action	disconnect
	anti-	against-	antiglare-
	de-	reduce, reverse-	demagnetize, decode
	under-	too little	underestimate
positive	re-	do again	reorganize
	over-	too much	overload

  

 

 2. Prefixes of location:

Prefix	Meaning	Examples
inter-	between	interface, interactive
super-	over	supersonic
trans-	across	transmit, transfer
ex-	out	exclude, extrinsic
extra-	beyond	extraordinary
sub-	under	subschema
infra-	below	infra-red
peri-	around	peripheral

3. Prefixes: time and order:

	Meaning	Examples
ante- pre-	before	antecedent prefix
prime-	first	primary, primitive
post-	after	postdated
retro-	backward	retroactive

4. Prefixes of size:                                       

Prefix	Meaning	Examples
semi-	half, partly	semiconductor
equi-	equal	equidistant
mini-	small	minicomputer
micro-	very small	microcomputer
macro- mega-	large great	macroeconomics megabyte

 

 5. Prefixes of numbers:               6. Other prefixes

Prefix	Meaning	Examples	Prefix	Meaning	Examples
semi-	half	semicircle	pro-	before	program
mono-	one	monochromatic		in advance forward	progress
bi-	two	binary	auto-	self	automatic
tri-	three	triangle	co- con-	together with	Co-ordinate connect
quad-	four	quadruple
penta-	five	pentagon
hex-	six	hexadecimal
Sept(era)-	seven	September
oct-	eight	octal
dec-	ten	decimal
multi-	many	multiplexor

Appendix 3

  Word formation: suffixes

Nouns	Verbs	Adjectives	Adverbs
-ance	-ize	-able	-ly
-ence	-ate	-ible	-wise
-or	-fy	-less	-ward
-er	-en	-ic -ical
-ist	-ify	-ish
-ness		-ive

 

  1. Noun-forming suffixes:

Suffix	Meaning	Examples
-ance	state	performance
-ence	quality of	independence
-er, -or	a person who	programmer, operator
	a thing which	compiler, accumulator
-ist. -yst	a person who	analyst, typist
-ian	pertaining to	electrician
-tion, -ation	the act of	protection, creation
-ness	action/state	weightlessness
-ion	activity	calculation, conversion
-ing	state, action	falling
-ment	state, quality	measurement
-ity	condition/state	superconductivity , permeability
-ism	domain/condition	magnetism
-dom	condition/state	freedom,
-ship	condition/state	relationship, partnership

  3. Verb-forming suffixes:

Suffix	Meaning	Examples
-ize/-ise	to make	computerize
-ate		automate,
		activate,
		calculate
-ify		simplify
-en		harden, widen

4. Adjective-forming suffixes:

Suffix	Meaning	Examples
-al		computational, logical
-ar	having the quality	circular
-ic	of	magnetic, automatic
-ical		electrical
-able -ible |	capable of being	comparable divisible
-ous	like, full of	dangerous
-ful	characterized by	helpful
-less	without	careless
-ish	like	yellowish
ed	having the	multiplied
-ive	quality of	interactive

 

 

5. Adverb-forming suffix:

Suffix	Meaning		Examples
-ly	in the manner of		electronically, logically

Appendix 4

Mathematical supplementary :

solve              решать                         solution           решение

to equal           равняться                    to be equal to  равняться

equation          уравнение                         equality          равенство

to add              прибавить                   addition           прибавление

to subtract       вычесть                        subtraction       вычитание

to multiply      умножить                    to divide          разделить

to cancel          сократить                    to substitute     подставить

fraction            дробь                           decimal fraction десятичная дробь

nominator        числитель                   denominator    знаменатель

factor               множитель, коэфф.    ratio           отношение, пропорция

inverse ratio     обратное отношение

 

How to read mathematical formulae:

a = b                              a is equal to b

a equals b

 

c = a + b                         c is equal to a plus b

c  equals  a plus b

c is  a plus b

c = a - b                         c is equal to a minus b

c  equals  a minus b

c is  a minus b

c = a x b                         c is equal to a multiplied by b

c equals  a multiplied by b

c is equal to a times b

c is equal to the product of a and b

c = a/b                            c is equal to a divided by b

a₂                                     a sub two

a_j                                       a j-th

a sub j

a > b                        a is greater than b

a < b                        a is less than b

a + b > c                  a + b is greater than c

a + b < c                  a + b is less than c

a/b = c/b                   the ratio of a to b is equal to the ratio of c to d

a•b² ⁄ d³              a times b squared divided by c equals d to the third power

a²                                    a to the second power

                                       a squared

                                      a raised to the second power

a ^{- 10}                                a to the minus tenth power

Ö b                             the square root of b

R = Ö (a² + b²)          R is equal to the square root of a squared plus b squared

 

dx                                   the first derivative of x with respect to time

dt

d²x                                 the second derivative of x with respect to time

d²t

n

ò                                  the integral between m and n

m

n

ò (x+ b)/x² dx                   the integral from m to n of x plus b

m                                      divided by x squared multiplied by dx

b²= log_ac                  b squared is equal to the logarithm of c to the base a

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