Глава 4: Конфликты и война

Prince Napol6on Louis Bonaparte, Fragments Historiques, 1688 et 7550 (Paris 1841), p. 125.

Jules Veme, From the Earth to the Moon (1865).

Глава 5: Образование наций

Ernest Renan «What is a Nation» in A. Zimmem (ed.). Modem Political Doctrines (Oxford 1939), pp. 191‑2.

** Johann Nestroy, Haeuptling Abendwind (1862).

** Shatov in F. Dostoievsky, The Possessed (1871‑2).

^ Gustave Flaubert, Dictionnaire des idees regues (c. 1852).

** Walter Bagehot, Physics and Politics (London 1873), pp. 20‑1.

** Cited in D. Mack Smith, II Risorgimento Italiano (Bari 1968), p. 422.

Tullio ёе Mauro, Storia linguistica dellltalia unita (Bari 1963).

·* J. Когч^а, «S®cial problems in the Czech and Slovak national move‑ ments» in: Commission Internationale d’Histoire des Mouvements Sociaux et des Structures Sociales, Mouvements Nationaux d’Indipendance et Classes Populaires (Paris 1971), I, p. 62.

**J. Conrad, «Die Frequenzverhaltnisse der Universitaten der hauptsach lichsten Kulturlander» JahrbUcher flir Nationalokonomie und Statistik (1891) 3rd ser. I, pp. 376 ff.

‘®* I am obliged to Dr R. Anderson for these data.

Глава 6: Силы демократии

** Η. А. Targe, Les Dificits (Paris 1868), p. 25.

^ Sir T. Erskine May, Democracy in Europe (London 1877), I, p. Ixxi.

^ Karl Marx, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (Werke, VIII, pp. 198‑9).

^ G. Procacci, Le elezioni del 1874 e I ’opposizione meridionale (Milan

1956) p. 60; W. Gagel, Die Wahlrechtsfrage in der Geschichte der deutschen. Liberalen Parteien 1848‑1918 {DussddoTf 1958), p. 28.

** J. Ward, Workmen and Wages alHome and Abroad (London 1868), p. 284.

** J. Deutsch, Geschichte derosterreichischen Gewerkschaflsbewegung (Vienna 1908), pp. 73‑4; Herbert Steiner, «Die international Arbeiterassozia‑ tion und die osterr. Arbeiterbewegung), Weg und Ziel (Vienna, Sonder‑ nnmmer, Janner 1965), pp. 89‑90.

Глава 7: Прошравшие

Erskine May, op. cit.. I, p. 29.

^ J. W. Kaye, A History of the Sepoy War in India (1870), II, pp. 402‑3.

^ Bipan Chandra, Rise and Growth of Economic Nationalism in India (DelM 1966), p. 2.

Chandra, op. cit.

®* E. R. J. Owen, Cotton and the Egyptian Economy 1820‑1914 (Oxford 1969), p. 156.

** Nikki Keddie, An Islamic Response to Imperialism (Los Angeles

1968), p. 18.

’* Hu Sheng, Imperialism and Chinese Politics (Peking 1955), p. 92.

** Jean A. Meyer in Annales E. S. C. 25, 3 (1970), pp. 796‑7.

** Karl Marx, «British Rule in India», New York Daily Tribune (June 25 1853) (Werke, IX, p. 129).

‘®* B. M. Bhatia, Famines in India (London 1967), pp. 68‑97.

“* Та Chen, Chinese Migration with Special Reference to Labour Conditions (us Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington 1923).

N. Sanchez Albomoz, «Le Cycle vital annuel en Espagne 1863‑1900», Annales E. S. C. 24, 6 (November‑December 1969); M. Emerit, «Le Maroc et I’Europe jusqu’en 1885», Annales E. S. C. 20, 3 (May‑June 1965).

P. Leroy‑Beaulieu, L’/4/gme et la Tunisie, 2nd ed. (Paris 1897), p. 53.

Almanack de Gotha 1876.

Глава 8: Победители

Jakob Burkhardt, Reflections on History (London 1943), p. 170.

^ Erskine May, op. cit.. I, p. 25.

^ Cited in Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land (New York 1957 ed.), p.

191. I am indebted to this valuable study of the agrarian‑Utopian strain in the United States as well as to Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men (Oxford 1970).

Herbert G. Gutman, «Social Status and Social Mobility in Nineteenth Century America: The Industrial City. Paterson, New Jersey» (mimeo) (1964).

** Martin J. Primack, «Farm construction as a use of farm labor in the United States \b5Q‑\9\0»,JoumalofEconomicHistoryXXS (1965), p. 114 ff.

** Rodman Wilson Paul, Mining Frontiers of the Far West (New York 1963), pp. 57‑81.

Joseph G. McCoy, Historic Sketches of the Cattle Trade of the West and South‑west (Kansas City 1874; Glendale, California 1940). The author founded Abilene as a cattle centre and became its mayor in 1871.

** Charles Howard Shinn in Mining Camps, A Study in American

Frontier Government ed. R. W. Paul (New York, Evanston and London 1965), chapter XXIV, pp. 45‑6.

** Hugh Davis Graham and Ted Gurr (eds.). The History of Violence in America (New York 1969), chapter 5, especially p. 175.

W. Miller (ed.). Men in Business (Cambridge [Mass.] 1952), p. 202.

“* I am obliged to Dr William Rubinstein of Johns Hopkins University for the data on which this guess is based.

Herbert G. Gutman, «Work, Culture and Society in Industrializing America 1815‑1919», American Historical Review, 78, 3 (1973), p. 569.

John Whitoey Hall, Das Japanische Kaiserreich (Frankfurt 1968),

p. 282.

*■** Nakagawa, Keiichiro and Henry Rosovsky, «The Case of the Dying Kimono», Business History Review, XXXVII (1963), pp. 59‑80.

V G. Kieman, The Lords of Human Kind (London 1972), p. 188.

Horace Capron, «Agriculture in Japan» inReport of the Commissioner for Agriculture, 1873 (Washington 1874), pp. 364‑74.

Kieman, op. cit., p. 193.

Глава 9: Меняющееся общество

** Erskine May, op. cit.. I, pp. Ixv‑vi.

^ Journaux des Freres Concourt (Paris 1956), II, p. 753.

^ Werke, XXXIV, pp. 510‑11.

Werke, XXXII, p. 669.

** Werke, XIX, p. 296.

Werke, XXXIV, p. 512.

’* M. Pushkin, «The professions and the intelligentsia in nineteenth‑

century Russia», University of Birmingham Historical Journal, XII, I (1969), pp. 72 ff.

**Hugh Seton Watson, Imperial Russia 1861‑1917 (Oxford 1967), pp. 422‑3.

** A. Ardao, «Positivism in Latin America», Journal of the History of IdeasXXiV, 4 (1963), p. 519, notes that Comte’s actual Constitution was imposed on the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil).

‘®* G. Haupt, «La Commune comme symbole et comme exemple». Mouve‑ ment Social, 79 (April‑June 1972), pp. 205‑26.

Samuel Bernstein, Essays in Political and Intellectual History (New York 1955), chapter XX, «The First International and a New Holy Alliance», especially pp. 194‑5 and 197.

J. Rougerie, Paris Libre 1871 (Paris 1971), pp. 256‑63.

Глава 10: Земля

Cited in Jean Meyer, Problemas campesinosy revueltas agrarias (1821‑1910) (Mexico 1973), p. 93.

^ Cited in R. Giusti, «L’agricoltura e i contadini nel Mantovano (1848‑1866)», Movimento Operaio VII, 3‑4 (1955), p. 386.

^ Neumaiin‑Spallart, op. cit., p. 65.

^ Mitchell and Deane, op. cit., pp. 356‑7.

** M. Hroch, Die Vorkampfer der nationalen Bewegung bei den kleinen Volkem Europas (Prague 1968), p. 168.

** «Bauerngut», Handwdrterbuch der Staatswissenschaflen (2nd ed.), II, pp. 441 and 444.

«Agriculture» in Mulhall, op. cit., p. 7.

** I. Wellman, «Histoire rurale de la Hongrie», Annales E. S. C., 23, 6 (1968), p. 1203; Mulhall, loc. cit.

E. Sereni, Storia del paesaggio agrario italiano (Bari 1962), pp· 351‑2. Industrial deforestation should not be neglected either. «The large amount of fuel required by [the furnaces of Lake Superior, USA] has already made a very decided impression on the surrounding timber,» wrote H. Bauermann in 1868 {Л Treatise on the Metallurgy of Iron [London 1872], p. 227); daily supply of a single furnace required the clearing of an acre of forest.

“* Elizabedi Whitcombe, Agrarian Conditions in Northern India, I, 1860‑1900 (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London 1972), pp. 75‑85, discusses the consequences of large‑scale irrigation engineering in the United Provinces critically.

“* Irwin Feller, «Inventive activity in agriculture, 1837‑1900», Journal of Economic History, XXII (1962), p. 576.

Charles McQueen, Peruvian Public Finance (Washington 1926), pp. 5‑6. Guano supplied 75 per cent of Peruvian government income of all kinds in 1861‑6, 80 per cent in 1869‑75. (Heraclio Bonilla, Guanoy burguesia en el Peru [Lima 1974], pp. 138‑9, citing Shane Hunt.)

«Bauerngut», Handworterbuch der Staatswissenschaflen (2nd ed.), II, p. 439.

See G. Verga’s short story «Liberty», based on the rising at Bronte, which is among those discussed in D. Mack Smith, «The peasants» revolt in Sicily in 1860» in Studi in Onore di Gino Luzzatto (Milan 1950), pp. 201‑40.

'** E. D. Genovese, In Red and Black, Marxian Explorations in Southern and Afro‑American History (Harmondsworth 1971), pp. 131‑4.

“* For the most elaborate version of this argument see R. W. Fogel and S. Engermann, Time on the Cross (Boston and London 1974).

”*Th. Brassey, Works and Wages Practically Illustrated (London 1872).

“* H. Klein, «The Coloured Freedmen in Brazilian Slave Society»,

Journal of Social History 3, 1 (1969), pp. 36; Julio Le Riverend, Historia economica de Cuba (Havana 1956), p. 160.

*** P. Lyashcheiiko, A History of the Russian National Economy (New York 1949), p. 365.

Lyashchenko, op. cit., pp. 440 and 450.

D. Wells, Recent Economic Changes (New York 1889), p. 100.

Jaroslav Purs, «Die Entwicklung des Kapitalismus in der Landwirt‑schaft der bohmischen Lander 1849‑1879», Jahrbuch fir Wirtschafls‑geschichte (1963), ΠΙ, p. 38.

“*I. Orosz, «Arbeitskrafte in der ungarischen Landwirtschaft,» Jahrbuch pr Wirtschaflsgeschichte (1972) П, p. 199.

J. Varga, Typen und Probleme des bauerlichen Grundbesitzes 1767‑1849 (Budapest 1965), cited in Annales E. S. C. 23, 5 (1968), p. 1165.

A. Girault and L. Milliot, Principes de Colonisation et de legislation Coloniale. L’Algerie (Paris 1938), pp. 383 and 386.

Raymond Carr, Spain 1808‑1959 (Oxford 1966), p. 273.

Jose Termes Ardevol, El Movimiento Obrero en Espana. La Primera Internacional (1864‑1881) (Barcelona 1965), unpag. Appendix: Sociedades Obreras creadas en 1870‑1874.

A. Dubuc, «Les sobriquets dans le Pays de Bray en 1875», Annales de Normandie (August 1952), pp. 281‑2.

Purs, op. cit., p. 40.

“* Franco Venturi, Les Intellectuels, lepeuple et la revolution. Histoire du populisme russe au XIX siecle (Paris 1972), II, pp. 946‑8. This magnificent book, an earlier edition of which exists in English translation (Roots of Revolution [London I960]), is the standard work on its subject.

M. Fleury and P. Valmary, «Les Progres d’instruction elementaire de Louis XIV к Napoleon III», Population XII (1957), pp. 69 ff; E.

de Laveleye, L'Instruction du Peuple (Paris 1872), pp. 174, 188, 196, 227‑8 and 481.

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