Is a structured set of interrelated lexical variants with different denotational and connotational meanings.

TYPES OF CONNOTATIONS

ARNOL D	I. Evaluative.
celebrated well known for... notorious
II. Emotional/Effective
anger – indignation - rage
III. Expressive/Intensifying
ire- rage
IV. Stylistic (bookish, formal...)

Emotional Excitement induced by intense displeasure	Indignation	righteous generous intensify of anger
Anger	merely the emotional reaction
Ire	greater intensity (literary)
Rage	adds the implication of lost self-control a sense of frustration, temporary derangement of the mind
Choler	anger (bookish)

PRAGMATIC CONNOTATIONS

A N T R U S H I N A	Of	Cause = causative flush (from modesty, shame) redden (from anger)
Manner Trot - pace
Duration Stare, glimpse
Att. Circumstances peep (through a hole) peer (through the fog)
Att. Features Handsome: fine proportions tall statue Beautiful: classical features & perfect figure Pretty: small delicate features

express judgement of a person/ thing which is contem-plated perceived with sensuous aethetic pleasure	BEAUTIFUL LOVELY HANDSOME PRETTY BONNY GOOD-LOOKING	the riskest in significance very strong implication excites the keenest pleasure of senses, mind and soul keen emotional delight rather than intellectual or spiritual but little emotions! a judgement of approval smth pleasant to look upon perfect in form, taste, proportion pleases by its delicacy, grace, charm rather than elegance, style, perfection + diminutiveness / exquisiteness pleasing qualities: sweetness, simplicity, healthiness, plumpness handsome, but pretty less expressive than handsome (Br. scot.)
To take rest by a suspension of conscious-ness (mystery-ous state, sleep)	SLEEP KIP NAP DOZE SNOOZE SHUT-EYE	The periodical repose To lie down to sleep intentionally short (slang) Intentionally a short, light sleep esp. in the day-time Falling asleep for a brief period unintentionally naturally casual, slangy are not aware of (coll)

The Semantic Structure of a Polysemantic Word is a structured set of interrelated lexical variants with different denotational and connotational meanings.

The elements are interrelated due to the existence of some common semantic component. Every meaning is characterized according to:

· the function,

· significative or pragmatic effect

· it has to fulfill denotative and connotative meaning referring the word

· to the extra-linguistic reality;

· to the speaker;

· to other meanings with which it contrasted.

Direct meaning:

it nominates the referent without the help of a context, in isolation:

run ”to go by moving the legs”; screen ‘a movable piece of furniture’(direct):: smoke screen ‘ an object which protects’(fig.):: ’a silver-colored sheet’(sec.):: screen actor (abstr.)

(Indirect) Figurative:

the object is named and characterized through its similarity with another object: “to operate or function”- I run the office;

Angle

Space b/w lines point of view

Concrete Abstract

Honey

A sweet sticky substance sweetness pleasantness

Special General

Earth

The planet the world

Main/primary Secondary

Jug- vessel jug - prison

Central Peripheric

Prison

Building any place

Narrow Extended

School

Institution for process of being

Educating children educated in a school

“I hate school”

To go to school

The main meaning is that which possesses the highest frequency at the present stage of the vocabulary development.

The contextual meaning represents only one of the possible variants of the word but it may render a complicated notion or emotion analyzable into several semes.

“Lady Constance, peace! -War! War! no peace! Peace is to me a war” (Sharespeare)

Contextual meanings include nonce usage.

Nonce words are words invented and used for a particular occasion.

FUNCTIONALLY

Conversational Words:

mad	upset	lots of
tell off	funny	dear
fed up	great	give up

Faded Words

nice	nasty	rich	like
good	strange	poor	got
bad	interesting	get

		productive	strong
		prosperous	lush
		copious	bright
	colour	resonant	creamy
	sound	tasty	affluent
RICH…	taste	abundant	ample
	food	luxuriant	warm
	life	fruitful	vivid
	person	delicious	lavish
		opulent	deep
		plentiful	juicy
		wealthy

WORD ORIGIN

I n f o r m a l	Obsolete Words	F o r m a l	Current Words
scyppend desceaft healdend ræ dend æ ð eling dē mend	creator creation chief ruler prince judge
Old English Words	Borrowings
Pluck Sweat Guts Clothes Climb Begin Book Pride Lung	Courage Fr. Perspire Fr. Determination L. Attire Fr. Ascend L. Commence Fr. Volume Fr. Hubris Dr. Pulmonary L.

STYLISTIC TYPES OF WORDS

Antrushina: Ginsburg

Stylistically

Colloqual

Common colloquial

marked

Neutral

Slang

Substandard colloqual

Dialect

Vulgar-s

Learned

Poetic

Prof-sms

Slang

Terminological

Jargon -s

Archaic

Dialect

I.R. Galperin

Neutral	Literary	Non-Literary Familiar Colloqual
	- General	- Low
	- Poetic	- Jargon
-	- Scientific - Learned - Archaic - Neologisms	- Slang - Vulgarisms - Dialectal words

Witness1 “evidence, testimony” – a direct, abstract, primary meaning;

Witness2 “a person with knowledge of an event” – a metonymical, concrete, secondary;

Witness3 “a person who gives evidence in court” – metonymical, concrete, secondary;

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