Word as a basic unit of Language

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The word as a unity of meaning and form, wordbuilding and formbuilding, the Lexical Unit (LU), the differentiation of a word and a morpheme, a word and a free combination, the relationship of a word and reality in the Semantic Triangle, word motivation and its types.

Lexical Meaning and Word Semantic Structure

Lexical meaning and its definitions, lexical meaning and concept, lexical and grammatical meaning, cognitive and pragmatic meanings, denotatum and significatum, the description of meaning as a task of Lexicography.

The structure of cognitive meaning: meaning as a group of semantic characteristics (semes), the componential analysis, intentional and implicational semantic characteristics, hyperseme (marker) and hyposeme (distinguisher) as types of intentional semantic characteristics, types of implications.

The structure of pragmatic meaning: the optional character of pragmatic meaning, types of connotations.

Prototypical Semantics

The prototypical approach to the word semantic structure, cognitive categories as the result of categorisation, the basic principles of the prototypical approach, prototypical, non-prototypical and marginal elements of a category, the characteristics of a prototype.

Semantic Derivation

The change of word semantic structure as a source of language development, the types of semantic derivation, specialisation, generalisation, linguistic metaphor and its types, linguistic metonymy and its types, the linguistic and extralinguistic causes of semantic derivation.

Polysemy and Homonymy

The polysemy as a characteristic of the English language, types of meanings and their interrelation in the structure of a polysemantic word, the basic features of polysemy, the definition of homonyms, the main causes of homonymy, classifications of homonyms – homonyms proper, homophones and homographs, full and partial homonyms.

Word and Context

The polysemy and context, combinability of words, the usual and occasional meanings, static and dynamic meanings, the theory of linguistic context, context and speech situation, context as a unity of a word and an indicator, types of context (lexical, grammatical, thematic).

Part 2 Lexical Morphology

Affixation

Morpheme as a minimum meaningful unit of language, free and bound morphemes, classes of morphemes, positional types of affixes, affixation as a type of derivation, functional and derivational affixes, native and borrowed affixes, productive and non-productive affixes, affixes forming different parts of speech, allomorphs as variants of morphemes.

Composition

Composition as a type of derivation and morphological structure, the aspects of differentiation of compound words and free phrases (graphic, semantic, morphological, syntactical), determinant and determinatum in a structure of compound words, classifications of compounds, reduplicative compounds, the characteristic features of English compounds.

Shortening

Shortening as a type of derivation, quantitative and qualitative correlation of a curtained word with its prototype, types of clipping (final, initial, medial)

Conversion

Conversion as a combined morphological and syntactic way of word-building, usual and occasional conversion, groups of words coined by conversion, groups of semantic associations of the original word with the word coined by conversion, morphological and historic causes of conversion development, patterned homonymy, combination of conversion and composition.

Minor types of word-building

Blending as a combination of shortening and composition, additive and restrictive types of blending, onomatopoeia (sound imitation), groups of onomatopoeic words, back–formation and its diachronic relevance.

Part 3 Vocabulary as a System

Semantic fields

Trier’s theory of semantic fields, types of semantic fields in Fillmore’s theory, synonymy, synonymic group, synonymic dominant, ideographic, stylistic and absolute synonyms, the sources of synonymy, hyperonemes, hyponemes and equanemes, lexical opposites (antonyms and conversives), types of antonyms.

Phraseology

Phraseological Unit as a word equivalent, the basic characteristics of PU, motivational classification of PU (fusions, unities and combinations), functional classification of PU, the features enchanting the stability of PU.

Functional variation of words

Neutral and marked vocabulary, the characteristics of Basic vocabulary, functional styles and registers, formal and informal vocabulary.

Formal vocabulary – learned words (officialisms and literary words), obsolete words, terms.

Informal vocabulary – colloquialisms and slang words

Standard English, variants and dialects, dialectisms, americanisms.

Part 4 Applied Lexicology

Lexicography

The theory and practice in Lexicography, types of dictionaries: unilingual, bilingual and multilingual dictionaries, synchronic and diachronic dictionaries, general and special dictionaries, the problem of word selection, the problem of entry arrangement, the problem of word definition.

Семинарские занятия

Part 1 Lexical Semantics

Word as a basic unit of Language. Lexical Meaning

Questions and tasks:

1. What is a word?

2. What is the difference between “word” and “lexical unit”?

3. Explain the meaning of a term “lexeme”.

4. What does the Semantic (Basic) Triangle illustrate?

5. Draw the schemes of and give the commentary to: a) F. de Saussure’s model of sign, b) Frege’s semantic triangle, c) Richards and Ogden’s semantic triangle, d) Pyotrovsky’s sign

6. What is the word motivation? What types of motivation are recognised?

7. What definitions of «meaning» are introduced by different linguists and schools?

8. How do lexical and grammatical meanings correlate?

9. What types of lexical meaning are recognised?

Practical exercises:

1. Ex.5 (p. 11) (Антрушина Г.Б., Афанасьева О.В., Морозова Н.Н. Лексикология английского языка. М., 2000).

2. Ex. 6 (p. 11) (abid).

3. Comment on the motivation of the words: hiss, bubble, vitaminize, hand (of a clock)

4. Use the dictionary and analyse the meanings of the words: mountain (n), horrible (adj), strong (adj), roots (n, in “his roots are Scottish”), Oh (interj), multitude (n), robot (n), soft (n), feel (v), disc (n, in “compact disk”). What types of meaning do these words illustrate?

Literature: 1) Arnold I.V. The English Word. Moscow, 1986 – pp. 27-42; 2) Антрушина Г.Б., Афанасьева О.В., Морозова Н.Н. Лексикология английского языка. М., 2000 – pp. 6-11, 129 -131; 3) Гвишиани Н.Б. Современный английский язык: Лексикология. М., 2000 – pp. 12-24. 4) Никитин М.В. Курс лингвистической семантики. СПб., 2007 – pp. 19–85; 5) Дубенец Э.М. Современный английский язык. Лексикология: пособие для студентов гуманитарных вузов М., СПб., 2004- pp. 123-125; 6) Зыкова И.В. Практический курс английской лексикологии. М., 2006, pp. 11-27.

Semantic Structure of a Word

Questions and tasks:

1. What are the main meanings included into the semantic structure of a word? How do they differ?

2. What are the types of semantic characteristics? What is a seme?

3. What is intentional? What parts does it fall into?

4. What are the hyperseme and hyposeme?

5. Name and characterise the types of implications.

6. What kind of meaning is pragmatic?

7. How are connotations classified?

8. What is the componential analysis?

Practical exercises:

1. Use the dictionary and identify the hyper- and hyposemes within the structure of the following words: village(n), ketchup(n), laboratory(n), knowledge (n), laugh (v), mad (adj), lunch (n), pretend (v).

2. Group the implications of the following words up to the types: classmate (n), bush (n), ocean (n), magazine (n), airplane (n), scientists (n), fir-tree (n).

3. Ex. 9 (a, b) (p. 146) (Антрушина Г.Б., Афанасьева О.В., Морозова Н.Н. Лексикология английского языка. М., 2000).

4. Choose a word and give the analysis of its semantic structure.

Literature: 1) Arnold I.V. The English Word. Moscow, 1986 – pp. 47-59; 2) Антрушина Г.Б., Афанасьева О.В., Морозова Н.Н. Лексикология английского языка. М., 2000 – pp. 136- 138; 3) Никитин М.В. Курс лингвистической семантики. СПб., 2007 – pp. 85-135.

III

Semantic Derivation

Questions and tasks:

1. Name the types of semantic derivation.

2. What is specialization?

3. What is generalization?

4. What is linguistic metaphor? What are the types of metaphor?

5. What is linguistic metonymy? What are the types of metonymy?

6. What are Elevation and Degradation?

7. What are the causes of semantic change?

Practical exercises:

1) Ex. 2 (p. 160); 2) Ex. 3 (p. 162); 3) Ex. 4 (p. 162); 4) Ex. 5 (p. 162); 5) Ex. 6 (p. 163); 6) Ex. 7 (p. 164); 7) Ex. 10 (p. 165) (Антрушина Г.Б., Афанасьева О.В., Морозова Н.Н. Лексикология английского языка. М., 2000).

Literature: 1) Arnold I.V. The English Word. Moscow, 1986 – pp. 60-76; 2) Антрушина Г.Б., Афанасьева О.В., Морозова Н.Н. Лексикология английского языка. М., 2000 – pp. 147-165 3) Никитин М.В. Курс лингвистической семантики. СПб., 2007 – pp. 192–276; 4) Дубенец Э.М. Современный английский язык. Лексикология: пособие для студентов гуманитарных вузов М., СПб., 2004 – pp. 74-81; 6) Зыкова И.В. Практический курс английской лексикологии. М., 2006, pp. 27-29.

Polysemy and Homonymy

Questions and tasks:

1. What is polysemy?

2. What meanings can be included into the semantic structure of a polysemantic word?

3. What is homonymy?

4. What’s the difference between polysemy and homonymy?

5. What are the main sources of homonymy?

6. How are homonyms classified?

Practical exercises:

1) Ex. 2 (p.142); 2) Ex. 4 (p. 144); 3) Ex. 5 (p. 145); 4) Ex. 6 (p. 145); 5) Ex. 8 (p. 146); 6) Ex. 2 (p. 176); 7) Ex. 3 (p. 177); 8) Ex. 4 (p. 178); 9) Ex. 5 (179); 10) Ex. 8 (p. 182) (Антрушина Г.Б., Афанасьева О.В., Морозова Н.Н. Лексикология английского языка. М., 2000).

Literature: 1) Arnold I.V. The English Word. Moscow, 1986 – pp. 50–56, 182-193; 2) Антрушина Г.Б., Афанасьева О.В., Морозова Н.Н. Лексикология английского языка. М., 2000 – pp. 131–146, 166-175; 3) Гвишиани Н.Б. Современный английский язык: Лексикология. М., 2000 – pp. 150-158. 4) Никитин М.В. Курс лингвистической семантики. СПб., 2007 – pp. 176–192; 5) Дубенец Э.М. Современный английский язык. Лексикология: пособие для студентов гуманитарных вузов М., СПб., 2004 – pp. 125-131; 6) Зыкова И.В. Практический курс английской лексикологии. М., 2006, pp. 29-34.

Part 2 Lexical Morphology

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