Ex.3 Match the following words to their definitions.

Модуль 6

Advances in Space Research

Lessons 1. Objectives – to introduce the topic of “Gravity”, vocabulary on the topic, develop reading and understanding skills, encourage students to speak on the topic, revising/learning grammar “Modal verb” (this activity is for the entire Module)

· Have you ever dreamed to be an astronaut or a space researcher?

· Is space research important for mankind? Why?

· Can space technologies be beneficial for our life on Earth?

· What is the difference between Earth and space conditions?

Watch a short video [1] ( file 1.1) to shape the atmosphere of the lesson or listen to a talk [2] (file 1.2) and then answer the following questions:

1. What do you know about Mikhail Kornienko and Scott Kelly?

2. Why did they need to be helped from the capsule after landing?

3. What tests have they undergone?

4. What do you know about gravity?

Intensive Reading/ Active Vocabulary

Ex.1 Learn the following words/phrases:

accurately (adj) – точно application (n) – применение approximate (v) - быть приблизительно точным, верным, равным, тождественным; attractive force–сила притяжения cause (n) –дело, причина; (v) – вызывать (какое-либо явление), причинять complexity (n) - сложность 'consequence (n) – следствие, последствие distribution (n) – распределение fuse (v) – плавиться hydrogen (n) - водород in addition – кроме того, вдобавок include (v) – включать (содержать) increasingly (adv) – всё больше и больше, в возрастающем количестве interactions (n) - взаимодействия inversely (adv)– обратно (пропорционально)

phenomenon(n, мн.ч.-phenomena) – явление postulate (v) - принимать без доказательства prediction (n) – предположение, предсказание, расчётные данные pressure (n) – давление range (n) – радиус действия, расстояние, ряд, диапазон relativity (n) – относительность, теория относительности responsible for (to be responsible for) – ответственный за (отвечать за) result in (v) – приводить к, давать в результате scale (n) - масштаб; размер, уровень spacetime (n) - космическое время (в общей теории относительности) uneven (adj) – неровный, шероховатый

Ex.2 Read the text [3] “Gravity” and headline its parts. Make notes of your headings.

Gravity or gravitation is a natural phenomenon by which all things with energy are brought towards (or 'gravitate' towards) one another, including stars, planets, galaxies and even light and sub-atomic particles. Gravity is responsible for the complexity in the Universe, by creating spheres of hydrogen. Hydrogen fuses under pressure to form stars and then grouping them into galaxies. On Earth, gravity gives weight to physical objects and causes the tides1. Gravity has an infinite range 2, although its effects can become increasingly weaker on farther objects.

Gravity can be accurately described by the general theory of relativity (proposed by Albert Einstein in 1915). It describes gravity not as a force but as a consequence of the curvature 3 of spacetime caused by the uneven distribution of mass/energy; and resulting in time dilation4, where time lapses 5 more slowly in strong gravitation. The predictions of general relativity have been confirmed in all observations and experiments to date.

However, for most applications, gravity is well approximated by Newton's law of universal gravitation, which postulates that gravity is a force where two bodies of mass are directly drawn (or 'attracted') to each other. This is considered to occur over an infinite range, so that all bodies (with mass) in the Universe are drawn to each other no matter how far they are apart.

Gravity is the weakest of the four fundamental interactions of nature. On the other hand, gravity is the dominant interaction at the macroscopic scale, and is the cause of the formation, shape, and trajectory (orbit) of astronomical bodies. It is responsible for various phenomena observed on Earth and throughout the Universe; for example, it causes the Earth and the other planets to orbit the Sun, the Moon to orbit the Earth, the formation of tides, and the formation and evolution of galaxies, stars and the Solar System. In addition, the general theory of relativity also predicts the existence of gravitational waves, which have since been observed directly by physics collaboration LIGO. It is the basis of current cosmological models of a consistently expanding Universe.

Notes to the text:

1 cause the tides – вызывать отливы и приливы

2 aninfinite range – безграничный радиус действия

3 a consequence of the curvature – последствие изгиба

4 time dilation – замедление времени

5 time lapses – время идет (lapse (v) – идти, течь ( о времени)( lapse of time – течение времени)

Phrases/Word formation

no longer, because of, due to, thanks to, to learn/revise suffixes –ness, -ance, /ence, -ist, -ful, -less.

Орловская И.В.: , p. 105 ex. 9, 10; p.106 ex.12; p. 113 ex. 29, p.106-107 ex. 14 A., B

ListeningComprehension

Ex.1 Listen to a story “Gravitational Waves Detected, Einstein Is Right” [8]

(file 4.1 or 4.2 for advanced groups)

Before you start listening read the vocabulary and look through the questions

ripple – n. рябь, расходящийся волнами, пульсация

predict – v. предсказывать; прогнозировать

detect – v.находить; обнаруживать; открывать;

violent – adj. неистовый; яростный; ожесточённый; отчаянный; сильный

crash - v.сталкиваться; разбиваться на куски; раздробляться

black hole - n. черная дыра

ripple in the fabric of space-time – phrase: волна, проходящая рябью по космическому пространству

spin (v.) - вращать(ся) вокруг продольной оси;

galaxy – n. Галактика

Listening Comprehension

Ex.1 A (file 5 as an alternative for a basic group)

Listen to a story “Worms Get Ready to Fly in Space” [9]

Speaking

Ex. 4 Discoveries:

Students A strongly believe discoveries in space are very important;

Students B strongly believe they are not. Change partners again and talk about your conversations. Use the following phrases:

Space research is a waste of money. vs. Space research is money well spent.

Ex. 5 Read the title and subheading of the magazine article:

Over 18, 300 apply for 14 astronaut jobs (22nd February, 2016) A record number of people have applied to NASA to be part of its astronaut training program. NASA said it received over 18, 300 applications for just 14 jobs. Human resources officials at NASA will now spend the next 18 months looking at the applications to select the best ones. It plans to announce the successful applicants in the middle of 2017.

What do you think trainee astronauts have to do? Complete this table with your partner(s).

	What they have to do
Food
Exercise
Study
Internet
Health
New skills

Lesson 4. Objectives –to revise/summarize grammar of the Module, to encourage students to speak on the topics of the Module.

Grammar Revision (Modal Verbs)

Speaking

Ex. 4. Debate these fun arguments for just two minutes each. Student A agrees with the first argument, Student B, with the second. Use the following expressions:

In my opinion, ….. From my point of view….. I believe…… In the future, I think….

I don`t agree with you… I don`t really think… I`m afraid I can`t agree with that idea…

Living in space would be crazy. vs. Living in space would be awesome.

b. Weightlessness would be wonderful. vs. Weightlessness would be boring.

c. Being on Earth is more beautiful. vs. Looking at the earth is more beautiful.

d. An astronaut is the best job in the world. vs. There are better jobs.

e. Living in space is bad for your health. vs. Living on Earth is bad for your health.

f. A holiday in space would be exciting. vs. A holiday in space would be stressful.

g. We will have to live in space one day. vs. We will always be able to live on Earth.

h. China will be the leader in space exploration. vs. Russia will always be first.

i. Space research is a waste of money. vs. Space research is money well spent.

STUDENT A’s QUESTIONS (Do not show these to student B)

1) What springs to mind when you hear the word 'space'?

2) How interested are you in space?

3) What do you think about what you read about gravitational waves?

4) What do you know about Einstein?

5) What do you know about Einstein's General Theory of Relativity?

6) What do you want to know about space?

7) Do you think there is life on other planets?

8) Would you like to research in space?

9)	Did you like reading articles of this Module? Why/not?

STUDENT B’s QUESTIONS (Do not show these to student A)


10)	What is the most important discovery ever?
11)	What is the most important invention ever?
12)	What questions are there about our universe?
13)	Will everything in science fiction movies come true?
14)	Would you be a good scientist?
15)	Do you think we will find something in space we won't like?
16)	What did you like about science at school?
17)	What will space research be like in 100 years from now?
18)	What questions would you like to ask the scientists?

Ex. 6 Make presentations in Power Point on the topic “Advances in Space Research”. (Use the texts “Creating Materials in a Weightless Environment” and “Gravitational Waves Detected, Einstein Is Right”, and your own findings). The following websites might be helpful:

http: //www.nasa.gov National Aeronautics and Space Administration

http: //www.esa.int - European Space Agency

http: //www.federalspace.ru/ Russian Space Agency

http: //space.skyrocket.de/

http: //www.planet4589.org/space/

http: //www.spacefacts.de

http: //www.space.com

http: //spaceflight.nasa.gov

http: //www.spacelist.org

http: //www.russianspaceweb.com/

Ex. 7 [10] Translate into English using grammar and vocabulary of the Module.

1. Изменение физических свойств материалов можно изучать на борту космической станции.

2. В результате экспериментов в условиях невесомости ученые должны найти способы устранения примесей в материалах

3. Громоздкие (bulky) конструкции не нужно доставлять с Земли, так как их следует изготавливать на борту станции.

4. Компания “ Made in Space” смогла создать технологию 3Д печати, которая может быть использована для замены поврежденных деталей непосредственно на МКС

5. Иногда космонавты вынуждены изготовлять деталь вне МКС в вакууме космоса.

6. Новая технология позволила производить инструменты на борту, что необходимо для длительных (long term) космических полетов.

7. Тестирование, которое пришлось проводить в вакуумной камере (chamber), подтвердило, что механические свойства полученного материала отличаются от свойств материала, произведенного в земной атмосфере.

8. В соответствии с международной научно-образовательной программой специалисты российского сектора МКС смогли использовать отслуживший (retired) космический скафандр Орлан-М для создания мини-спутника.

[1] https: //www.youtube.com/watch? v=FLmwRKlcuv8 (file 1.1)

[2] http: //learningenglish.voanews.com/content/kelly-and-kornienko-land-on-solid-ground/3215118.html (file 1.2)

[3] http: //www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/universe/questions_and_ideas/gravity

http: //www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/universe/questions_and_ideas/general_relativity#default

[4] This activity could either be as a class activity or as a home assignment

[5] http: //learningenglish.voanews.com/media/video/everyday-grammar-tv/3137097.html? z=0& zp=1 (file 2)

[6] По материалам http: //www.scienceclarified.com/scitech/Space-Stations/Research-and-Experiments.html#ixzz40M3Pi5Z7

[7] http: //learningenglish.voanews.com/content/everyday-grammar-may-might-must-modals-certainty/2887387.html (file 3)

[8] http: //learningenglish.voanews.com/content/eistein-is-proven-right/3188629.html (file 4.1 or 4.2)

[9] http: //learningenglish.voanews.com/media/video/2673596.html

[10] This exercise can be set as homework after the test for a strong group.