Ex.1.Find in the text equivalents to the following words and word combinations.

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Дача; воображение; остановиться в гостинице; разочароваться; договориться об отпуске; интересоваться; морской паром; палатка; случаться; реклама; волнение; стоимость поездки за границу; восклицать; оставаться в одном месте; достаточно; теплоход; мудрый; выдвинуть новую идею; осмотреть палатку; предложение; достать (купить билеты); ьастерская по ремонту машин;

Ex.2.Make up questions to which the following sentences might be the answers.

1.The information brought home by Jillian was about the Smiths’ having bought a holiday cottage in the country.

2. They discussed their summer holiday plans.

3. No, there were too many possibilities opened up.

4. They decided to take the car and to buy a tent.

5. The car started making peculiar noises and Martin couldn’t get tickets for the air ferry.

6.The last two air ferry tickets were bought by Peter.

7.Liz and Peter were going to Italy.

8. They were going to stay away for the first three weeks in August.

9. Martin and Jillian could spend their holidays in the Smiths’ holiday cottage in the country.

Ex.3. Suggest English equivalents of the Russian words given in brackets.

1. So they sat down (обсудить) it. 2.Jillian thought she would like to go Italy and Martin (предложил) that Spain (может быть) a good idea. 3.Finally, (не решив) where to go, they realized that it would be wise to think (о стоимости ) of going abroad. 4. After (тщательного осмотра) five different tents, (решили) which one would be (самой подходящей) and brought it home.5. Martin found that he couldn’t (достать билеты) for the air ferry during the first week in August. 6. That evening Peter and Liz Smith came round full (волнения) because they were going to Italy.7. Well, the first thing is to (решить) about the car.”

Ex.4.Answer the questions on the text and retell the text.

1. Who first informed Martin about the Smiths’ holiday cottage?

2. What did Martin and Jillian discuss after the tea?

3. What was the first thing to be decided about?

4. How did Martin imagine Jillian was looking?

5. Which idea could neither of them object to?

6.Where did they make their examination of the five tents?

7. Could Martin take tickets for the air ferry?

8.What was the problem with their car?

9. What did Peter suggest?

Grammar: Modal verbs: must, should, ought and their equivalents.

Modal verb Equivalent	Present	Past	Future
must have to be to	must have/has to... am/is/are to...	had to... was/were to...	will have to...

· “Must” expresses:

1. Obligation, necessity (= to have to...) (должен)

A command, an urgent request (побудительное предложение)

Prohibition (нельзя, запрещается)

“To have to” expresses:

Obligation or necessity arising out of circumstances (должен, приходится, вынужден)

“To be to” expresses:

An agreement or arrangement, part of a plan (должен)

A strict order/prohibition (побудительное предложение)

Something thought as unavoidable (предстоит, суждено)

The absence of necessity is expressed by “needn’t”. There is sometimes a difference between ”must” and “have to”. With “must” the speaker is giving his own feelings, saying “he” thinks it necessary. We can use “must” to talk about the present and future, ”have to” can be used in three tense forms. In its second meaning “must” denotes probability. In this meaning it is used in affirmative sentences only.

Modal verbs: should and ought. There is hardly any difference between these verbs, very often they are interchangeable. There is a difference in construction: ought is always followed by to- infinitive. Moral obligation or duty is more often expressed by ought to. It is a little stronger than should.

Ex.5.Translate the sentences, explain the use of “must” or “have to” in them.

1. I must go and lay the table myself. 2. We had to walk all the way to the station. 3. She had to change her shoes after walking in the garden. 4. She pretended she didn’t understand anything. Mother had to tell her plainly what she thought of it. 5. We’ll have to run.6. The shoes are a size too small. I’ll have to go to the shop and have them changed. 7. She was running high temperature. I had to put her to bed at once.

Ex.6.Replace the infinitives in brackets by “must”, “have + infinitive” if the action is only necessary; by “be + infinitive” – if it’s expected.

1. This is Dora. She (share) your room. 2. I must leave you now. I (do) the cooking. 3. Who (meet) you there? 4. My feet are wet. I ( change) my stockings. 5. I’m afraid you (go) there alone, darling. I’ve such a headache. 6. When the lecture (begin)? 7. Two more apartment houses (be built) here. 8. Well, children, who (do) the dishes to-night! 9. Sorry, I’ve got to rush. I (meet) mother at the metro station at 6 sharp.

Ex.7.Complete the sentences using the modal verbs " can", " may", " must"

1. The performance... (be over) as there are many people leaving the theatre.2. I don't believe that he said it. He... (say) such a thing. 3. I am sure they knew everything about it. Mary... (tell) them. She can't keep her word. 4. I am sure that she did not do anything of the kind. They... (take) her sister for her. 5. It is impossible that they should have refused to help you. They.... (break) their promise.6.Perhaps it was true, I am not sure. She... (be ashamed) to tell you the truth. 7.....you really mean it? 8. There is no doubt that it was all prepared beforehand. He.... (watch) you. 9. It is impossible. They.... (leave) already. I was watching the door of the house.

10. I don't believe that they didn't recognize you. They....(fail to recognize) you. 11. His teacher.... (help) him; his English is quite decent now.12. I'm quite sure, my students.... (be) at a lecture now. They never miss classes.13. I don't believe it. He.... (write) the letter but the signature is certainly not his.14.....this old man (be) your brother? 15. The message....(be delivered) in time as we received an immediate answer.

Ex. 8. Put " can”, ”may", " must", " should", " ought to", " have to", " be to", " be

able to” (or the negative forms) and " needn't" in the spaces.

1." Oh, Nurse, ...I stay here? " " Stay here? Of course, you...".2. A man...help his parents when they become old. 3. There are no buses or taxis, so we...walk. 4. No, Moira you...have another potato. You've had two already. 5. We... live without food and water. We... eat and drink. 6. I... get too early tomorrow, so I.... go to bed late tonight. 7. You...not walk all the way to the station. You take a bus round the corner. 8. Tom's father told him that he.... ask silly questions. 9. You switch off the light if you are afraid of the dark. 10. The matter...be discussed in tomorrow's debate. 11. You ... sit there in your wet clothes; you will catch cold if you do. 12. They... do all the exercises; it will be sufficient if they do four of them, 13. You... do whatever you like. 14. Sooner or later one... choose. 15. I... read to the end of the story, because I want to see who gets the treasure. 16. Go right in. You... report at once. 17. She... sing quite well. 18. You... say anything. Just nod your head and he will understand.

Ex. 9. Put " should" or " shouldn't" inthe spaces. Translate the sentences into

Russian. Watch the meaning of " should" /" shouldn't".

1. You... work more; you... miss the lessons. 2. Mother... look after their children. 3. What are you doing here? You be in bed. It is very late. 4. That hat doesn’t suit you; you... buy another. 5. There are too many accidents. Everyone... be much more careful, 6. You... have followed the instructions of your coach. Then you would have won the game. 7. Tom was often late and his father told him that he... wake up earlier. 8. She told her children that they... always say " Please" and " Thank you". 9. It is dark in the room, ... switch on the light.

Ex.10. Open the brackets using the correct form of the infinitive. Translate

The sentences into Russian.

1. I don't feel well now. I should (remember) to take the medicine yesterday. 2. Children should (obey) their parents. 3. It's three o'clock and I'm feeling very hungry; I should (eat) more for lunch. 4. The little boy was playing with his father's typewriter and of course he broke it; he shouldn't (allow) him to play with it. 5. You have a weak heart. You shouldn't (run). 6. I was very tired last summer and I should (take) a holiday, but there was too much work to do. 7. When he went for a walk he should (take) his umbrella, it looked like rain (but he didn't). 8. The workmen are very slow; the job should (finish) a week ago. 9. You shouldn't (eat) so much bread, now you've gained weight. 10. You shouldn't (go) out yesterday without a coat. No wonder you caught cold. 11. You should (cross) the road by the subway (but you didn't). 12. He should (check) that his brakes were working properly (but he didn't). 13. You should (warn) him that the ice was dangerous (but you didn't). 15. Tom's had another accident. It sounds like Tom's fault. He should (wait) till the main road was clear.

Ex 11. Fill in the blanks with " must", " should" or " ought (to)". Use the correct

Form of the infinitive.

1. Your questions surprise me, you... (to know) this. 2. You... (be) absent for such a long time. Everyone forgot you. 3. Though it is a very unpleasant mission, I feel I...(to tell) you the truth. 4. We had a wonderful time at that party. You...(be) there. 5. Let's tell him all as it is. He...(to understand). 6. You... (to apologize) when you saw that his feelings were hurt. 7. She is a very experienced doctor. You... (consult) her. 8. She...(not to say) about such things in the child's presence. Now you see the results.9. I... (to know) that it might come to that. 10. If they had been warned in time, they... (to be) there by now. 11. He gave you just the feeling of assurance, of confidence that a doctor...(to give).

Задания на СРО:

Read the three texts “Where am I? ” and ex. a, b, p. 94 (CliveOxenden, Christina Latham-Koenig, English File, Pre-Intermediate, Oxford University Press 1997)

Unit 11

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