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Ex. 3 Match the synonyms to the words



advent exactly
able to permit
application to fulfill
to eliminate mix
precisely usage
to improve to remove
to allow material
create capable
blend make
product appearance
to perform to make better

Ex. 4 After reading mark TRUE or FALSE statements:

1. Scientists discovered that weightlessness plays an important role in introducing defects in crystals. T/F

2. It became possible to sustain weightlessness on Earth long time ago. T/F

3. The advantages of the zero-gravity state may result in the development of different materials with improved qualities. T/F

4. The Kristall module was partially aimed at performing experiments in materials processing. T/F

5. One objective was to use an electrical cooker in a weightless environment for producing perfect crystals of gallium arsenide and zinc oxide. T/F

6. The computer chips were purer than those they could create within Earth's gravitational field. T/F

7. Materials scientists are finding fiber-optic cables to be more than one million times more efficient than fibers created on Earth. T/F

8. In a weightless situation bubbles move very slightly thus reducing internal cracks. T/F

Ex.5 Put the correct words from the table below in the above article.

The weightless environment on space stations (1)_____ of as much interest to materials scientists as to any others. Scientists are (2) _____________ in a variety of physical properties of materials, such as melting points, molding characteristics, and the combining or separating of raw materials into useful products. (3)____________ the first space stations, materials scientists performed simple experiments of very short duration aboard plummeting airplanes and from tall drop towers. Through these studies, scientists discovered that gravity plays a role in introducing (4)___________ in crystals, in the combination of materials, and in other processing activities requiring the application of heat. Until the advent of space stations, however, they were incapable of sustaining a weightless environment long enough to thoroughly (5)_____________ these phenomena.

The advent of space stations allowed the study of new alloys, protein crystals for drag research, and silicon crystals (6) _____use in electronics and semiconductors. Materials scientists theorized that improvements in processing in weightlessness could lead to the (7)_______________ of valuable drugs; high-strength, temperature-resistant ceramics and alloys; and faster computer chips.

One of the Mir components, the Kristall module, was (8)_____________ dedicated to experiments in materials processing. One objective was to use a sophisticated electrical furnace in a weightless environment for producing perfect crystals of gallium arsenide and zinc oxide¹ to create absolutely pure computer chips capable of (9)___________speeds and fewer errors. Although they failed to create absolutely pure chips, they were purer than those they could create within Earth's gravitational field.

(10)________ recently, fiber-optic cables are also being improved in weightlessness. Fiber-optic cables, vital for high-speed data transmission, microsurgery, certain lasers, optical power transmission, and fiber-optic gyroscopes2, are made of a complex blend of zirconium, barium, lanthanum, aluminum, and sodium3. When this blend is performed in a weightless environment, materials (11) ___________ are finding them to be more than one hundred times more efficient than fibers created on Earth.

 

1. (a) was (b) as (c) will (d) has
2. (a) interesting (b) interest (c) interested (d) interests
3. (a) before (b) after (c) as soon as (d) when
4. (a) errors (b) defects (c) mistakes (d) bugs
5. (a) steady (b) studio (c) student (d) study
6. (a) for (b) to (c) by (d) at
7. (a) develop (b) development (c) developing (d) developed
8. (a) totally (b) wholly (c) completely (d) partially
9. (a) faster (b) higher (c) lower (d) slower
10. (a) Many (b) Much (c) More (d) Multi
11. (a) lab assistants (b) astronauts (c) workers (d) scientists

Ex. 6 Work in pairs: take turns to ask and answer the questions to the text “Creating Materials in a Weightless Environment“

1. What natural phenomenon were scientists interested in?

2. What kind of experiments did material scientists perform before the first space stations?

3. What did they discover through these studies?

4. When did it become possible to sustain weightlessness long enough?

5. What did the advent of space stations allow to study?

6. In which spheres of our life can improved materials be applied?

7. Are scientists able to remove impurities from most materials? If so, give an example.

Ex. 7 Test each other: Look at the words and word combinations below. With your partner, try to recall how they were used in the text:

 

· space stations · semiconductors · an electrical furnace · pure chips · fiber-optic cables · a complex blend · impurities · bubbles  

 

 

Ex. 8 Complete the Table (column “Application on Earth”) using the information from the text “Creating Materials in a Weightless Environment“

 

Conditions on board the spaceship/equipment on board the space ship Objects of study (materials/products) Made of/composed of Application on Earth
weightlessness (gravity) new alloys protein crystals -    
  silicon crystals -  
electrical furnace in a weightless environment perfect crystals gallium arsenide and zinc oxide    
weightlessness fiber-optic cable a complex blend of zirconium, barium, lanthanum, aluminum, and sodium    
microgravity environment impurities in materials (bubbles) -  

Ex. 9. Summarize the information on materials research in space using the text “Creating Materials in a Weightless Environment” and the table above:

e.g. Astronauts study the effects of weightlessness on new alloys, protein crystals for drag research and medicine.

 

Ex. 10 [7] (file 3) Listen to the explanation how to use modals of probability

*Note: you may take the exercise as a home assignment


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