B. Transform the following sentences from active into passive voice.

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1. Someone has already described the digestive system to the students.

____ The digestive system has already been described to the students _______________________.

2. The doctor will x-ray the patient’s leg.

__ The patient’s leg will be x-rayed (by the doctor) _________________________________.

3. Someone had brought the stethoscope before we left. (Make changes in the 1^st part only)

_ The stethoscope had been brought before we left ________________________________________.

4. Students observed organelles under the microscope.

___ Organelles were observed under the microscope(by the students) ___________________.

5. Someone has already described all blood types.

_____ All blood types have already been described(by someone) _____________________________.

6. I hope she will have returned the book by next month.

________ I hope the book will have been returned by next month (by her) ____________________.

7. The neck connects the trunk with the head.

____ The trunk is connected to the head by the neck _____________________________________.

8. Someone has already checked all the students’ works.

__ All student’s works have already been checked(by someone) ____________________________.

9. The epithelial tissue lines the internal organs.

___ The internal organs are lined by the epithelial tissue _________________________________.

10. Students will have described all the pictures by tomorrow.

____ All the pictures will have been described by tomorrow(by the students) ______________________.

11. The shoulder girdle connects the trunk with the upper limbs.

_____ The trunk is connected with the upper limbs by the shoulder girdle _________________.

12. They have already discussed nutrition for patients with obesity.

_____ Nutrition has already been discussed(by them) _____________________________.

13. Someone has just x-rayed the spinal column.

____ The spinal column has just been x-rayed(by someone) ____________________________.

14. Immovable joints unite skull bones.

____ Skull bones are united by immovable joints ______________________________________.

15. Someone has already explained the hospital rules to a new patient.

_____ A new patient has already been explained the hospital rules(by someone) ____________.

16. The doctor will discharge him tomorrow.

____ He will be discharged by the doctor tomorrow ________________________________.

17. Something has weakened the bones in this child.

___________ Child’s bones have been weakened by something _______________________________.

18. They will examine twenty patients on Thursday.

______ Twenty patients will have been examined on Thursday(by them) _________________________.

19. Dr Smith has just given me a referral to a cardiologist.

____ A referral has just been given to me(by Dr Smith) _____________________________________.

20. Someone will do the task next month.

___ The task will be done next month(by someone) __________________________________.

21. The professor will not deliver a lecture on anatomy next Friday.

______ The lecture on anatomy will not be delivered next friday _______________________________.

22. They have already operated on three patients today.

_____ Three patients have already been operated today(by them) _______________________________.

23. Dr Lind published the Treatise on the Scurvy in 1753.

__ The treatise on the scurvy was published by Dr Lind in 1753 __________________________.

24. Someone will have checked all the students’ works by Sunday.

___ Students’ works will have been checked by sunday ___________________________________.

III. Provide the synonyms to the following words. (синонимы)

a painkiller - analgesic femur - thigh a chemist’s (shop) - pharmacy to finish – to quit, end erythrocytes – red blood cells to give blood – to donate blood extremity - limb toxic - poisonous somebody - anybody drug - medication limbs - extremity erythrocytes – red blood cells to link – to fuse, to connect an operation – a surgery slow twitch fibres - a skull - cranium an oral cavity - mouth a sternum – breast bone

spine – vertebral column passage - transmitting adverse reaction – an undesirable effect respiration - breathing leukocytes – white blood cells pharmacist - druggist nourishing substance - nutrientы platelets – trombocytes a skull - cranium a vertebral column - spine a jaw bone - mandible white blood cells - leukocytes blood clotting - coagulation a brand name – a trade name a druggist - chemist blood clotting - coagulation an undesirable effect – adverse reaction(side effect

IV. Provide the antonyms to the following words: (антонимы)

recipient - donor dangerous - safe compatible – incompatible the generic name – brand name striated - smooth involuntary - voluntary junk food – healthy food solid - liquid balanced - unbalanced atrophy - hypertrophy a contraindication - indications dangerous - safe rough endoplasmic reticulum – soft endoplasmic reticulum

unicellular - multicellular saturated - poor to decrease – to increase elastic – non-elastic fast twitch fibres - slow twitch fibres voluntary - involuntary liquid - solid indicated – contraindicated slow twitch fibres - fast twitch fibres contract - relax atrophy - hypertrophy a trade name – a generic name

V. Give the definition to the following terms: (дать определения, я не знаю письменно или устно)

mitosis phagocytes obesity an organ antihistamines lymph haemoglobin osteoporosis histopathology a cell cytoplasm phagocytosis a cranium atrophy plasma a skeleton a vertebra a cell a tissue vitamins proteins

a lymph node rickets hypertrophy smooth muscles complete blood count a dispensary platelets antihypertensive drugs mitochondria dosage carbohydrates overdose nerve tissue type ab blood fats a private counselling area epithelial tissue haemostasis diuretics proteins

a neck type a blood an organ system an antigen antiemetics a nose type o blood anticoagulants a waiting area type b blood a prescription area antineoplastics muscle tone ossification sedatives a pharmacy a trunk avitaminosis a nucleus

VI. Fill in the gaps with the words or word combinations which suit best. There are two extra words which you do not need to use. Then write three questions to the text.

Text 1

lymph, liquid, nervous, support, healthy, cells, coverings, contraction, protection

Tissues are materials made up of groups of similar ___ cells __. There are four main types of tissue in the human body. Epithelial one forms __ coverings _____ like the skin, lining membranes and glands. Connective tissue helps to _ support __ and bind parts together, holding them in place. There are several types of connective tissue including bone, cartilage, ligaments, fatty and elastic tissue, also blood and _ lymph ___ (the fluid tissues). Muscular tissue has the power of _ contraction ___, which causes movement. __ nervous __ one conducts nerve impulses. Tissues are jointed into larger units called organs, such as the heart, lungs, brain, liver. A system is a group of organs, which together carry out one of the essential functions of the body. There are nine systems in the human organism. All of these systems work harmoniously together in a _ healthy _ body.

1. ___ What does tissue consist of _______________________________________________?

2. ____ What are the types of the connective tissue __________________________________?

3. ___ What nervous tissue is responsible for ______________________________________________?

Text 2

protects, nutrients, unit, cells, reproduction, nucleus, membrane, controls, waste products

All living things, including the human body, are made up of living _ cells ___. The cell is the structural and the functional _ unit __ with which the human body is built. Just as many kinds of materials may be used in the construction of a large building, in the same way many different kinds of cells are found in the body. A cell has the following parts: cell _ membrane __ outer covering; protoplasm, the main substance of the cell; a nucleus, which _ controls ____ activities of the cell. Cells perform the following functions: digestion– intake of the _ nutrients ____; excretion– eliminating of _ waste products ___; respiration– taking and using oxygen, and giving out carbon dioxide; growth and repair; _ reproduction _______ – simply dividing one cell into two. Besides, some cells move about and some have special functions.

1. _______ What is the cell _______________________________________?

2. ____ What reproduction is ___________________________________________________?

3. ___ What nucleus is responsible for _____________________________________________________?

Text 3

oesophagus, cardiovascular, skeleton, separated, reproductive, cavities, cranial, stomach, protected

The body has a strong framework of bones called the _ skeleton ___. The skeleton is covered by muscles and other soft tissues, and by skin on the outside. Some body parts form spaces called _ cavities _____, in which important internal organs are protected. The _ cranial ____cavity or skull contains the brain. The thoracic cavity or chest contains the lungs, the air passages – trachea and bronchial tubes, the _ oesophagus ____, which lies behind the trachea, the heart, the great blood vessels, and the thoracic duct. The abdominal cavity, which is _ separated _____ from the thoracic cavity by a dome-shaped muscle called the diaphragm, contains the _ stomach ______, the intestines, the liver, the spleen and other organs. The pelvic cavity contains the _ reproductive ____ organs, the bladder when empty (when full it rises into the abdominal cavity), and the rectum.

1. __ What does the cranial cavity store ____________________________________________________?

2. __ _Where does the liver situated _______________________________________________________?

3. _____ What structure separates thoracic and abdominal cavities ___________________________?

Text 4

deficiencies, avitaminosis, water, organism, small, source, carbohydrates, received, contracted

Nutrients are the nutritious components in foods that an _ organism ___ uses to survive and grow. They can be ___ received ____ from the environment. They are used to build and repair tissues, regulate body processes, and are converted to and used for energy. Organic nutrients include __ carbohydrates __, fats, proteins (or their building blocks, amino acids), and vitamins. Inorganic chemical compounds such as dietary minerals, _ water _____, and oxygen may also be considered nutrients. A nutrient is called " essential" if it must be obtained from an external _ source _______, either because the organism cannot synthesize it or produces insufficient quantities. Nutrients needed in very _ small ______ amounts are micronutrients and those that are needed in larger quantities are called macronutrients. The effects of nutrients are dose-dependent and shortages are called _ deficiencies ________.

1. ______ Where can we receive nutrients _________________________________________________?

2. _____ What quantity of nutrients do we need ___________________________________________?

3. ________ What kind of inorganic nutrients must we consume ______________________________?

Text 5

contract, connective, organelles, cells, function, tissues, contact, surfaces, protect

__ cells _____ are the smallest units of life. In complex organisms, cells group together with one another to form __ tissues ____. Tissues provide the numerous functions of organs. The study of tissues is called histology. The human body is composed of four basic types of tissues: epithelial, _ connective _____, muscular, and nervous tissues. These tissues vary in their composition and their _ function _____. Epithelium forms the coverings of _ surfaces ____ of the body. Connective tissue is the most widely distributed tissue type in the human body. Its role is to _ protect _____, support, and bind together parts of the body. Muscular tissue is a tissue characterized by the ability to __ contract _____ upon stimulation. It is extremely elastic and can produce movement. Nervous tissue receives stimuli and conducts impulses. It is the main component of the nervous system and the brain.

1. _____ How many types of tissue human body includes _____________________________________?

2. ______ What is the function of the connective tissue ____________________________?

3. ______ What is the main components on nervous system and ________________________________?

Text 6

capillaries, bone marrow, lymph, ducts, tissue, proteins, central nervous system, blood, brain

The lymphatic system consists of organs, ___ ducts _____, and nodes. The lymph vessels form a network in the body as the blood network. It transports a watery clear fluid called _ lymph _____. This fluid distributes immune cells and other factors throughout the body. Lymph organs are found in every part of the body except the__ brain ________. The major parts of the system are the _ bone marrow _____, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and the tonsils. The other organs of the body, including the heart, lungs, intestines, liver, and skin also contain lymphatic _ tissue ____. The ducts of the lymphatic system provide transportation for _ proteins ______, fats, and other substances in lymph. The lymph is drained from the tissue in microscopic blind-ended vessels called lymph__ capillaries ______.

1. __ What are the main structures of the lymphatic system ___________________________________?

2. ___ What organ doesn’t include any lymphatic tissue __________________________________?

3. __ For what does lymphatic system provide transportation ____________________________?

Text 7

contains, donor, emergency, diseases, surface, supports, platelets, transfusion, recipient

Blood __ transfusion ______is a very common hospital procedure nowadays. But this is more than just taking blood from one person and using it to help another. Although all blood __ contains ___ the same basic components (red cells, white cells, _ platelets ____, and plasma), not everyone has the same types ofantigenson the _ surface ______ of their red blood cells. So, the four main blood groups are: blood group A, blood group B, blood group AB, and blood group O. Blood cell markers are microscopic. Each unit of blood goes through a dozen tests to check for infectious ___ diseases ___ and establish the blood type. Only after these tests the blood transfusion can be given to the _ recipient _____. Sometimes, a transfusion is an __ emergency ____(like losing blood after an accident). Sometimes it's expected (as with treatment for cancer).

1. _________ What do we call emergency transfusion _________________________________?

2. ___ How many blood types can blood be divided on ___________________________________?

3. __ When transfusion is not emergency but expected __________________________________?

Text 8

involuntary, heart, striated, nervous, skeletal, contain, nuclei, stomach, thigh

There are three basic types of muscles in the body (smooth, cardiac, and _ skeletal _____). Smooth muscle or " _ involuntary _____ muscle" is found within the walls of organs and structures such as the esophagus, _ stomach ______, intestines, blood vessels, etc. Smooth muscle cells contain only one nucleus. Cardiac muscle is also an " involuntary muscle" but it is striated in structure. Like smooth muscle, cardiac muscle cells _ contain ____ only one nucleus. Cardiac muscle is found only within the _ heart ___. Skeletal muscle or " voluntary muscle" is fixed by tendons to the bone and is used to produce skeletal movement such as locomotion. Skeletal muscle cells are multinucleated with the __ nuclei ____ peripherally located. Skeletal muscle is called '__ striated ___' because of the stripes seen under light microscopy.

1. ____ How many types of muscle tissue is in the body ______________________________________?

2. ___ Why do we call skeletal muscle “striated” _______________________________________?

3. ___ Where cardiac muscle can only be found ____________________________________?

Text 9

forearm, movement, heart, force, protected, tissue, nervous system, germ, controlled

The muscular system is the biological system of humans that produces _ movement __. The muscular system is controlled through the _ nervous system ____, but some muscles, like cardiac muscle, can be completely autonomous. Muscle is contractile __ tissue ___ and is derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic _ germ ___ cells. Its function is to produce _ force ____ and cause motion, either locomotion or movement within internal organs. Much of muscle contraction occurs without conscious thought and is necessary for survival, like the contraction of the ___ heart _____or peristalsis. Voluntary muscle contraction is used to move the body and can be __ controlled ____, such as movements of fingers or movements of biceps and triceps.

1. __ What layer of the embryonic germ does muscle tissue derived from _____________________?

2. ___ Why do we can contract some of our muscles without a thought ________________________?

3. ___ Movements of which muscles can be controlled ______________________________________?

Text 10

mandible, skull, cerebral, muscles, protect, vertebra, brain, cranial, supported, move

The bones of the head and neck play the vital role of supporting the_ brain ____, sensory organs, nerves, and blood vessels of the head and _ protect ____ these structures from mechanical injuries. Movements of these bones by the attached _ muscles ____ of the head provide for facial expressions, eating, speech, and head movement. The skull consists of 22 __ cranial ___ and facial bones, which, with the exception of the _ mandible ___, are tightly fused together. The skull encases and protects the brain as well as the special sense organs of vision, hearing, balance, taste and smell. The skull is _ supported ___ by the highest vertebra, called the atlas. The atlas turns on the _ vertebra _____ below it, the axis, which allows the skull to turn from side to side.

1. ___ What do facial muscles provide ______________________________________________?

2. ___ Which bone does not tightly fused with others cranial bones __________________________?

3. _ How many bones does the skull consist of ____________________________?

Text 11

hormones, haemostasis, men, waste products, clot, age, clump, blood loss, nutrients

The amount of blood in a human body varies depending on factors such as _ age ____, sex, overall health and even where a person lives. For example, __ men ___ tend to have more blood than women of comparable size and weight. Blood carries out many critical functions in the body. It transports _ nutrients ___ and oxygen to the body’s cells and moves _ hormones ___ and chemicals around the body. It also takes away _ waste products __ from those cells. Blood also plays a special role in regulating body temperature. As part of the immune system, blood also helps fight diseases. If you get an injury, the platelets in blood begin to _ clot ___ helping to stop bleeding. This self-repair function prevents from further _ blood loss ____, which can become fatal in cases of massive bleeding.

1. _ What are the main factors which influence on the amount of blood ______________________?

2. _ What substances does the blood transport through the body ____________________________?

3. __ Does the blood play any role at immune protection _____________________?

Text 12

brain, length, tissue, stretch, smooth, skeletal, voluntary, involuntary, tendons

Most __ skeletal __ muscles are attached to two bones through tendons. Tendons are tough bands of connective _ tissue ___ whose strong collagen fibers firmly attach muscles to bones. Larger tendons contain a thin internal septum, a few blood vessels, and specialized stereognostic nerves. __ tendons __ are under extreme stress when muscles pull on them, so they are very strong and are woven (вплетены) into the coverings of both muscles and bones. Muscles move by shortening their _ length ___, pulling on tendons, and moving bones closer to each other. They have the ability to _ stretch _____or contract and still return to the original shape. Skeletal muscles are sometimes called _ voluntary __, because we have direct control over them through nervous impulses from our _ brain ______.

1. __ How do skeletal muscles attached to the bone ____________________________________?

2. _ What do large tendons consist of _____________________________?

3. _ What is the centre of the impulses sent to our muscles ______________________________?

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