МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ И ИХ ЭКВИВАЛЕНТЫ

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Модальный глагол и его эквивалент	Present	Past	Future
can to be able (to) физические или умственные способности совершения действия	can am/is/are able to V могу, умею	could was/were able to V мог, умел	- shall/will be able to сможет, сумеет
may to be allowed (to) разрешение, просьба	may am/is/are allowed to V можете, можно	might was/were allowed to V разрешили	- shall/will be allowed toV разрешат
must долженствование to have(to) необходимость совершения действий в зависимости от обстоятельств to be(to) обязательство	must have to V has to V приходится am/is/are to V должен, обязан	- had to V пришлось was /were to V должен был	- shall/will have to V придется, буду вынужден -

Упражнение 43. Исправьте ошибки в предложениях:

1. I would like to can go abroad more.

2. She must to do it now.

3. You can have not the cheque now.

4. I must go into the office last weekend.

5. I‟ m sorry to must tell you this.

6. I don‟ t can type.

7. Could you telling me the time?

Упражнение 44. Выберите подходящий вариант из предложенных:

1. Do you can/Can you come to the meeting next week?

2. I can come/I can to come to the meeting next week.

3. I won‟ t can’t/be able to come to the meeting next week.

4. Sorry that I didn’t could/couldn’t come to the meeting last week.

5. Sorry that I wasn’t able to/I wasn’t able come to the meeting last week.

6. Do you will/Will you show me how to log on to the network?

7. What we can do/can we do ?

8. I hope to can/to be able to fly directly to Dusseldorf.

9. I must speak/I must to speak with Mr Reiner yesterday.

10. I managed to/I could speak to Mr Reiner yesterday.

11. The hotel was OK, but I managed to/could hear a lot of noise from the street.

12. I managed to/could take a boat trip on Lake Leman when I was in Geneva.

*Упражнение 45. Заполните пропуски словами: can, can‟ t, could, couldn‟ t, to be able to:

1. I‟ m afraid I _______ help you at the moment.

2. I don‟ t think I‟ ll _______ come to the meeting.

3. The negotiations broke down because we _______ agree on the price.

4. I _______ see you were having problems, so I didn‟ t interrupt.

5. If you _______ make a firm order today, we should _______ ship by Friday.

6. I find Portuguese very difficult. I _______ understand it, but I _______ speak it.

7. Sorry, I _______ see you next week, but I might _______ make the week after.

8. A: Will you _______ go to the training seminar?

B: No, I _______ – I‟ m very busy.

9. I‟ m sorry I _______ come to your talk yesterday. I had to sort out a problem.

10. I _______ ski really well when I was in my twenties, but now I’m out ofpractice.

Упражнение 46. Заполните пропуски словами: could или managed to:

1. After a lot of discussion we _______ strike a deal.

2. He was a brilliant linguist and _______ speak over a dozen languages fluently.

3. I thought I was going to miss the plane but I _______ get to the airport on time.

4. When I was younger I _______ run several kilometers without feeling tired.

5. She _______ find a good job despite her lack of formal qualifications.

6. When we lived near the beach we _______ go swimming every day.

7. She _______ have left me a message – how was I supposed to know?

Упражнение 47. Заполните пропуски подходящими словами: had to, didn‟ t have to, couldn‟ t, should have, shouldn‟ t have:

“I (1) _______ traveled on the 10 am flight, but when I got to the airport they told me that the flight was overbooked and I (2) _______ catch a later flight. Then at the check-in desk they told me that I (3) _______ take both my bags as hand luggage, so I (4) _______ let one of them go in the hold, which was very annoying as I had my diary in it, and it delayed me by nearly an hour at baggage reclaim at the other end. When I got on the plane I wanted to use my laptop, but of course I (5) _______ until after take off. The flight attendant told me to turn it off and said that I (6) _______ known not to use it. To be honest I‟ d just forgotten, and he (7) _______ been so rude. Mr, it was quite late when I finally left Lagos airport, so it was lucky I (9) _______ traveled with that airline – they have a lot of problems with overbooking. And my company was paying for the flight so I (10) _______ choose the cheapest option.”

Упражнение 48. Выберите подходящие варианты из предложенных:

1. Look at those clouds. I think it can/must/might rain.

2. That‟ s impossible. It can’t be/mustn’t be/may not be true.

3. Well done! You may be/must be/might be very pleased.

4. Next Thursday is a possibility. I might be/can’t be/must be free in the afternoon.

5. I‟ m not sure. I must not be/may not be/won’t be able to get there in time.

6. That can’t be/mustn’t be/may not be David. He‟ s away at the conference.

7. Lisa isn‟ t at her office. She can be/must be/mustn’t be on her way here.

8. Lisa hasn‟ t arrived yet. She should be/can be/can’t be here soon.

9. There‟ s someone in reception. It can be/could be/mustn’t be the engineer.

10. Sorry, I can’t/may not/might not come to your presentation. I‟ m busy that afternoon.

11. I‟ m not sure where Sue is. She could be/must be/can be at lunch.

12. I‟ ve looked everywhere for Sue. She could be/must be/can be at lunch.

ПАССИВНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ/ Действие выполняется над субъектом

ФОРМУЛЫ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ ПАССИВНОГО ЗАЛОГА

	Indefinite	Continuous	Perfect
Present	am is V.3 are	am being is being V.3 are being	has been V.3 have been V.3
Past	was/were V.3	was/were beingV.3	had been V.3
Future	shall be/will be V.3	-	shall have been V.3 will have been V.3
Future in the Past	would be V.3	-	would have been V.3

Упражнение 49. Составьте предложения, используя пассивный залог:

1. Somebody damaged the goods in transit.

The goods _______ in transit.

2. Thousands of people see this advert every day.

This advert _______ by thousands of people every day.

3. They will not finish the project by the end of the month.

The project _______ by the end of the month.

4. They have closed fifty retail outlets over the last year.

Fifty retail outlets _______ over the last year.

5. We are reviewing all of our IT systems.

All of our IT systems _______.

6. We cannot ship your order until we receive payment.

Your order _______ until we receive payment.

Упражнение 50. Преобразуйте предложения из активного залога в пассивный:

1. Jean-Antoine Menier invented the chocolate bar.

2. Abraham Verhoeven invented the newspaper in 1605.

3. We are going to make 20% of our workforce redundant.

4. We are relocating our head office in Canada.

5. Carl Benz produced the first motor car in 1884.

6. Patrick Miller built the first steam ship in Scotland in 1799.

7. We were considering the new proposal for most of last week.

8. Ralph Schneider introduced the credit card in 1950.

9. They have cancelled the 9.00 am flight to Hong Kong.

10. They are investigating the problem.

*Упражнение 51. Преобразуйте предложения в пассивный залог там, где возможно:

1. Our R & D department have discovered a promising new drug.

2. The inflation rate went down by 0.5% last month.

3. One of our best young designers created this line.

4. I‟ m sorry, we can‟ t do that.

5. Something very interesting happened to me last week.

6. We‟ re spending more than a million dollars on advertising this year.

7. The Accounts Department may not authorize this payment.

8. I worked as a consultant for four years after my MBA.

*Упражнение 52. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в форму Present Perfect активного или пассивного залога:

Brazil (1) _______ (transform) from an economy based on sugar and coffee into a leading Industrial power, and this (2) _______ (happen) over a relatively short time period. Over recent years inflation (3) _______ (bring) under control, and foreign direct investment (4) _______ (encourage). The Government (5) _______ (privatise) many state-owned companies, and they (6) _______ (also/invest) a lot of money in advanced infrastructure. In an attempt to decentralise the economy, Campinas was chosen to be Brazil‟ s IT capital, and car production (7) _______ (move) away from traditional centres to states such as Rio Grande do Sul in the south. No one pretends that all the old problems (8) _______ (solve), but Brazil is finally taking its place on the world stage.

*Упражнение 53. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в форму активного или пассивного залога соответствующего времени.

Communicado‟ s presentation skills training courses _______ (tailor) to each client‟ s individual needs, so the main focus is on the type of presentations that _______ (give) by the participants in their everyday working lives. Courses _______ (conduct) either on a one-to-one basis or in groups. They are highly participative and _______ (design) to be enjoyable as well as instructive. Communicado _______ (encourage) clients to _______ (build) on their existing social communication skills. Through a number of interesting techniques we _______ (show) clients how time can _______ (save) in preparation, how body language can _______ (use) to maximum effect and how visual aids can _______ (create) for maximum impact. For more details on how Communicado can _______ (help) your company improve its business presentations, call 0800 222 4567 now.

Упражнение 54. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу модальными глаголами:

1. You _______ have gone to the presentation on marketing in the 21st century. It was excellent!

2. She _______ have gone home already – it‟ s only 3 p.m.

3. It was foolish to risk so much money on the new dotcom company: we _______ have lost everything.

4. There were only two people who could have left this message. It wasn‟ t John, so it _______ have been Manuel.

5. You _______. have made all those photocopies. I‟ d already printed out copies for everyone.

6. I _______ have taken the airport bus, but the last one had left so I got a taxi.

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