The Past Simple (Indefinite) Tense

Прошедшее простое время

The Past Indefinite обозначает действия, имевшие место в прошлом и время совершения которых истекло.

Образование.

По способу образования прошедшего времени глаголы делятся на правильные и неправильные. Правильные глаголы образуют утвердительную форму прошедшего неопределённого времени путём прибавления к основе инфинитива суффикса “-ed”. При прибавлении суффикса “-ed” соблюдаются следующие орфографические правила: +

- если глагол оканчивается на “согласную букву y ”, то буква “ -y ” меняется на “ -i ”;

- мы удваиваем конечную согласную, чтобы сохранить закрытый слог.

to open - opened открывать – открыл

to stop - sto pp ed останавливать - остановил

to fr y - fr ied жарить - жарил.

Неправильные глаголы образуют данное время по-разному и их следует заучивать списком. Таблицы неправильных глаголов приводятся в конце любого словаря. Для Past Indefinite нужна вторая форма глагола (смотри второй столбик в списке).

Вопросительная форма глаголов в простом прошедшем времени (и правильных и неправильных) образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола “ did ”, который ставится перед подлежащим, а за подлежащим следует смысловой глагол (в форме основы инфинитива без “to”).

Ex.: Did you see him yesterday? - Вы его видели вчера?

Did you hear the news? – Вы слышали новость?

Отрицательная форма глаголов в простом прошедшем времени образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола “did” и отрицания “not”, которые ставятся перед смысловым глаголом в форме инфинитива без “to”.

Ex.: I did not see him yesterday. – Я не видел его вчера.

В разговорной речи обычно используется сокращение did not – didn’t.

Ex.: I didn't see him yesterday. – Я не видел его вчера.

2. Употребление. Данное время используется

1) для выражении действия совершившегося в прошлом, часто с наречиями last year (month, week), … ago, yesterday, in 1945, in May, on Saturday.

Ex.: We began the experiment three days ago. – Мы начали эксперимент три дня назад.

I returned home yesterday. – Я возвратился домой вчера.

2) для описания последовательных событий прошлого.

Ex.: We went to the park, walked down to the fountain and sat down on a stone seat. – Мы отправились в парк, дошли до фонтана и сели на каменную скамью.

3) для описания повторяющихся действий в прошлом ( every day, every night, etc. )

Ex.: She went there every year.

Повторяющиеся действия и состояния также могут выражаться с помощью used to + Infinitive и would +Infinitive (лит.). Например:

Ex.: He used to sit by the fire every winter night. – Каждый зимний вечер он сидел он камина.

Вопросы по теме:

1. Расскажите о формообразовании прошедшего простого времени.

2. Каковы случаи употребления прошедшего простого времени?

3. Назовите основные наречия (маркеры), употребляемы в прошедшем простом времени.

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Перепишите следующий текст в прошедшем времени.

On Monday we have five lessons. The first lesson is Russian. At this lesson we write a dictation and do some exercises. Nick goes to the blackboard. He answers well and gets a " five". Pete does not get a " five" because he does not know his lesson. After the second lesson I go to the canteen. I eat a sandwich and drink a cup of tea. I do not drink milk. After school I do not go home at once. I go to the library and take a book. Then I go home.

Упражнение 2. Перепишите следующий текст в прошедшем времени (что рассказала мама).

On Tuesday I get up at half past six. I go to the bathroom and wash my hands and face and clean my teeth. Then I dress, go to the kitchen and cook breakfast for my family. At half past seven my son gets up and has breakfast. I have breakfast with my son. My son eats a sandwich and drinks a cup of tea. I don't drink tea. I drink coffee. After breakfast my son leaves home for school. I don't leave home with my son. On Tuesday I don't work in the morning. I work in the afternoon. In the evening I am at home. My husband and my son are at home, too. We rest in the evening. My son watches TV, my husband reads newspapers and I do some work about the house. At about eleven o'clock we I go to bed.

Упражнение 3. Переведите на английский язык, используя Past Simple.

1. Он уверен, что Элен сделала все, что было в ее силах, чтобы оградить семью от краха. 2. Ник настоял, чтобы я открыла ему свои планы. Они показались ему довольно смелыми и амбициозными. 3. Мэган купила это платье на свои первые заработанные деньги. 4. Раньше я много занимался спортом, а сейчас у меня нет времени. 5. Микки потерял равновесие и упал. 6. Эта новость вывела меня из себя, и я не помню, как я выбежала из комнаты и бросилась к телефону. 7. Мне было тринадцать, когда на вечеринке я впервые поцеловал девушку. Мой старший брат увидел это. Я ужасно смутился и покраснел. 8. Когда папа узнал, он страшно рассердился. 9. В воскресение я смотрела потрясающий концерт, посвященный дню учителя. 10. Раньше мы много путешествовали. 11. Куда вы ездили летом в отпуск? 12. Когда Вы были за границей в последний раз? 13. Раньше моя сестра сходила с ума по кино, но сейчас у нее другие увлечения.

Упражнение 4. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present или Past Simple.

1. I (to go) to bed at ten o'clock every day. 2. I (to go) to bed at ten o'clock yesterday. 3. My brother (to wash) his face every morning. 4. Yesterday he (to wash) his face at a quarter past seven. 5. I (not to have) history lessons every day. 6. We (not to rest) yesterday. 7. My brother (not to drink) coffee yesterday. 8. My mother always (to take) a bus to get to work, but yesterday she (not to take) a bus. Yesterday she (to walk) to her office. 9. You (to talk) to the members of your family every day? – Yes, I.... But yesterday I (not to talk) to them: I (to be) very busy yesterday. 10. You (to come) home at six o'clock yesterday? – No, I.... Yesterday I (to come) home from school at half past eight. I (to be) very tired. I (to have) dinner with my family. After dinner I (to be) very thirsty. I (to drink) two cups of tea. Then I (to rest). 11. Your sister (to go) to school every day? – Yes, she....

Упражнение 5. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present, Past или Future Simple.

1. I (to go) to bed at ten o'clock every day. 2.1 (to go)to bed at ten o'clock yesterday. 3. I (to go) to bed at ten o'clock tomorrow. 4. I (not to go) to the cinema every day. 5. I (not to go) to the cinema yesterday. 6. I (not to go) to the cinema tomorrow. 7. You (to watch) TV every day? 8. You (to watch) TV yesterday? 9. You (to watch) TV tomorrow? 10. When you (to leave) home for school every day? 11. When you (to leave) home for school yesterday? 12. When you (to leave) home for school tomorrow? 13. My brother (to go) to work every day. He (to leave) home at a quarter past eight. As the office he (to work) at (to be) near our house, he (to walk) there. He (not to take) a bus. Yesterday he (riot to go) to work. Yesterday he (to get) up at nine o'clock, 14. You (to have) a PT lesson yesterday? – No, I..., 15. What you (to buy) at the shop yesterday? – I (to buy) a book. 16. Yesterday my father (not to read) newspapers because he (to be) very busy. He (to read) newspapers tomorrow.

Упражнение 6. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в одном из следующих времен: Present Continuous, Present Simple, Past Simple или Future Simple.

1. He (to spend) last summer in the country. 2. He (not to spend) last summer in the country. 3. He (to spend) last summer in the country? 4. Where he (to spend) last summer? 5. She (to help) mother yesterday. 6. She (not to help) mother yesterday. 7. She (to help) mother yesterday? 8. How she (to help) mother yesterday? 9. Kate (to cook) dinner every day. 10. Kate (to cook) dinner tomorrow. 11. Kate (to cook) dinner now. 12. Kate (to cook) dinner yesterday. 13. I (not to eat) ice-cream every day. 14. I (not to eat) ice-cream now. 15. I (not to eat) ice-cream tomorrow. 16. I (not to eat) ice-cream yesterday. 17. You (to go) to school every day? 18. You (to go) to school now? 19. You (to go) to the south next summer? 20. You (to go) abroad last summer? 21. What your brother (to do) every day? 22. What your brother (to do) now? 23. What your brother (to do) tomorrow? 24. What your brother (to do) yesterday?

Упражнение 7. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в одном из следующих времен: Present Continuous, Present Simple, Past Simple или Future Simple.

1.We (to go) on a tramp last Sunday. 2. Your brother (to go) to the country with us next Sunday? 3. Granny (not to cook) dinner now. 4. We (to cook) our meals on a fire last summer. 5. My sister (to wash) the dishes every morning. 6. When you (to go)to school? 7. What you (to prepare) for breakfast tomorrow? 8. You (to invite) your cousin to stay with you next summer? 9. How you (to help) your sister last summer? 10. I (to send) a letter to my friend tomorrow. 11. Every morning on the way to school I (to meet) my friends. 12. My friend (to go) to the library every Wednesday. 13. He (not to go) to the country yesterday. 14. Why you (to go) to the shop yesterday? 15. We (to grow) tomatoes next summer. 16. What you (to do) now? 17. He (to sleep) now. 18. Where your father (to work) last year? 19. You (to go) to the south next summer! 20. He (not to watch) TV yesterday. 21. Yesterday we (to write) a test-paper. 22. 1 (to buy) a very good book last Tuesday. 23. My granny (not to buy) bread yesterday. 24. What you (to buy) at the shop tomorrow? 25. Don't make noise! Father (to work).

Упражнение 8. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в одном из следующих времен: Present Continuous, Present Simple, Past Simple или Future Simple.

1. Various kinds of sports (to be) popular in Russia. 2. Both children and grown-ups (to be) fond of sports. 3. What (to be) the matter with her? She (to be) so excited. – I (not to know). 4. Where you (to go)? – I (to go) to the Dynamo stadium to see the match which (to take) place there today. 5. You (to know) what a very interesting match (to take) place last Sunday? 6. He (to go) to the south a week ago. 7. When I (to be) about fifteen years old, I (to enjoy) playing football. 8. Our football team (to win) many games last year. 9. Where (to be) Boris? – He (to play) chess with his friend. 10. 1 (to be) sorry I (to miss) the match yesterday. But I (to know) the score. It (to be) 4 to 2in favour of the Spartak team. 11. Nellie (to leave) for Moscow tomorrow. 12.1 (to be) in a hurry. My friends (to wait) for me. 13. You (to be) at the theatre yesterday. You (to like) the opera? – Oh yes, I (to enjoy) it greatly. 14. You (to go) to London next summer?

Самостоятельная работа

Задание № 1. Перепишите следующий текст в прошедшем времени.

Boris wakes up when it is already quite light. He looks at his watch. It is a quarter to seven. Quick! Boris jumps out of bed and runs to the bath-room. He has just time to take a cold shower and I drink a glass of tea with bread and butter. He is in a hurry to catch the eight o'clock train. At the railway station he meets three other boys from his group. They all have small backpacks and fishing-rods. In less than an hour they get off the train at a small station near a wood. They walk very quickly and soon find themselves on the shore of a large lake. The boys spend the whole day there fishing, boating and swimming. They return home late at night, tired but happy.

Задание № 2. Передайте следующий рассказ в Past Simple. Закончите его, представив, что Питеру удалось убежать.

Peter wakes up. He opens his eyes. He is in the house. He is lying on the floor in Mary’s room. Mary isn’t there. The room is dark. There’s a big piece of wood near the window. Peter’s head hurts. He tries to move his hands. He can’t. His hands are tired behind his back. His feet are tired too. Peter doesn’t know what the time is. He doesn’t know what day it is. His mouth is dry. He makes an attempt to shout, he calls for somebody. No one comes. Only dead silence comes as an answer. Then a brilliant idea strikes his mind. He moves his legs to and fro. Slowly he approaches the window.

Задание № 3. Раскройте скобки, употребив Present или Past Simple.

Dear Patric,

I’m (to enjoy) myself very much in Athens. The people (to be) very friendly here. The weather (to be) fantastic. The whole atmosphere of this place and even the ancient air (to make) me feel dizzy.

Yesterday I (to go) to The Acropolis. It really (to charm) me. The walls (to be) so white. You (can) see all the way to Piraeus from there. I (to spend) at that place some unforgettable minutes and (to take) many photos.

I also like Greek food very much. The restaurants (to work) until late at night. And Greek wine (to be) wonderful. I (to taste) it on the very first day of my coming. They say, it (to treat) all diseases, especially heart ones. Frankly speaking, I (not feel) it.

How (to be) things in London? I (to think) about you a lot. Why you (not come) out here for a holiday? Last Saturday I (to make up one’s mind) to stay here for another two weeks.

I (to hope) you (not to miss) me too much,

Love, Mary.

Задание № 4. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на употребление used to и Past Simple.

1. I used to skate in winter when I was young. 2. Yesterday we drank coffee with milk. 3. We used to talk every evening, but now he is too busy. 4. I finished reading this book last months. 5. He used to reread his notes every week, but then gave up this habit. 6. We ate too much yesterday. 7. Jack used to oversleep. 8. I took a taxi to work last morning. 9. Our family used to have dinner together. 10. He called me “fatty” and I took offense. 11. My sister-in-law used to be fat, but now she’s as slender as a model. 12. Maggie used to be extremely naughty, but yesterday she was unbelievably quiet.

Задание № 5. Переведите, используя Past Simple.

1. На Рождество я надеялась получить новую куклу, но родители подарили мне книгу о животных. 2. В тот день Мэг вернулась рано из школы. 3. Когда мы встретились на углу улицы Моншери, она была одета в футболку и джинсы. 4. Когда мы были детьми, мы обычно очень хорошо ладили. 5. Единственное что я помню о своей мачехе – это то, что она была довольно доброй и привлекательной женщиной средних лет. 6. Я плохо помню своего отца. Я лишь знаю, что они развелись с мамой, когда я был грудным ребенком. 7. Я нашла ее в магазине примеряющей шляпку. Было забавно смотреть, как она надевала то ту, то другую. Одна не подходила ей по размеру, другая – к цвету ее глаз, третья не гармонировала с ее пальто. Мы провели в магазине целый час и очень устали, а она все не могла решиться. 8. Джек был слишком молод, чтобы быть свидетелем на их свадьбе. 9. Раньше, когда я был подростком, я часто вел себя неприлично. Я любил шокировать публику, особенно англичан, ведь они такие чопорные. Ужас на их лицах был для меня лучшей похвалой. 10. На собеседовании он спросил меня, каким должен быть начальник. Я была абсолютно не готова к такому вопросу. Что я могла ответить? – Ответственным, сообразительным, честным…. Последнее качество произвело на него впечатление. Так я получила эту работу. 11. Когда мой племянник был маленьким, он часами слушал мои сказки.

Задание № 6. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present или Past Simple.

1.My friend (to know) Spanish very well. 2. Who (to ring) you up an hour ago? 3. He (to live) on the third floor. 4. It (to take) you long to find his house yesterday? 5. When your lessons (to be) over on Monday? 6. I (to have) dinner with my family yesterday. 7. Her friends (to be) ready at five o'clock. 8. One of her brothers (to make) a tour of Europe last summer. 9. Queen Elizabeth II (to be) born in 1926. She (to become) Queen of England in 1952. 10. You always (to get) up at seven o'clock? — No, sometimes I (to get) up at half past seven.

Задание № 7. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в одном из следующих времен: Present Continuous, Present Simple, Past Simple или Future Simple.

1.Mother (to cook) a very tasty dinner yesterday. 2. Tomorrow Nick (not to go) to school. 3. Look! My friends (to play) football. 4. Kate (not to write) letters every day. 5. You (to see) your friend yesterday? 6.Your father (to go) on a business trip last month? 7. What Nick (to do) yesterday? 8. When Nick (to get) up every morning? 9. Where your mother (to go) tomorrow? 10. I (to invite) my friends to come to my place tomorrow. 11. He (not to play) the piano tomorrow. 12. We (to see) a very good film last Sunday. 13. Your mother (to cook) every day? 14. We (to make) a fire last summer. 15. I (to spend) last summer at the seaside. 16. Where you (to spend) last summer? 17. Where he (to spend) next summer? 18. What mother (to do) now? – She (to cook) dinner. 19. I (not to play) computer games yesterday. 20. Last Sunday we (to go) to the theatre. 21. I (to (meet) my friend yesterday. 22. I (to write) a letter to my cousin yesterday. 23. You (to write) a dictation tomorrow? 24. I (not to write) a report now.

The Present Perfect Tense

Настоящее совершенное время

Present Perfect ( настоящее совершенное ) используется для обозначения действия, совершившегося в прошлом и имеющего результат в настоящем.

Образование

Present Perfect образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в форме настоящего времени (have, has) и формы причастия прошедшего времени смыслового глагола (для правильных глаголов это инфинитив с окончанием – ed, для неправильных глаголов - третья колонка в Таблице неправильных глаголов.

Ex.: I have worked.

You have worked.

We have worked.

They have worked.

He has worked.

She has worked.

It has worked.

В вопросительной форме вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим:

Ex.: Have I worked? Has he worked? Have we worked?

В специальном вопросе вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим, а перед вспомогательным глаголом используется нужное вопросительное местоимение:

Ex.: Where have I worked? Why has he worked? With whom have you worked?

В вопросе к подлежащему вопросительное местоимение who ставится перед сказуемым вместо самого подлежащего (в данном вопросе всегда используется вспомогательный глагол has): Who has worked?

Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы not, которая ставится после вспомогательного глагола:

Ex.: I have not worked. He has not worked. We have not worked.

В разговорной речи используются сокращения: have not = haven’t = ‘ve not; has not = hasn’t = ‘s not; have = ‘ve; has = ‘s

Употребление

1) Present Perfect употребляется для выражения действия, совершившегося к настоящему моменту, результат которого имеется налицо в настоящем времени. При употреблении Present Perfect говорящий обращает внимание собеседника на результат, вытекающий из совершенного действия, а не на время его совершения. Наличие результата связывает совершившееся действие, выраженное в Present Perfect, с настоящим. Эту связь легко показать, перефразирoвав предложение, содержащее Present Perfect, в предложение, выражающее ту же мысль в Present Simple (при этом Present Perfect переводится на русский язык прошедшим временем глагола совершенного вида):

Ex.: I have broken my pencil. – Я сломал свой карандаш.

Has the secretary come? – Пришел ли секретарь?

Время действия может быть не указано (как в предыдущих предложениях) или может быть выражено наречиями неопределенного времени ever – когда-либо, never – никогда, already – уже, yet – еще (в вопросах и отрицаниях), lately – недавно, за последнее время, recently – недавно, при условии отсутствия указания на прошедшее время:

Ex.: I have never read that book. – Я никогда не читал этой книги.

He hasn’t finished his work yet. – Он еще не окончил своей работы.

I have already washed up. – Я уже помыла посуду.

I already washed up after dinner. – Я уже помыла посуду после обеда.

Примечание. С наречием just now только что употребляется Past Simple:

Ex.: I saw him Just now. Я только что видел его.

2) Present Perfect употребляется для выражения как однократного действия, так и действия, повторявшегося несколько раз в прошлом (в предложении могут быть слова often – часто, twice – два раза и т.п) и в предложениях, отвечающих на вопрос how much/many – сколько:

Ex.: I have read that book twice. – Я прочитал эту книгу дважды.

I’ve ironed 8 skirts. – Я выгладила 8 юбок.

3) Present Perfect употребляется с обстоятельственными словами, обозначающими еще не истекшие периоды времени today – сегодня, this week – на этой неделе, this month – в этом месяце, this year – в этом году и т. п.:

Ex.: Have you read the newspaper today? – Читали ли вы сегодня газету? (сегодня не истекло)

Но если указанный период времени уже закончился, то употребляется форма Past Simple:

Ex.: I have met him this morning. – Я встретил его сегодня утром. (говорится утром)

I met him this morning. – Я встретил его сегодня утром. (утро уже прошло, говорится, например, днем или вечером)

4) Present Perfect употребляется для выражения действия, начавшегося в прошлом и продолжавшегося до момента речи или все еще продолжающегося в момент речи. В предложении должны быть предлоги since с (с какого-то прошлого момента до настоящего времени) или for в течение. При этом переводится Present Perfect будет как настоящим временем, так и прошедшим, в зависимости от ситуации.

а) с глаголами, не употребляющимися в Continuous:

Ex.: I haven’t heard from him since June. – Я не имел от него известий с июня. или У меня нет известий от него с июня. (то есть только что получил известие или и сейчас не имею)

I haven’t seen you for ages. – Я не видел тебя целую вечность. (не видел и только что в момент речи увидел)

б) с некоторыми глаголами вместо Present Perfect Continuous, если говорящий хочет сделать акцент не на длительности, а на факте совершения действия.

Ex.: I have lived in Moscow for five years. – Я живу в Москве пять лет. (важен факт)

I have been living in Moscow for five years. – Я живу в Москве пять лет. (важна длительность, процесс)

Present Perfect также употребляется с союзом since с тех пор как. В этом случае Present Perfect употребляется в главном предложении, а в придаточном предложении, начинающемся с since, употребляется Past Simple:

Ex.: I have only received two letters from him since I came back. – Я получил от него только два письма с тех пор, как вернулся.

Present Perfect также употребляется с наречием since с тех пор:

Ex.: Не left Moscow in 1986, and I haven’t seen him since. – Он уехал из Москвы в 1986 году, и я не видел его с тех пор.

5) Present Perfect употребляется для выражения совершенного будущего действия вместо Future Perfect в обстоятельственных придаточных предложениях времени и условия, которые вводятся союзами after, when, as soon as, until (till), if и др. В этом случае Present Perfect переводится на русский язык будущим временем совершенного вида:

Ex.: I shall go to Petersburg as soon as I have passed my examinations. – Я поеду в Петербург, как только сдам экзамены.

Вопросы по теме:

1. Расскажите о формообразовании настоящего завершенного времени.

2. Каковы случаи употребления настоящего завершенного времени?

3. Назовите основные наречия (маркеры), употребляемы в настоящем завершенном времени.

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Вставьте have/has. Переведите на русский язык.

1. As for me I...already had coffee. 2. What...you cooked for dinner. Mum? 3.... you had a shower yet? 4. We... already practised this exercise. 5. I...just done it myself. 6....Mary left for London yet? 7. It...taken me too long to get there. 8. Nelly... made a lot of mistakes in her test. 9. You... not corrected everything in the dictation. 10. He...not come often here of late,... he? 11. Who... bought this book already? – We.... 12. Nobody...seen her since morning.

Упражнение 2. Поставьте наречие времени в правильное место.

1. He has finished his coffee (already). 2. He hasn’t finished dinner (yet). 3. I have seen him (just). 4. Have you spoken to her about it (ever)? 5. I have been to the library (already). 6. We have been here (never). 7. They haven’t finished breakfast (yet). 8. I have done my homework (already). 9. Have you made the beds (already)? 10. They have left (just). 11. She hasn’t finished cleaning the room (yet). 12. I have finished my translation and now I am free (just). 13. She has seen the sea (never). 14. Have you packed your things (yet)? 15. Have you been to England (ever)? 16. I have seen him looking so pale (never). 17. Has she helped you (ever)? 18. He has been lucky (so far). 19. She has been very polite (up till now). 20. I have planted fourteen rosebushes (so far).

Упражнение 3. Заполните пропуски наречиями времени: yet, for, since, often, ever, never, already, so far, just, always

1. Carlos hasn’t lived in the city centre … 1996. 2. Thanks for the present! I’ve … wanted a pet goldfish! 3. Have you … drunk pineapple juice? It’s fantastic! 4. I’ve … heard some fantastic news! I’ve passed my exams! 5. Hurry up! Haven’t you finished …? You are a slow-coach! 6. Nina has worked in that company … five years. 7. I’ve … been on a big ship before. It’s an interesting experience! 8. We are very busy today. … we’ve sold over a hundred bikes. 9. I’ve … passed this building, but this is the first time I’ve been inside. 10. Can I have a different book? I’ve … this one.

Упражнение 4. В следующих предложениях измените время глагола на Present Perfect. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.I am eating my breakfast. 2. We are drinking water. 3. He is bringing them some meat and vegetables. 4. You are putting the dishes on the table. 5. They are having tea. 6. She is taking the dirty plates from the table. 7. The children are putting on their coats. 8. The pupils are writing a dictation. 9. My friend is helping me to solve a difficult problem. 10. I am learning a poem. 11. She is telling them an interesting story. 12. Kate is sweeping the floor. 13. The waiter is putting a bottle of lemonade in front of him. 14. Susan is making a new dress for her birthday party. 15. She is opening a box of chocolates.

Упражнение 5. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующейся форме, так чтобы получить Present Continuous или Present Perfect.

1. What are you (to talk) about? 2. We have just (to talk) about it. 3. He has just (to say) something about it. 4. She is (to tell) them some interesting story. 5. He has (to tell) us nothing about it, 6. She has (to tell) them some stories about dogs. 7. We have (to have) two lessons today. 8. They are (to have) a meeting. 9. She has not (to speak) yet. 10. They have (to ask) me several questions. 11. He has already (to learn) the rule. 12. I am (to write) an exercise. 13. What is he (to do)? – He is (to read) a newspaper. 14. Have you (to read) any stories by Jack London? 15. What are you (to do) here? – I am (to write) a letter to my friends. 16. Who has (to write) this article? 17. What language are you (to study)? 18 We have already (to learn) a lot of English words. 19. What is she (to teach) them? 20. Who has (to teach) you to do it? 21. He has just (to do) something for us. 22. Have you (to find) the book? 23. What are you (to look) for?

Упражнение 6. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect или Past Simple.

1. We (to travel) around Europe last year. 2. My father knows so much because he (to travel) a lot. 3. I (to see) Pete today, 4. She (to see) this film last Sunday. 5. Alex (to meet) his friend two hours ago. 6. I just (to meet) our teacher. 7. The children already (to decide) what to do with the books. 8. Yesterday they (to decide) to help their grandmother. 9. Helen speaks French so well because she (to live) in France. 10. She (to live) there last year. 11. The rain (to stop) and the sun is shining in the sky again. 12. The rain (to stop) half an hour ago. 13. Mary (to buy) a new hat. 14. I (to buy) a pair of gloves yesterday. 15. The wind (to blow) off the man's hat, and he cannot catch it. 16. The weather (to change), and we can go for a walk. 17. The wind (to change) in the morning.

Упражнение 7. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect или Past Simple.

1. I already (to do) my homework. Now I can go for a walk. 2. I (to do) my homework yesterday. 3. He just (to come) home. 4. He (to come) home a minute ago. 5. Nick (to play) football yesterday. 6. She already (to come) from school. Now she is doing her homework. 7. I (to read) this book last year. 8. I (to read) this book this year. 9.1 never (to be) to Washington. 10. You ever (to be) to New York? 11. You ever (to see) the eruption of a volcano? 12. I (not yet to eat) today. 13. He (not to eat) yesterday. 14. You (to play) the piano yesterday? 15. You (to play) the piano today? 16. What you (to prepare) for today? 17. Look at this bird-house. Mike (to make) it himself. He (to make) it last Sunday. 18. Where you (to put) my pen? I cannot find it. 19. You (to see) Mary today? 20. When you (to see) Mary? – I (to see) her last week. 21. Your mother (to promise) to take you to the theatre? 22. Look at my new dress! I (to make) it myself. 23. He is not at school today, he (to fall) ill. – When he (to fall) ill? – He (to fall) ill yesterday.

Упражнение 8. Раскройте скобки поставив глаголы в Present Perfect или Past Simple.

1. How long you (to know) him? - I (to know) him since 1984. He (to live) in Moscow for two years and then (to go) to Siberia. 2. When he (to arrive)? – He (to arrive) at 2 o’clock. 3. I (to read) this book, when I (to be) at school. 4. I can’t go now. I (not to finish) my work. 5. You (to have) dinner yet? 6. The lecture just (to begin). You (to be) a little late. 7. We (to miss) the tram. Now we have to walk. 8. You (to be) here before? – Yes. I (to spend) the last holiday here. 9. You (to see) Kitty on Monday? – No, I (not to see) her this month. 10. Where Tom (to be)? – I (not to know). I (not to see) him since last night. 11. I (to lose) my pen. You (to see) it anywhere? 12. You ever (to try) to give up smoking? – I (to try) several times but failed. 13. Why you (to switch) on the light? It (to be) dark yet. 14. When it (to happen)? – I (to think) last weekend. 15. He (to leave) for the Far East two years ago and I (not to see) him since. 16. The last post (to come). I (to expect) a letter from my cousin. 17. You (to find) the key which you (to lose) yesterday? – Yes. I (to find) in the pocket. 18. I (to see) him in the library this afternoon. 19. I (to make) a mistake, I want to rub it out. 20. Can you give me the textbook? – No, I (to leave) it at home. 21. You (to see) pictures by Picasso? – Yes, I (to see) them not long ago. 22. You (to be) to St. Petersburg? – Yes, I (to be) there last winter. 23. You (to do) the translation? – No, I (not to finish) yet. I (to begin) it 20 minutes ago. 24. When you (to come) to Moscow? – I (to arrive) this morning.

Упражнение 9. Переведите на английский язык, используя Present Perfect.

1. Ты чудесно выглядишь! –Да, я хорошо отдохнула. 2. Мне кажется, я простыл. 3. В доме так тихо. Все ушли. 4. Где вчерашняя газета? – Я ее выбросил. 5. Я не могу попасть домой. Я потерял ключ. 6. Помоги мне. Я порезал палец. 7. Нога Маргарет в гипсе. Она поломала ее. 8. Сейчас билет стоит 3 рубля. Оплата повысилась. 9. Я не видел своего школьного друга, с тех пор, как окончил школу. 10. Я не был в своем родном городе три года 11. Я видел очень мало интересных фильмов за последние пять лет. 12. Я тут с утра. 13. Сколько лет вы уже с ним дружите? 14. Я не был в театре с осени. 15. Мы не встречались с ним целую вечность. 16. Я прочитал много книг, с тех пор, как начал учить английский. 17. Этот актер не играл в спектаклях с прошлой зимы. 18. Я давно не получал писем от моего кузена. 19. Он не написал ничего нового с тех пор. 20. Я не был там с тех пор.

Упражнение 10. Переведите на английский язык, используя Present Perfect или Past Simple.

1. Когда вы были в Петербурге в последний раз? 2. За последний год наш район очень изменился. 3. В прошлый раз ему не хватило времени на подготовку. 4. Прошлый раз ты обещал зайти к нам. 5. Последние несколько недель не было дождя, и земля совсем сухая. 6. Когда вы получили от него известия в последний раз? 7. За последнее время он прочитал много интересных книг. 8. Почему он опаздывает? За последнее время это случается с ним довольно часто. 9. Последние несколько дней он много работает. 10. Прошлый раз мы подробно обсудили этот вопрос. 11. Я давно не видел его. 12. Я видел его давно. 13. Мы давно не слышали о нем. 14. Я читал о нем давно. 15. В последний раз мы встречались очень давно. 16. Мы раньше не встречались. 17. Раньше ты не был так груб. 18. Кто этот человек? Я не встречал его ранее. 19. Жаль, что я раньше этого не знал. 20. Ты не делал столько ошибок раньше.

Упражнение 11. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect, Present Continuous, Present Simple или Past Simple.

1. Please give me a pencil, I (to lose) mine. 2. I (not to meet) Peter since Monday. 3. Nina just (to finish) work. 4. Where Sergei (to be)? – He (to go) home. He (to leave) the room a minute ago. 5. What you (to read) now? – I (to read) " Jane Eyre" by Charlotte Bronte. 6. They (to read) " Ivanhoe" by Walter Scott a month ago. What about you? You (to read) " Ivanhoe"? 7. My watch (to stop). There (to be) something wrong with it. 8. You (to see) Jack today? –Yes, I (to see) him at the institute. 9. You (to hear) the new symphony by M.? – Yes, I.... – When you (to hear) it? – I (to hear) it last Sunday. 10. You (to change) so much. Anything (to happen)? 11. What you (to do) here at such a late hour? You (to write) your composition? – No, I (to write) it already. I (to work) at my report. – And when you (to write) your composition? –I (to finish) it two days ago. 12. I say, Tom, let's have dinner. – No, thank you, I already (to have) dinner. 13. What the weather (to be) like? It still (to rain)? – No, it (to stop) raining.

Самостоятельная работа

Задание № 1. Закончите предложения, употребив Present Perfect. Объясните употребление данного времени.

1. It’s cold in the room. (the window to be open for a long time). 2. It’s warm. (the weather, to be fine, all week). 3. Peter is absent, (he, to be ill, for a week). 4. She can’t show you the way there, (she, to be there, never). 5. He may go. (he, to do his homework). 6. I can’t say anything about the film. (I, not to see it). 7. Let’s go for a walk. (the rain, to stop). 8. She knows English well. (she, to live there). 9. Don’t describe the place to me. I (to be there, myself). 10. I know him well. (we, to work together).

Задание № 2. Ответьте на вопросы используя for и since.

1. How long have you lived here? 2. How long have they known each other? 3. How long have you had this coat? 4. How long has this film been on? 5. How long has he been out? 6. How long have you been a student? 7. How long has she been absent from classes? 8. How long have you been here? 9. How long have the children stayed with their aunt? 10. How long have you been like that?

Задание № 3. Раскройте скобки, поставив Present Perfect в придаточных предложениях времени и условия.

1. What brings you here before I (to get up)? 2. I’ll go there after I (to finish my breakfast). 3. The doctor will do it if you (to agree) to the operation. 4. You will marry her, when you (to make) a fortune. 5. I can’t say you more till she (to tell) everything herself. 6. I’ll leave the house as soon as I (to pack) some things. 7. I’ll know my disease when the doctor (to examine) me. 8. We are going for a walk as soon as Dick (to finish) his letters. 9. She will be your guide when you (to come back). 10. I must talk to you before you (to leave).

Задание № 4. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect или Present Continuous.

1. Я только что позавтракал. 2. Он уже позавтракал. 3. Мы еще не завтракали. 4. Они все еще пьют чай в столовой. 5. Я уже сделал свои уроки. 6. Он все еще делает свои уроки. 7. У нас сегодня было три урока. 8. У них только что было собрание. 9. Она еще не читала этой книги. 10. Она все еще читает. 11. Кто это написал? 12. Что вы ему написали?

Задание № 5. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect или Past Simple.

1. At last I (to do) all my homework: now I shall go out. 2. The building of the house (to begin) early in April. 3. The rain (to stop) but a cold wind is still blowing. 4. We already (to solve) the problem. 5. He (to come) a moment ago. 6. I never (to speak) to him. 7. He just (to finish) his work. 8. You (to make) any spelling mistakes in your dictation? 9. It (to be) very cold yesterday. 10. When you (to meet) him? 11. I (not to see) him. since 1987. 12. How many mushrooms you (to gather)? 13. Where you (to put) the newspaper? I want to read it, but cannot find it anywhere. 14. The new school (to begin) working last year. 15. You (to read) all the books on this shelf? 16. I (not to see) my cousin since last year. 17. Why you (to put) these things in the wrong place? 18. Why you (to leave) the door open? You will catch cold sitting in the draught. 19. " We (not to meet) for such a long time! " said my friend. " Yes, indeed, " I answered, " and we both (to grow)." 20. What books you (to read) when you (to live) in the country? 21. They (not yet to come) from the south. 22. He (to be) ill last week, but now he (to recover). 23. If everybody (to read) this new novel, let's discuss it. 24. You (to book) tickets? — Yes, I.... I (to book) them several days ago. 25. I can hardly recognize you. I (not to see) you since you (to leave) for Moscow. And you (to change) so much.

Задание № 6. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect или Past Simple.

1. Не (to be) abroad five years ago. 2. You (to be) in the Caucasus last year? 3. They (to leave) England when he (to be) still a child. 4. He (not yet to come) back. 5. He (to go) already? 6. When you (to see) him last? 7. I (not to see) him for ages. 8. His health (to improve) greatly since I (to see) him last. 9. Last night I (to feel) tired and (to go) to bed very early. 10. Where you (to spend) your holidays? 11. You ever (to spend) your holidays in the Crimea? 12. While travelling in the Crimea I (to meet) your friend. 13. I never (to visit) that place. 14. He (to visit) that place last year. 15. I just (to get) a letter from Tom. 16. You (to take) any photographs while travelling in the south?

Задание № 7. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect или Past Simple.

1. The sun (not to rise) yet, but the sky in the east is getting lighter every minute. 2. I (to see) you walking along the street the other day with a heavy bag. 3. I (not to read) the newspaper today. 4. It is very late, and trams (to stop) running: we must find a taxi to get home. 5. How many times you (to be) to St. Petersburg? 6. At last I (to translate) this article: now I shall have a little rest. 7. We (to go) to the country yesterday, but the rain (to spoil) all the pleasure. 8. My watch was going in the morning, but now it (to stop). 9. The lecture (not yet to begin) and the students are talking in the classroom. 10. She just (to go) out. 11. She (to leave) the room a moment ago. 12. We (not yet to solve) the problem. 13. When it all (to happen)? 14. The morning was cold and rainy, but since ten o'clock the weather (to change) and now the sun is shining brightly. 15. Show me the dress which you (to make). 16. Oh, how dark it is! A large black cloud (to cover) the sky. I think it will start raining in a few minutes. 17. Oh, close the window! Look, all my papers (to fall) on the floor because of the wind. 18. When you (to open) the window? – I (to open) it ten minutes ago.

Задание № 8. Переведите на английский язык, обращая внимание на употребление Present Perfect в придаточных предложениях времени и условия.

1. Если он об этом узнает, он придет в ярость. 2. Я не смогу ответить вам, пока не поговорю с менеджером. 3. Мы выедем в пять вечера, если дождь к этому времени перестанет. 4. Я переведу текст после того, как проанализирую его. 5. Я приду, как только закончу работу. 6. Он поедет на юг, как только допишет статьи для журнала. 7. Я смогу дать вам ее, когда прочту сам. 8. Если мы решим вопрос положительно, я позвоню вам. 9. Я могу читать настоящие стихи, пока не буду знать их наизусть. 10. Я не переживу, если с тобой что-нибудь случится. 11. Она не очень будет рада, если я приду без приглашения. 12. Он сможет ответить на ваш вопрос, как только закончит читать эту статью. 13. Они отправятся на экскурсию, когда соберутся все школьники. 14. Мы пойдем покупать билеты после того, как мы ответим все задания. 15. Мы можете поиграть на улице, как только закончите это упражнение.

Test 3

1. Выберите правильный вариант

1. The exam was quite easy — ______ we expected.

a) more easy that b) more easy than c) easier than d) easier as

2. The more electricity you use, ______.

a) your bill will be higher b) will be higher your bill c) the higher your bill will be d) higher will be your bill

3. He's a fast runner. I can't run as ______ as he.

a) fast b) fastly c) faster d) fastest

4. The film was really boring. It was ______ I've ever seen.

a) most boring film b) the more boring film c) the film more boring d) the most boring film

5. My book is ______ interesting ______ yours.

a) as, as b) like, like c) as, like, d) like, as

6. My house is ______ height ______ his.

a) as, as b) the same, as c) as, the same d) the same, the same

7. John's grades are ______ his sister's.

a) the higher than b) the highest as c) higher than d) more high than

8. I feel ______ today than I did last week.

a) much better b) more good c) no better d) more better

9. No animal is so big ______ King Kong.

a) as b) so c) than d) that

10. California is farther from New York ______ Pennsylvania.

a) as b) than c) like d) from

11. The hotter it is, ______ I feel.

a) the more miserable b) the miserable c) more miserable d) most miserable

12. The more you study, ______ you will become.

a) the more smart b) the more smarter c) smarter d) the smarter

13. These shoes are ______ of all.

a) less expensive b) the least expensive c) the less expensive d) least expensive

2. Выберите правильный вариант
1. She ______ always ______ in Moscow.

a) __, lives b) has lived c) has been living d) has live

3. How long ______ you ______ Kate?

a) did know b) have been knowing c) have known d) do know

4. I ______ here all my life.

a) have lived b) have living c) am living d) live

5. Kate has lost her passport again, it is the second time this ______.

a) happens b) has happened c) happened d) is happening

6. Don't worry ______ late tonight.

a) if I`ll be b) if I am c) when I`ll be d) if I be

7. We ______ for a walk when it ______ raining.

a) will go, will stop b) will go, stops c) are going, will stop d) go, stops

8. When you ______ in Moscow again, you must come and see us.

a) will go b) will be c) are d) are going

9. I'm going to read a lot of books while I ______ on holiday.

a) am b) will be c) would be d) am going to be

10. The first modern Olympics ______ place in Athens more than a hundred years ago.

a) were taking b) took c) have taken d) had taken

11. We ______ 20 new buildings this year.

a) built b) were building c) had built d) have built

12. I ______ John's mobile phone because I left mine at home.

a) use b) was using c) used d) have been using

13. Long ago they ______ most houses out of wood.

a) built b) have built c) were building d) had built

14. We still ______ life on other planets.

a) didn`t discover b) hadn`t discovered c) won`t discover

15. I think it ______ a difficult game.

a) is going to be b) will be c) have been d) had been

16. His grandfather ______ from his job a year ago.

a) has retired b) was retiring c) retires d) retired

17. ______ he ______ about the opera before?

a) had spoken b) was speaking c) has spoken d) did speak

18. What time ______ it ______?

a) did happen b) has happened c) had happened d) was happening

19. She ______ her work already.

a) hasn`t finished b) has finished c) finished d) is finished

20. Last night I ______ home at 11. I ______ supper and then ______ to bed.

a) have come, had, went b) came, had, went c) came, have had, went d) came, had, have gone

MODULE 4

The Past Continuous Tense

Прошедшее длительное время

Образование.

Прошедшее продолженное время образуется, как и настоящее продолженное время, при помощи глагола “ to be ” и смыслового глагола c –ing. При этом глагол “to be” употребляется в форме прошедшего времени ( was, were ).

Ex.: I was reading a book. – Я читал книгу.

They were playing chess. – Они играли в шахматы.

Глагол “ to be” (was, were ) также служит для образования вопросительной и отрицательной формы. Чтобы задать вопрос в the Past Continuous нужно поставить глагол “to be” (в нужной форме: was/ were ) перед подлежащим. Например:

Ex.: Was she sleeping? – Она спала?

Were they playing? – Они играли?

В специальном вопросе вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим, а перед вспомогательным глаголом используется нужное вопросительное местоимение:

Ex.: Where was I working? - Где я работал?

Why was he working? – Почему он работал?

With whom were you working? - С кем ты работал?

В вопросе к подлежащему вопросительное местоимение who ставится перед сказуемым вместо самого подлежащего (в данном вопросе всегда используется вспомогательный глагол was):

Ex.: Who was working? Кто работал?

Чтобы образовать отрицательную форму, нужно поставить отрицание “not” после глагола “to be”.

Ex.: I was not working. – Я не работал.

We were not working- Мы не работали.

6. Употребление.

Past Continuous выражает прошедшее действие в процессе его совершения, т. е. незаконченное длительное действие. Оно переводится на русский язык прошедшим временем глагола несовершенного вида. Past Continuous употребляется:

1) Для выражения длительного действия, совершавшегося в определенный момент в прошлом. Этот момент может быть определен:

а) такими обозначениями времени, как at five o’clock – в пять часов, at noon – в полдень, at midnight – в полночь, at that moment – в тот (этот) момент и т.п.:

Ex.: Не was writing his exercises at five o’clock. – Он писал упражнения в пять часов.

It was raining at noon. – В полдень шел дождь.

What was he doing at that moment? – Что он делал в этот момент?

б) другим прошедшим действием, выраженным глаголом в Past Simple:

Ex.: Не was writing his exercises when I entered the room. – Он писал упражнения, когда я вошел в комнату.

What was he doing when you called on him? – Что он делал, когда вы зашли к нему?

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