типов вопросительных предложений.

1. (There …) There are books on the table. – На столе лежат книги.

2. (to be Present, Past Simple Active Voice) Your flat is comfortable. – Твоя квартира удобная.

Your friends are engineers. – Твои друзья – инженеры.

3. (V Present, Past Simple Active Voice) You work at a plant. – Ты работаешь на заводе. He works at a plant. – Он работает на заводе. She worked at a plant. – Она работала на заводе.

4. остальные времена. He has been working here for 2 years. – Он работает здесь 2 года.

1. Общий вопрос – вопрос, относящийся ко всему предложению и требующий ответа yes или no.

1.) Is there …?

Are there …?

e.g. Are there any books on the table? – Есть книги на столе?

2) to be, to have

Смысловой глагол или глагол-связка	Подлежащее	Именная часть сказуемого	Остальные члены предложения
Is Are	your flat your friends	comfortable? engineers?

3.) Present Simple, Past Simple A.V.

Вспомогательный глагол	Подлежащее	Смысловой глагол V1ф	Остальные члены предложения
Do Does Did	You he she	work	at a plant?

4.) остальные случаи

Вспомогательный глагол	Подлежащее	Остальная часть сказуемого	Остальные члены предложения
Has	He	been working	here for 2 years?

2.Альтернативный вопрос.

1. Are there books or magazines on the table?

2. Is your flat comfortable or comfortless?

Are your friends engineers or managers?

3. Do you work at a plant or at school?

Does he work at a plant or at school?

Did she work at a plant or at school?

4. Has he been working here for 2 or 3 years?

3. Специальный вопрос- вопрос к какому-либо члену предложения. Начинается с вопросительного слова ( who, what, when, where, why и т.д.).

Вопроситель-ное слово	Основной глагол или глагол-связка	Подлежащее	Именная часть составного сказуемого	Остальные члены предложения
Where How good	are is	There your flat?	books?

Вопроситель-ное слово	Вспомогательный глагол	Подлежащее	Смысловой глагол V1ф	Остальные члены предложения
Where	do does did	You he she	work?

Вопроситель-ное слово	Вспомогательный глагол	Подлежащее	Остальная часть сказуемого	Остальные члены предложения
How long	has	he	been working	here?

4. Вопрос к подлежащему - сохраняется прямой порядок слов.

Вопросительное слово ( на месте подлежащего)	Сказуемое	Остальные члены предложения
What Who Who	Is works has been working	comfortable? at a plant? here for 2 years?

Разделительный вопрос

Подлежащее	Сказуемое	Остальные члены предложения,	Вспомогательный глагол	not	Подлежащее (местоимение)
There Your flat You He She He	are is work works worked has been working	books on the table, comfortable, at a plant, here for 2 years,	are is do does did has	not not not not not not	there? it? you? he? she? he?

Контрольная работа № 1.

Для правильного выполнения контрольной работы № 1 необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса грамматики английского языка по любым учебникам:

1. Формы настоящего, прошедшего и будущего времени действительного залога изъявительного наклонения. Спряжение глаголов to be, to have в Present, Past, Future Indefinite.

2. Простое распространенное предложение: прямой порядок слов в утвердительной и отрицательной форме; обратный порядок слов вопросительного предложения. Оборот “there + be”.

3. Словообразование – основные суффиксы и префиксы. Словосложение. Использование слов, одинаковых по форме, представляющих собой различные части речи.

После изучения указанного выше материала можно приступать к выполнению задания.

Вариант 1.

Задание 1. Задание 7. Заполните пропуски соответствующей личной формой глагола to be.

1. … there a book and a pen on the table? 2.We … all happy. 3.He … in New York last month. 4. I … very much surprised. 5. He won’t agree with you even if he… not right. 6. …you sure in your answer?

Задание 2. Раскройте скобки, употребив глаголы в нужном времени. Предложения переведите.

1. While I (to pay) for a T-shirt, someone (to steal) my bag. 2. Luckily, by that time I (to spend) already nearly all my money. 3. Five years (to pass) since that time but I (to remember) still every moment of that terrible night. 4. On my way I (to see) a man who (to paint) his fence with red paint. 5. When he (to arrive) home, he (to discover) that his house (to break into). 6. So I (to sing) and (to write) my songs in secret – late at night in my room, when everyone (to sleep).

Задание 3. К следующим предложениям составьте вопросы 5 типов.

He refused to take this offer.
When I come home they'll be having a supper.

Задание 4. Переведите текст на русский язык.

A sensitive drilling machine is a light high-speed machine, which is used for drilling small holes up to 0.5 in. diameter. The machine consists of a column, which is supported on a cast iron base plate, which is bolted to the workbench. The drilling mechanism is mounted on a bracket, which is supported on top of the column. The drilling mechanism includes the motor and the drill head. On top is a belt drive and pulley system, which is protected by a metal housing. The motor and its controls are located at the rear of the machine. Mounted on another bracket on the column is a worktable. It can be adjusted vertically.

The drill is held perpendicular to the surface of the work. Rotary motion is provided by the electric motor and transmitted to the drill spindle by the belt drive. The spindle speed can be changed by simply moving the belt to another set of pulleys. The drill is lowered, or fed, into the work manually so its progress can be felt. If any trouble occurs the pressure can be released. On releasing the feed pressure, the spindle returns to its upper-most position by means of a spring. On sensitive drilling machine, the drill is held in a chuck, which has three jaws. For use in a chuck, drills must have parallel shanks. They are tightened with a special chuck key. By turning the key the three jaws move uniformly in or out. It is important that the drill is completely tightened in the chuck. If it isn't, it will revolve in the jaws and this will damage the drill.

Before drilling the work should be gripped in a machine vice on the worktable. The center of the hole to be drilled should have already been marked out. But some correction in the position of the hole may be necessary before drilling if this is inaccurate. The position of the hole should be checked before the drill cuts a full diameter.

Вариант 2

Задание 1. Заполните пропуски соответствующей личной формой глагола to be.

1. Optimists … sure that the future … happy. 2. Tomorrow’s cars … an open end air car with no doors and windows. 3. The top speed of a car … five miles per hour. 4. Who … in the next room? 5. I … on holiday in Spain. 6. Last summer it … very hot.

Задание 2. К следующим предложениям составьте вопросы 5 типов.

They proposed us many interesting things.
He has never been in London.

Задание 3. Раскройте скобки, употребив глаголы в нужном времени. Предложения переведите.

1. If you (to read) a book you will know the answer. 2. What time you (to arrive) at the hotel?

3. They just (to return) home. 4. The ship already (to receive) six ice warnings on its radio when it (to strike) the iceberg. 5. I (to finish) everything by that time you get back tomorrow. 6. I answered I (to meet) her at Foyot`s on Thursday at half past twelve.

Задание 4. Переведите текст на русский язык.

Milling is a machining operation in which a work-piece is given the desired shape by the action of a multi-toothed rotating cutter. In its simplest form the milling cutter is a circular disk whose rim is provided with specially shaped teeth (cutting edges). Cutters are of many different kinds and shapes. The work is fed against the teeth of the cutter, while the feed motion is longitudinal, transverse or vertical depending on the type of milling machine and the nature of the work.

There are two methods of milling: conventional (up) milling and climb (down) milling. In conventional milling the cutter rotates against or into the work when the feed is applied. In climb milling the cutter rotates in the same direction as that in which the work is being used. There are various classes and types of milling machines, from small hand-operated types to fully automatic ones, the main of them being: column and knee-type, bed type, planer type, and rotary type. Column and knee-type milling machines fall into three main classes: horizontal plane milling machines, vertical milling machines and universal milling machines. The horizontal plane milling machine is provided with a massive column rising from a base which rests on the floor. The base, hollow inside, contains a tank with cutting fluid. In the lower part of the column there is a motor for driving the spindle and the change gears for the power feed. A set of change gears for driving the spindle is housed in the upper part of the column. In operation, the milling cutters are either attached to the spindle nose or carried on an arbor. An overarm is secured to the top of the column. The knee, which supports the worktable, is mounted on the face of the column.

Вариант 3.

Задание 1. Заполните пропуски соответствующей личной формой глагола to be.

1. My sister … in her thirties. 2. There … many interesting fairy-tales. 3. Ann … a very good singer. 4. Halloween … a public holiday celebrated on October 31. 5. There … little sand on the beach. 6.I … very busy today.

Задание 2. Раскройте скобки, употребив глаголы в нужном времени. Предложения переведите.

1. Ann was hot because she (to play) tennis for an hour. 2. Jane (to take) piano lessons since last June. 3. We (to arrive) late at night. 4. She always (to work) hard. 5. If you (to invite) them, they will come. 6. I wonder whether she (to come) in time.

Задание 3. К следующим предложениям составьте вопросы 5 типов.

My brother is studying at school 10 subjects.
My friends came to see me off.

Задание 4. Переведите текст на русский язык.

Ferrous metals consist of iron combined with carbon, silicon, phosphorous and other elements. Carbon is the most important ol all elements present in ferrous alloys. Ferrous metals are used in industry in two general forms: steel and cast iron, which differ in the quantity of carbon content. These two ferrous alloys are derived from pig iron which is produced in a blast furnace in the form of pigs. Metals are usually melted and poured into a form which is called a " mould". This process is known as casting. The cast metal is shaped in the mould where it cools and solidifies. Thus one can cast different objects known as castings. The shop where metals are cast is called a " foundry". Castings are used in building engines, automobiles and airplanes, and different types of machinery. Steel is iron with a very little carbon content (from 0.05 to 1.7 per cent), which makes it much stronger than iron and is therefore widely used in machine-building. But very much carbon makes steel brittle, which reduces its strength. Therefore the carbon content in steel is confined to certain limits. Cast iron contains a higher percentage of carbon than steel does (more than 2.0 per cent). It is very cheap, in fact, it is the cheapest of all the engineering metals used in machine-building. Grey iron foundries are the most numerous because grey iron can be cast into almost any conceivable shape and size. Grey iron is also adapted to a great variety of castings, such as automobile, gas, steam, and hydraulic engine cylinders, bed plates for machines, car wheels, agriculturalmachinery parts, furnace and stove parts, water pipes, gears, and general machinery parts. The nature of the metal used for grey iron castings is such that castings can be made so hard that ordinary tool steel will not cut them or, on the other hand, so soft that they can be readily machined. However, in comparison with other casting metals grey iron is weak and will not stand great shock. Hence, the engineer must allow a large factor of safety¹ when specifying the use of iron castings, especially where great strength is required, or specify that the castings must be made from some other metal.The alloy of grey castings is composed of iron, carbon, silicon, phosphorus, manganese, and sulphur. These elements are used in different proportions depending on the grade of castings.

Вариант 4.

Задание 1. Заполните пропуски соответствующей личной формой глагола to be.

1. In winter there … not much snow in England. 2. Yesterday the train … ten minutes late. 3. I like small towns which … not crowded. 4. There … a little bread on the table.

Задание 2. Раскройте скобки, употребив глаголы в нужном времени. Предложения переведите.

1. If I (to take) a vacation next summer, I will probably go to Britain. 2. Kate was tired because she (to study) the whole evening. 3. I (to collect) video games for two years already. 4. Europeans first (to come) to America in the late fifth century. 5. Steve asked me if I (to lend) him my skates. 6. It (to rain) hard, so drive slowly.

Задание 3. К следующим предложениям составьте вопросы 5 типов.

There is a beautiful lake between these two villages.
This film reminds me about my childhood.

Задание 4. Переведите текст на русский язык.

Steel is a ferrous material with some carbon content. There are two kinds of steel: carbon and alloy steel. The content of carbon in steel may vary from 0.1 to 1.0 per cent. Carbon steel should contain only iron and carbon without any other alloying elements and is divided into:

(1) Machine steel with a low carbon content from 0.05 to 0.15 per cent

(2) Medium carbon steel with a carbon content from 0.15 to 0.60 per cent

(3) Tool steel with a high carbon content from 0.6 to 1.50 per cent Carbon steels are the most common steels used in industry, their properties depending only on the percentage of carbon they contain. Machine steels are very soft and can be used for making machine parts that do not need strength. Medium carbon steels are better grade and stronger than machine steels. Tool steel may be used for manufacturing tools and working parts of machines because of its high strength and hardness.

Alloy steels are those in which in addition to carbon an alloying element is present in some appreciable quantity. They are divided into special alloy steels and high-speed steels which, in turn, are called " self-hardening steels". Alloying elements of these steels are: nickel, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, etc. These alloying elements have a. definite effect on the characteristic of the steel; nickel increases its strength and hardness; a high percentage of chromium makes steel rust-resistant and in this case it is called " stainless steel". The addition of some tungsten and molybdenum gives heat-resistant steel.Vanadium makes steel corrosion, shock and vibration-resistant. The sand used for making moulds for steel castings differs greatly from that used in other branches of moulding. It must be much more refractory and open grained¹, because the metal is poured at an extremely high temperature and solidifies very rapidly. If the sand is not refractory enough, it will fuse with the metal. The sand being not open grained, the gases will not escape from the mould rapidly enough, and blowholes will be formed in the casting. Many good steel castings are obtained with green sand moulds. Sand moulds are made by shaping the moulding sand around a pattern which is to have the same shape as the finished object, but their size should be a little larger as the steel casting shrinks while cooling. Moulding sand is to be mixed with water in a certain proportion. Many of the smaller steel castings are used as they come from the moulds, but most of the larger ones have to be annealed to relieve the cooling strains formed when the metal solidifies. Steel can be used for a great variety of castings, and it can be cast into very large bodies.

Вариант 5

Задание 1. Заполните пропуски соответствующей личной формой глагола to be.

1. I …afraid you got me wrong. 2. They … in the theatre last week. 3. We … there only on Friday. 4. She … an accountant. 5. It … a funny story. 6. There … many mistakes in your test.

Задание 2. Раскройте скобки, употребив глаголы в нужном времени. Предложения переведите.

1. We (to know) him a long time before we (to give) him a position in the accountant department. 2. Nothing satisfies him, he always (to complain)! 3. I'm afraid he (not to realize) the importance of this question yet. 4. By the end of summer we (to complete) the greater part of our task. 5. I never (to see) snow. I hope to see it when winter (to come).

Задание 3. К следующим предложениям составьте вопросы 5 типов.

Two days later the customer came again.
He has been buying bread here.

Задание 4. Переведите текст на русский язык.

Bearing (mechanics), mechanical device for decreasing friction in a machine in which a moving part bears—that is, slides or rolls while exerting force—on another part. Usually in a bearing the support must allow the moving part one type of motion, for example, rotation, while preventing it from moving in any other way, for example, sidewise. The commonest bearings are found at the rigid supports of rotating shafts where friction is the greatest.

Bearings were invented early in history; when the wheel was invented, it was mounted on an axle, and where wheel and axle touched was a bearing. Such early bearings had surfaces of wood or leather lubricated with animal fat.

Modern bearings have been arbitrarily designated as friction bearings and antifriction bearings. The first comprises sleeve or journal bearings; the second, ball and roller bearings. Friction and antifriction are misleading terms. Neither type of bearing is completely frictionless, and both are highly efficient in reducing friction. A large, modern aircraft engine, for example, has more than 100 bearings, including both types; yet the total power consumed in overcoming bearing friction is less than 1 percent of the total power output of the engine.

Friction bearings of the sleeve or journal type are simpler than antifriction bearings in construction but more complex in theory and operation. The shaft supported by the bearing is called the journal, and the outer portion, the sleeve. If journal and sleeve are both made of steel, the bearing surfaces, even if well lubricated, may grab or pick up, that is, rip, small pieces of metal from each other.

Вариант 6.

Задание 1. Заполните пропуски соответствующей личной формой глагола to be.

1. If the weather … fine, we'll go for a walk. 2. We … interested in your project. 3. There … no conference tomorrow. 4. I … afraid we … late for the concert. 5. They … in the next room. 6. Miss Martha … sure that he … a painter.

Задание 2. Раскройте скобки, употребив глаголы в нужном времени. Предложения переведите.

1.My friend said that he (to return) by that time. 2. They (to invite) you at the party when you are in the city. 3. Look! It (to rain) heavily. 4. It is the first time he (to read) a book from beginning to end. 5. My mother (to cook) the whole evening yesterday. 6. Look! She (to draw) a very nice picture.

Задание 3. К следующим предложениям составьте вопросы 5 типов.

Miss Martha kept a little bakery on the corner.
Somebody was knocking at the door loudly.

Задание 4. Переведите текст на русский язык.

Non-ferrous metals are more expensive than ferrous metals and are used only when some characteristic not possessed by iron or steel is essential or desirable in application. These characteristics are: high electrical and thermal conductivity, high corrosion resistance, non-magnetic qualities, light weight, etc.

The metals most frequently used to make non-ferrous metal castings are copper, tin, zinc, lead, nickel, gold and aluminium. Some of the basic non-ferrous metals and their characteristics are described below.

Copper is a reddish-brown, tough metal. It has very high electric conductivity and high corrosion-resistant qualities. Copper is used for making electrical contacts and wires, pipes, telephone cables, tanks, water heaters, etc.

Zinc is a hard, brittle, bluish-white metal that is employed in the pure form as sheet zinc.

Lead is a very heavy bluish-grey metal which is very soft. This metal is highly resistant to corrosion, but its strength is so low that it must be supported by a core of some other metal. Lead is used for lining pipes, acid tanks and coating electrical cables.

Aluminium is a soft, silvery white metal. It is light weight, has high corrosion-resistant qualities and is used for automobile and airplane parts as well as for making different light-weight objects used in everyday life such as: frames, cooking utensils, chairs, etc.

Вариант 7.

Задание 1. Заполните пропуски соответствующей личной формой глагола to be.

1. Her sister …in the Institute now. 2. All books … on that shelf. 3. They …not in the cinema yesterday. 4. My parents … at home tomorrow. 5. There … much dust on the furniture.

6. The vegetables … in the fringe.

Задание 2. Раскройте скобки, употребив глаголы в нужном времени. Предложения переведите.

1. John (to play) football in the yard now. 2. This Sunday I (to go) to the country, but usually on Sundays I (to stay) at home. 3. What you (to do) yesterday evening? 4. He promised that they (to take) care of us. 5. Where you (to be)? 6. When they retuned mother (to cook) still dinner.

Задание 3. К следующим предложениям составьте вопросы 5 типов.

She worked at the library last year.
He has many books by this author.

Задание 4. Переведите текст письменно.

Tin is a silvery, corrosion-resistant metal. Tin is hardly used in pure form, but is employed as an alloying element.

Nickel is a hard, tough, silvery metal. It has high corrosion-resistant qualities and is used for plating other metals such as iron or brass.

There are many applications of non-ferrous metals in the unalloyed state, but in most cases, some alloying element is added. The above-mentioned non-ferrous metals may be mixed a in various proportions to form many alloys, chief among them being brasses, bronzes, and aluminium alloys. There is a wide range of use for non-ferrous alloys. Their nature differs greatly from that of the ferrous group. By varying the proportions of non-ferrous metals, alloys that are hard or soft, weak or strong, can be produced. When alloying, the metal with the highest melting point should be melted first, then the one with the next highest melting point, and so on until all of the metals that are to makeup the alloy are melted together. For example, to make a red-brass alloy, the copper is melted first, then the zinc, then the lead, and at last the tin. As soon as the mixture is hot enough to run the castings, it should be taken out of the furnace, otherwise the zinc, tin and lead may burn away.

Вариант 8.

Задание 1. Заполните пропуски соответствующей личной формой глагола to be.

1.There … so much snow on the roof. 2. There …too many flowers in this vase. 3. There … very many apples on the plate. 4. He … very difficult person to do with. 5. My friends …in the club yesterday. 5. I … his brother.

Задание 2. Раскройте скобки, употребив глаголы в нужном времени. Предложения переведите.

1. He (to sit) in the café when I saw him. 2. This girl never (to see) the sea. 3. My husband (to drink) many cups of coffee every day. 4. I (to wait) for you since 12 o'clock. 5. We knew he (to come) back to get his money. 6. I (to hold) a very important conference from six to eight tomorrow.

Задание 3. К следующим предложениям составьте вопросы 5 типов.

You have been making essay for two hours already.

2. The train carried both suppliers and finished materials between both points.

Задание 4. Переведите текст письменно.

Alloy, substance composed of two or more metals. Alloys, like pure metals, possess metallic luster and conduct heat and electricity well, although not generally as well as do the pure metals of which they are formed. Compounds that contain both a metal or metals and certain nonmetals, particularly those containing carbon, are also called alloys. The most important of these is steel. Simple carbon steels consist of about 0.5 percent manganese and up to 0.8 percent carbon, with the remaining material being iron.

An alloy may consist of an intermetallic compound, a solid solution, an intimate mixture of minute crystals of the constituent metallic elements, or any combination of solutions or mixtures of the foregoing. Intermetallic compounds, such as NaAu₂, CuSn, and CuAl₂, do not follow the ordinary rules of valency. They are generally hard and brittle; although they have not been important in the past where strength is required, many new developments have made such compounds increasingly important. Alloys consisting of solutions or mixtures of two metals generally have lower melting points than do the pure constituents. A mixture with a melting point lower than that of any other mixture of the same constituents is called a eutectic. The eutectoid, the solid-phase analog of the eutectic, frequently has better physical characteristics than do alloys of different proportions. The properties of alloys are frequently far different from those of their constituent elements, and such properties as strength and corrosion resistance may be considerably greater for an alloy than for any of the separate metals. For this reason, alloys are more generally used than pure metals.

Вариант 9.

Задание 1. Заполните пропуски соответствующей личной формой глагола to be.

1. There …no water in the glass. 2. These books … on the table. 3. He … here in a few minutes. 4. There … much information in this article. 5. Their parents … at work now. 6. Where … you last Monday?

Задание 2. Раскройте скобки, употребив глаголы в нужном времени. Предложения переведите.

1. She told me she (to return) recently from a very interesting trip. 2. They (to sit) here for 20 minutes when I come. 3. As I (to go) down the street just now, I saw an odd scene. 4. It (to rain) every week. 5. He will ask you immediately when you (to visit) them next time. 6. I wonder what he (to buy) for my birthday.

Задание 3. К следующим предложениям составьте вопросы 5 типов.

He spent his winter vacation in Moscow.
She will call on you as soon as she arrives.

Задание 4. Переведите текст письменно.

Steel is stronger and harder than wrought iron, which is approximately pure iron, and is used in far greater quantities. The alloy steels, mixtures of steel with such metals as chromium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, tungsten, and vanadium, are stronger and harder than steel itself, and many of them are also more corrosion-resistant than iron or steel. An alloy can often be made to match a predetermined set of characteristics. An important case in which particular characteristics are necessary is the design of rockets, spacecraft, and supersonic aircraft. The materials used in these vehicles and their engines must be light in weight, very strong, and able to sustain very high temperatures. To withstand these high temperatures and reduce the overall weight, lightweight, high-strength alloys of aluminum, beryllium, and titanium have been developed. To resist the heat generated during reentry into the atmosphere of the earth, alloys containing heat-resistant metals such as tantalum, niobium, tungsten, cobalt, and nickel are being used in space vehicles.

A wide variety of special alloys containing metals such as beryllium, boron, niobium, hafnium, and zirconium, which have particular nuclear absorption characteristics, are used in nuclear reactors. Niobium-tin alloys are used as superconductors at extremely low temperatures. Special copper, nickel, and titanium alloys, designed to resist the corrosive effects of boiling salt water, are used in desalination plants. Historically, most alloys have been prepared by mixing the molten materials. More recently, powder metallurgy has become important in the preparation of alloys with special characteristics. In this process, the alloys are prepared by mixing dry powders of the materials, squeezing them together under high pressure, and then heating them to temperatures just below their melting points. The result is a solid, homogeneous alloy.

Вариант 10.

Задание 1. Заполните пропуски соответствующей личной формой глаголов to be и to have.

1. I … so tired. 2. … it a long way from here? 3. Usually I … little time. 4. She … many friends. 5. They … nice people. 6. … you in the theatre yesterday?

Задание 2. Раскройте скобки, употребив глаголы в нужном времени. Предложения переведите.

1. I was anxious to see the place where I (to spend) my childhood. 2. She already (to gather) the necessary material and now she (to write) her report. 3. She (not to change) a bit since I saw here last time. 4. It (to rain) still? 5. I (to read) this book as soon as I (to get) it. 6. We are sure that you (to do) all work by Friday.

Задание 3. К следующим предложениям составьте вопросы 5 типов.

They have already decided to take part in the conference.
Some years ago he worked at machine-building plant.

Задание 4. Переведите текс письменно.

Brasses are yellowish or reddish alloys of copper and zinc in different proportions about 60 percent copper and 40 per cent zinc, but some brasses contain as high as 90 per cent copper with only 10 per cent zinc). An addition of tin makes brasses stronger. Brasses are very ductile and may be treated without heating them. They are corrosion-resistant and are used for making musical instruments, bearings, etc.

Bronze is an alloy containing primarily copper and tin, but other elements may be added to the alloy to increase its properties such as hardness and resistance to wear. The most common bronzes are known as straight bronze, phosphor bronze, and manganese bronze. Straight bronze is usually a mixture of copper and tin, but there are many bronzes that contain zinc and lead, especially the cheap mixtures. Phosphor bronze may be made by adding a little phosphorus to the mixture. If phosphor tin is used and alloyed with the coper, better results wiil be obtained then if the phosphorus is mixed with the coper. Manganese bronze alloys are usually made by using both copper that contains from 5 to 15 per cent of manganese and copper that contains no manganese.

Aluminium Alloys.Aluminium is used extensively for casting that are to be light in weight, Light in colour, or that must not rust. Since aluminium is too soft for making castings, it is necessary to mix some other metals with it. The metals that alloy freely with aluminium are copper, zinc, and iron. Usually, where aluminium alloys are made, the aluminium predominates.

All non-ferrous castings will take a high polish and will not rust so easily as the ferrous metals, a characteristic that makes them especially useful in wet or damp places. Non-ferrous metals are rather expensive and therefore nowadays scientists try to replace them with some ferrous alloys of lower cost possessing thesame properties.

Вариант 11.

Задание 1. Заполните пропуски соответствующей личной формой глаголов to be.

1. What country … you from? 2. My husband and I … from Dutch. 3. My language … Dutch.

4. The tests … very difficult. 5. We watched the film yesterday. The film … very interesting. 6… your wife from Norway?

Задание 2. Раскройте скобки, употребив глаголы в нужном времени. Предложения переведите.

1. The first person whom Andrew (to see) as he (to enter) was his old nurse. 2. She is going to read the letter she just (to receive). 3. You (to be) late for the concert if you (not to take) a taxi. 4. Where is a baby? – The nurse (to put) it to bed. 5. If you like, I (to give) it to you on Sunday when you (to come) to see me. 6. Light (to travel) more quickly than sound.

Задание 3. К следующим предложениям составьте вопросы 5 типов.

They are playing tennis now.

2. Usually he reads ten pages a day.

Задание 4. Переведите текст письменно.

In a milling machine, a workpiece is fed against a circular device with a series of cutting edges on its circumference. The workpiece is held on a table that controls the feed against the cutter. The table conventionally has three possible movements: longitudinal, horizontal, and vertical; in some cases it can also rotate. Milling machines are the most versatile of all machine tools. Flat or contoured surfaces may be machined with excellent finish and accuracy. Angles, slots, gear teeth, and recess cuts can be made by using various cutters.

Boring is a process that enlarges holes previously drilled, usually with a rotating single-point cutter held on a boring bar and fed against a stationary workpiece. Boring machines include jig borers and vertical and horizontal boring mills.

Grinding is the removal of metal by a rotating abrasive wheel; the action is similar to that of a milling cutter. The wheel is composed of many small grains of abrasive, bonded together, with each grain acting as a miniature cutting tool. The process produces extremely smooth and accurate finishes. Because only a small amount of material is removed at each pass of the wheel, grinding machines require fine wheel regulation. The pressure of the wheel against the workpiece can be made very slight, so that grinding can be carried out on fragile materials that cannot be machined by other conventional devices.

Вариант 12.

Задание 1. Заполните пропуски соответствующей личной формой глаголов to be и to have.

1. …you a PT lesson yesterday? 2. On Mondays we … five lessons. 3. The first lesson … Russian. 4. It … cold in autumn. 5. The weather … fine today. 6. If you … tired, let’s …. a rest.

Задание 2. Раскройте скобки, употребив глаголы в нужном времени. Предложения переведите.

1. A cold wind often (to blow). 2. You (to come) with us? – With pleasure if only I (not to have) too much work to do. 3. What you (to do) here? – I (to prepare) for my report. 4. How long you (to prepare) for it? – I (to work) since morning. 5. Look! It (to snow) heavily. 6. When you (to come) back?

Задание 3. К следующим предложениям составьте вопросы 5 типов.

1. The passengers hurried to occupy their seats in the carriage.

2. Children usually go to bed at 10 p.m.

Задание 4. Переведите текст письменно.

A Centre Lathe.

A lathe is a machine tool, which is used to produce work, which is circular in cross-section by rotating the work against a cutting tool. In other words, it generates a surface of revolution.

The finished work may be cylindrical or tapered (i.e. cone-shaped). In addition to generating cylindrical surfaces lathes can generate plane surfaces by facing. The lathe may also be used for boring and cutting screw threads.

II.

One type of lathe is known as a centre lathe, and it is made up of a number of basic parts, which are accurately aligned one to another so that accurate components can be produced.

The bed acts as a support for the other parts and, therefore, consists of a strong, rigid framework usually made of cast iron. The top is machined to form the slideways, which carry the saddle, the headstock and the tailstock. The saddle controls the movement of the cutting tool. It is free to slide backwards and forwards along the slideways, thus enabling the tool to move parallel to the spindle axis. On the upper surface of the saddle is the cross-slide, which enables the tool to move at right angles to the axis of the spindle, and is therefore, used in facing operations.

The compound slide is mounted on the upper surface of the cross-slide. This can be rotated in such a way that the tool is able to move at an angle to the spindle axis when cutting a taper. The tool post is mounted on the compound slide, and carries the cutting tool.

The other principle parts on the lathe are the headstock and the tailstock. The headstock contains the gears, the controls and the spindle to which the workpiece is attached. It is the spindle which causes the workpiece to rotate. The tailstock does not rotate and is used only to support the other end of the workpiece.

Вариант 13.

Задание 1. Заполните пропуски соответствующей личной формой глагола to be.

1. We … glad to see you tomorrow. 2. If she … in St. Petersburg now, she’ll meet you. 3. Where … Boris? 4. …your family in Moscow last summer? 5. There … good articles on sports here. 6.…you interested in sports?

Задание 2. Раскройте скобки, употребив глаголы в нужном времени. Предложения переведите.

1. When Mrs. Smith (to come) home yesterday, she (to see) that her daughter (to cook) supper and (to wait) for her with the table laid. 2. I (to go) to bed and (to fall) asleep before my father to return) home. 3. Where they (to go) if the weather (to be) fine? 4. The teacher said that we (to take) part in the conference next week. 5. Afire (to burn) in the stove when we (to enter) the house. 6. If I (to see) him I’ll tell him about their letter.

Задание 3. К следующим предложениям составьте вопросы 5 типов.

He speaks English not so bad.
At this very hour tomorrow he'll be making his report at the conference.

Задание 4. Переведите текст письменно.

Honing.

Honing is skin to grinding in that it uses the same abrasives held by the same bonding a block of bonded abrasive is pressed against the surface with a constant force and the block is then slid to and fro at a comparatively slow speed.

The action is the cutting one, the abrasive particles taking minute outs very much as in grinding, but the amount of metal removed is generally quite small and the process is essentially one for eliminating local irregularities of the surfaces operated on rather than shaping the surface as a whole. Honing was first applied, in machine shops, to the finishing of internal combustion engine cylinders and it is still mainly used for internal cylindrical work although it is also used for external work.

Lapping.

This is the process by means of which two surfaces are made to conform, the one to the other, as closely as possible of achievement by any means. Briefly it consists in rubbing the surface together, with a very thin layer of very fine abrasive between them, until the surface irregularities are removed and the two surfaces fit closely. Lapping is also used for only one surface of a mating pair, for example, the shaft and not the bearing brass, but in this case the place of the mating body is taken by a separate lap and the lapping process makes the surfaces of the lap and shaft conform and brings each of them to cylindricity. The abrasives are used in the form of paste, oil, paraffin, or water being used for the binding medium and the consistency being used usually that of thick cream.

Lapping should be distinguished from polishing. It is essentially a cutting process, while polishing consists of producing a kind of plastic flow of surface crystals, so that the high spots are made to fill the low spots.

Вариант 14.

Задание 1. Заполните пропуски соответствующей личной формой глагола to be.

1. … there a clock on the wall? 2. There … different types of rockets. 3. That drawing … wrong. 4. These …the children of Mr. Black. 5. Those properties of the triangle … important. 6. I … from Japan.

Задание 2. Раскройте скобки, употребив глаголы в нужном времени. Предложения переведите.

1. When the two men (to go), she (to look) through the photographs before putting them back.

2. When someone (to come) along and (to want) to write the story of our careers he (to find) all the material ready to his hand, ” he (to say). 3. Last night we (to go) to a football match.

4. During the past hundred years, the radio, the cinema and television (to make) very great changes in the entertainments. 5. I (to look) out of the window. It (to rain) hard.

Задание 3. К следующим предложениям составьте вопросы 5 типов.

There are some kinds of surfaces.
He prepared the material beforehand.

Задание 4. Переведите текст письменно.

Upright Drilling Machines.

In vertical spindle drilling machines the spindle is in a vertical position. The upright drilling machines has an upright column resting on a heavy base. The column equipped with a gearbox providing a wide range of speeds has a feed mechanism. The feed mechanism represents a feed shaft with its necessary gearing by which the drill is cut into the work at a proper speed. The feed shaft and the gearing provide a mechanical feed and any adjustment of both the drill head mounted on the top of the column and the table for drilling operations.

Since in the upright drilling machines the sleeve supports are fixed, all adjustments for different classes of work is made by moving the table which is accomplished by turning the crank.

The table can be moved in a horizontal plane, clamped at any point or, if desired, swung out of the way, so that large work may be placed on the base. The machine is also equipped with a ratchet lever (храповый рычаг) for hand feeding the drill. A hand wheel is fastened to a worm shaft whose worm engages a worm gear on the pinion feed shaft, giving a motion much finer than that obtained by using the hand lever. Speed changes in the upright drilling machines are effected either by cone pulleys (ступенчатый шкив) or a geared head (передняя бабка).

The upright drilling machines, in turn, are classified as heavy duty, plane and sensitive.

Вариант 15.

Задание 1. Заполните пропуски соответствующей личной формой глагола to be.

1. These lines … equal. 2. The lecture … in physics. 3. That … an important property of a triangle. 4. There … many students at the lecture today. 5. There … a little sugar in the packet.

6. I … not a worker.

Задание 2. Раскройте скобки, употребив глаголы в нужном времени. Предложения переведите.

1. I never (to photograph) well. 2. You (to get) wet, if you (to go) out now. 3. When I (to go) to have lunch, it still (to rain) very hard. 4. He (to ask) me if I (to play) football in my childhood. 5. It so happened that the woman I (to meet) at the café (to ride) in the same tram. 6. you (to have) a spare ticket for the match?

Задание 3. К следующим предложениям составьте вопросы 5 типов.

Its rapid development will be raising the living standard of people.
Chemistry occupies a central position among the basic sciences.

Задание 4. Переведите текст письменно.

Radial Drilling Machines.

Radial drilling machine is the largest and most versatile of the drill press group. It is intended for large heavy work, which cannot be easily moved from one place to another, or work, which is beyond the capacity of smaller drill presses used.

Its distinguishing feature is a long heavy radial arm 5 ft. or more in length, which swivels around the vertical cylindrical column to any point. A tool head moves along the arm up and down the column. On some machines the tool head can be swiveled at any angle to drill angular holes. The drill spindle revolves within the head and is extended downward for some distance to provide feed for the drill.

A typical machine with 16-inch column would have a 20-hp motor and a range of 15 to 700 rpm with 32 speeds within the range. Its weight would be 12 tons.

Multiple-Spindle Drilling Machine.

The multiple-spindle drilling machines are built in both vertical and horizontal types. Saving considerable time and space this machine is used for simultaneous drilling of many holes in large number of work-pieces. The machine may have a number of movable drills mounted on the cross way, all the spindles being driven from the same shaft by a worm gear. One of the multiple-spindle machines is the fully automatic multiple-spindle drill head machine requiring only push-button operation once it has been set up. The machine is provided with a large number of spindles ranging from four to a hundred or even more, which are driven by the same drive gear in the same head.

Вариант 15.

Задание 1. Заполните пропуски соответствующей личной формой глагола to be.

1. Her mother … a telephone-operator in the institute. 2. There … a drawing on the blackboard. 3. Mr. Tafts … a professor of physics. 4. That girl … my sister. 5. I … a teacher of mathematics. 6. How many students … at the lecture yesterday?

Задание 2. Раскройте скобки, употребив глаголы в нужном времени. Предложения переведите.

1. By the end of the term we (to read) two English novels. 2. She (to wait) for me at this time the day after tomorrow. 3. What you (to think) about this film? 4. I (to live) here all my life. 5.When I (to enter) the hall, the students (to listen) to a very interesting lecture.

6. They (to hope) they (to make) no mistakes in the test-paper.

Задание 3. К следующим предложениям составьте вопросы 5 типов.

Albert Einstein gave his life to science.
He will not ask him to help him in his work.

Задание 4. Переведите текст письменно.

Mechanical Properties of Metals.

All metals possess certain mechanical properties. It is necessary to study them because later, when discussing treatment, we shall see how great is the influence of treatment on those properties.

Brittleness is the property of breaking without much permanent distortion. It may be due to brittleness of the grain boundaries or of the crystals themselves. Cast iron is brittle because its structure is split up by flakes of graphite which is a brittle material. Brittleness is often referred to as shortness. Hot-or red-shortness in steel is when it is brittle in the red-hot state. It is caused by too much sulpher, which is present as iron sulphide and forms a brittle membrane surrounding the steel crystals. Cold-shortness means that a metal is brittle when cold. In steel cold-shortness is produced when the phosphorous content is too high.

Ductility. A metal is ductile when it may be drawn out in tension without rupture. Wire drawing depends upon ductility for its successful operation. A ductile metal must be both strong and plastic; e.g. lead wire is difficult to draw because the strength of lead is low.

Elasticity. The elasticity of a metal is its power of returning to its original shape after deformation by force. A material may be stretched, compressed, or its volume changed by pressure on all sides. Many materials behave to some extent like powerful elastic, and, within limits will recover their shape when the load on them is removed. The elastic limit is the limit of the elasticity of a material, and is expressed in pounds or tons per square inch of area.

Вариант 17.

Задание 1. Заполните пропуски соответствующей личной формой глагола to be.

How much bread … in the table? 2. These … equal lines. 3. The lectures … on chemistry. 4. There … hundreds of plastics. 5. … you … in the library tomorrow? 6. There … little cheese in the fringe.

Задание 2. Раскройте скобки, употребив глаголы в нужном времени. Предложения переведите.

Задание 3. К следующим предложениям составьте вопросы 5 типов.

In 1905 he made some scientific discoveries.
The transport system of London is very heavy.

Задание 4. Переведите текст письменно.

Universal Milling Machine.

Part I.

The universal milling machine is very similar to the plain milling machine, but has additional features. The principle difference being that the saddle is made in two parts and the top part, carrying the worktable, can swivel about a vertical pivot, so that the direction of the worktable travel can be at other angles than 90 degrees to the spindle axis. This enables helical grooves to be milled, which is not possible on a plane machine, to the spindle axis. In some machines the knee can also be swiveled about the horizontal axis, parallel to the spindle axis. Vertical milling attachments, which convert the horizontal machine into a vertical one are also commonly supplied with universal machines.

Part II.

The cutter spindle is large in diameter and has double opposed bearings on the front end. The back end is mounted on ball bearings. An overarm provides rigid support for cutters and attachments. The base contains a coolant tank. The knee is massive in size to provide the greatest support for the table and saddle units. The entire feed change transmission unit is contained in the knee, and is operated through the vertical drive shaft from the drive unit located in the base and column.

Вариант 18.

Задание 1. Заполните пропуски соответствующей личной формой глагола to be.

1. In winter there … not much snow in England. 2. Yesterday the train … ten minutes late. 3. I like small towns which … not crowded. 4. There … a little bread on the table.

Задание 2. Раскройте скобки, употребив глаголы в нужном времени. Предложения переведите.

Задание 3. К следующим предложениям составьте вопросы 5 типов.

There is a beautiful lake between these two villages.
This film reminds me about my childhood.

Задание 4. Переведите текст письменно.

The Universal Cylindrical Grinding Machine.

The universal cylindrical grinding machine (or grinder) is used for general work. With proper attachments it can be adapted to most classes of grinding.

A universal grinder consists of heavy bed, whose upper surface is accurately machined to form ways upon which the worktable, made in two parts, can slide to and fro. In modern machines the reciprocation of the table is obtained by hydraulic mechanism as this gives a smoother motion than the rack and pinion drives formerly used. In this machine the speed of traverse can be anything from 6 to 240 in. per minute.

The upper part of the worktable can be swivelled about a vertical axis relative to the lower part in order to tapered work may be ground. The maximum included angle that can be ground by this means is not usually greater than 15-20 degrees. The worktable carries a headstock with a live spindle at the left-hand end a tailstock with a spindle-loaded, or sometimes a hydraulically operated poppet at the right-hand end, both units being adjustable to any position along the table.

The headstock consists of two main portions the upper of which, carrying the spindle bearings and variable speed driving motor, can be swivelled through any angle up to 90 degrees relative to the lower part; this enables tapers with an included angle greater than 15-20 degrees to be ground if the work can be held in a chuck.

The wheel spindle carried in bearings in the wheel-head, the bearings being specially designed to reduce the wo

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