Глава 11. «Как вы можете мне помочь?»

 

1. Goldberg E. et al. Selective effects of cholinergic treatment on verbal memory in posttraumatic amnesia // J. Clin. Neuropsychol. 1982. Vol. 4, № 3. P. 219-234.

2. Polyakov V. М., Moskovichyute L. I., Simernitskaya Е. G. Neuropsychological Analysis of the Role in Brain Functional Organization in Man // Modern Problems in Neurobiology. Tbilisi, 1986. P. 329-330; Krotkova O. A., Karaseva T. A., Moskovichiute L. I. Lateralization features of the dynamics of higher mental functions following endonasal glutamic acid electrophoresis // Zh. Vopr. Neirokhir. im. N. N. Burdenko. 1982. № 3. P. 48-52; Korsakova N. K., Moskovichyute L. I. Subcortical Structures and Psychological Processes. Moscow: Moscow University Press, 1985; Moskovichyute L. I., Mimura M., Albert M. Selective Effect of Dopamine on Apraxia. Paper presented at the AAN Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., 1994.

3. Dobkin B. H., Hanlon R. Dopamine agonist treatment of antegrade amnesia from a mediobasal forebrain injury // Ann. Neurol. 1993. Vol. 33, № 3. P. 313-316.

4. Hobson D. E. Pourcher E., Martin W. R. Ropinirole and pramipexole, the new agonists // Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 1999. Vol. 26 Suppl 2. S. 27-33.

5. Ross E. D., Stewart R. M. Akinetic mutism from hypothalamic damage: Successful treatment with dopamine agonists // Neurology. 1981. Vol. 31. P. 1435-1439; Dobkin B. H., Hanlon R. Dopamine agonist treatment of antegrade amnesia from a mediobasal forebrain injury // Ann. Neurol. 1993. Vol. 33, № 3. P. 313-316.

6. Kraus M. F., Maki P. The combined use of amantadine and l-dopa/carbidopa in the treatment of chronic brain injury // Brain Inj. 1997. Vol. 11, № 6. P. 455-460; Kraus M. F., Maki P. M. Effect of amantadine hydrochloride on symptoms of frontal lobe dysfunction in brain injury: case studies and review // J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 1997. Vol. 9, № 2. P. 222-230.

7. Golden D. Building a Better Brain // Life. 1994. July. P. 62-70.

8. Damasio A. Descartes' Error, Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: Putnam Publishing Group, 1994; Damasio A. The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1999.

9. Rowe J. W., Kahn R. L. Successful Aging. New York: Pantheon, 1998.

10. Katzman R. The prevalence and malignancy of Alzheimer's disease: a major killer // Arch. Neurol. 1976. Vol. 33. P. 217.

11. Newell A., Simon H. A. Human problem solving. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1972; Simon H. A. et al. Scientific discovery: Exploration of the creative process. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987.

12. Hamm R. J. et al. Exposure to environmental complexity promotes recovery of cognitive function after traumatic brain injury // J. Neurotrauma. 1996. Vol. 13, № 1. P. 41-47.

13. Kolb B. Brain Plasticity and Behavior. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1995.

14. Heiss W. D. et al. Long-term effects of phosphatidylserine, pyritinol, and cognitive training in Alzheimer's disease. A neuropsychological, EEG, and PET investigation // Dementia. 1994. Vol. 5, № 2. P. 88-98.

15. Gould E. et al. Proliferation of granule cell precursors in the dentate gyrus of adult monkeys is diminished by stress // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1998. Vol. 95, № 6. P. 3168-3171.

16. Gould E. et al. Neurogenesis in the neocortex of adult primates // Science. 1999. Vol. 286, № 5439. P. 548-552.

17. Kempermann G., Kuhn H. G., Gage F. H. More hippocampal neurons in adult mice living in an enriched environment // Nature. 1997. Vol. 386, № 6624. P. 493-495.

18. Ibidem.

19. Ibidem.

20. Albert M. S. et al. Predictors of cognitive change in older persons: MacArthur studies of successful aging // Psychol Aging. 1995. Vol. 10, № 4. P. 578-589.

21. Snowdon D. A. et al. Linguistic ability in early life and cognitive function and Alzheimer's disease in late life. Findings from the Nun Study [see comments], Jama. 1996. Vol. 275, № 7. P. 528-532.

22. Ibidem.

23. Dellu F. et al. Facilitation of cognitive performance in aged rats by past experience depends on the type of information processing involved: a combined cross-sectional and longitudinal study // Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 1997. Vol. 67, № 2. P. 121-128.

24. Schaie К. W., Willis S. L. Can decline in adult intellectual functioning be reversed? // Developmental Psychology. 1986. Vol. 22, № 2. P. 223.

25. Heiss W. D. et al. Long-term effects of phosphatidylserine, pyritinol, and cognitive training in Alzheimer's disease. A neuropsychological, EEG, and PET investigation // Dementia. 1994. Vol. 5, № 2. P. 88-98.

26. Mirmiran M., van Someren E. J., Swaab D. F. Is brain plasticity preserved during aging and in Alzheimer's disease? // Behav. Brain Res. 1996. Vol. 78, № 1. P. 43-48.

27. Maguire E. A. et al. Navigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2000. Vol. 97, № 8. P. 4398-4403.

28. McNaughton B. L. Associative pattern competition in hippocampal circuits: new evidence and new questions // Brain. Res. Rev. 1991. Vol. 16. P. 202-204; McNaughton B. L., Morris R.G.M. Hippocampal synaptic enhancement and information storage // Trends Neurosci. 1987. Vol. 10. P. 408-415.

 

Глава 12. Лобные доли и парадокс лидерства

 

1. Fodor J. A. Precis of the Modularuty of Mind // The Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 1985. Vol. 8. P. 1-42.

2. Goldberg E. Gradiental approach to neocortical functional organization // J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1989. Vol. 11, № 4. P. 489-517; Goldberg E. Higher Cortical Functions in Humans: The Gradiental Approach // Contemporary Neuropsychology and the Legacy of Luria / Ed. by E. Goldberg. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990. P. 229-276; Goldberg E. Rise and fall of modular orthodoxy // J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1995. Vol. 17, № 2. P. 193-208.

3. McCulloch W. S., Pitts W. A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity. 1943 classical article // Bull. Math. Biol. 1990. Vol. 52, № 1-2. P. 99-115.

4. Goldberg E. Gradiental approach to neocortical functional organization // J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1989. Vol. 11, № 4. P. 489-517.

5. Brain, behavior and evolution / Ed. by D. Oakley, H. Plotkin. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

6. Nunn S., Stulberg A. N. The Many Faces of Modern Russia // Foreign Affairs. 2000. Vol. 79, № 2. P. 45-62.

7. Simons M. In New Europe, a Lingual Hodgepodge // The New York Times. 1999. October 17. A4.

8. Ohmae К. The End of the Nation State: The Rise of Regional Economies. New York: Free Press, 1995.

9. Lewis P. As Nations Shed Roals, Is Medieval the Future? // The New York Times, 1999, January 2. B7, B9.

10. Kaplan R. D. Coming Anarchy: Shattering the Dreams of the Post Cold War. New York: Random House, 2000.

11. Kobrin S. J. Back to the future: neo-medievalism and postmodern digital world // The Journal of International Affairs. 1998. Vol. 51, № 2. P. 361-386.

12. McCulloch W. S., Pitts W. A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity. 1943 classical article // Bull. Math. Biol. 1990. Vol. 52, № P. 1-2. P. 99-115.

13. Kaplan R. D. Coming Anarchy: Shattering the Dreams of the Post Cold War. New York: Random House, 2000.

14. The Marx-Engels Reader/ Ed. by E. D. Tucker. 2nd ed. New York: W.WNorton, 1978. Эта фраза в качестве лозунга в былые советские времена приобрела определённо садистский оттенок, отдаленно напоминая Arbeit Macht Frei («Труд освобождает» — надпись над воротами Аушвица). В 1968 году — году подавления «Пражской весны», — мрачная шутка ходила по Москве, что тогдашний президент Чехословакии, генерал Свобода, был переименован в генерала Осознанная Необходимость.

 

Эпилог

 

1. Spinoza В. Ethics / Trans. A. Boyle. London: Everyman, 1997.

2. Ibidem.

3. McCulloch W. S., Pitts W. A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity. 1943 classical article // Bull. Math. Biol. 1990. Vol. 52, № 1-2. P. 99-115.

4. Pitts W., McCulloch W. S. How We Know Universals: The perception of Auditory and Visual Forms // Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics. 1947. Vol. 9. P. 127-147.

 

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[1]В английском оригинале «chief executive officer» или сокращенно «CEO». — Примеч. пер.

 

[2]1. Damasio A. Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: Putnam Publishing Group, 1994.

2. Barkley R. A. ADHD and the Nature of Self-Control. New York: The Guilford Press, 1997.

3. Goldberg E. Tribute to Alexandr Romanovich Luria // Contemporary Neuropsychology and the Legacy of Luria / Ed. by E. Goldberg. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 1990. P. 1-9.

4. Sontag S. Illness As Metaphor and AIDS and Its Metaphors. New York: Doubleday Books, 1990.

 

[3]1. Damasio A. Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: Putnam Publishing Group, 1994.

2. Barkley R. A. ADHD and the Nature of Self-Control. New York: The Guilford Press, 1997.

3. Goldberg E. Tribute to Alexandr Romanovich Luria // Contemporary Neuropsychology and the Legacy of Luria / Ed. by E. Goldberg. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 1990. P. 1-9.

4. Sontag S. Illness As Metaphor and AIDS and Its Metaphors. New York: Doubleday Books, 1990.

 

[4]1. Damasio A. Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: Putnam Publishing Group, 1994.

2. Barkley R. A. ADHD and the Nature of Self-Control. New York: The Guilford Press, 1997.

3. Goldberg E. Tribute to Alexandr Romanovich Luria // Contemporary Neuropsychology and the Legacy of Luria / Ed. by E. Goldberg. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 1990. P. 1-9.

4. Sontag S. Illness As Metaphor and AIDS and Its Metaphors. New York: Doubleday Books, 1990.

 

[5]Представители поколения «бэми-бума» — демографического взрыва, последовавшего за резким ростом благосостояния в США после второй мировой войны. — Примеч. ред.

 

[6]1. Damasio A. Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: Putnam Publishing Group, 1994.

2. Barkley R. A. ADHD and the Nature of Self-Control. New York: The Guilford Press, 1997.

3. Goldberg E. Tribute to Alexandr Romanovich Luria // Contemporary Neuropsychology and the Legacy of Luria / Ed. by E. Goldberg. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 1990. P. 1-9.

4. Sontag S. Illness As Metaphor and AIDS and Its Metaphors. New York: Doubleday Books, 1990.

 

[7]1. После распада Советского Союза улицы и общественные места, названные в честь советских полубогов и юбилеев, были переименованы — в большинстве случаев им были возвращены предреволюционные названия.

 

[8]1. Описание трансформации военного лидерства в течение истории см. в: Keegan J. The Mask of Command. New York: Penguin, 1989.

2. Хроническая болезнь Наполеона не имела прямого отношения к мозгу. Как раз наоборот — он страдал геморроидом. Для дальнейшего чтения на тему см.: Neumayr A. Dictators in the Mirror of Medicine: Napoleon, Hitler, Stalin / Trans. D.J. Parent. Bloomington, Ill.: Medi-Ed Press, 1995.

3. Tilney F. The brain: from ape to man. New York: Hoeber, 1928.

4. Jaynes J. The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990.

5. Из Wallace W. E. Michelangelo: The Complete Sculpture, Painting, Architecture. Southport, Conn.: Hugh Lauter Levin Associates, 1998.

6. Pinker S. The Language Instinct. New York: Harper Perennial Library, 1995.

 

[9]1. Gall F.J. Sur le functions du cerveau. Vol. 1-6. Paris, 1822-1823.

2. Kleist К. Gehirnpathologie. Leiptzig: Barth, 1934.

3. Broca P. Remarques sur le-siege de la faculte du language articule // Bull. Soc. Anthrop. 1861. Vol. 6.

4. Wernicke С. Der aphasische Symptomencomplex. Breslau, 1874.

5. LeMay M. Morphological cerebral asymmetries of modern man, fossil man, and nonhuman primate // Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1976. Vol. 280. P. 349-366.

6. de Lacoste M. C, Horvath D. S., Woodward D. J. Possible sex differences in the developing human fetal brain // J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1991. Vol. 13, № 6. P. 831-846.

7. LeMay M. Morphological cerebral asymmetries of modern man, fossil man, and nonhuman primate // Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1976. Vol. 280. P. 349-366.

8. Diamond M. С. Rat forebrain morphology: Right-left; male-female; young-old; enriched-impoverished // Cerebral laterality in nonhuman species / Ed. by S. D. Glick. New York: Academic Press, 1985; Diamond M. C., Dowling G. A, Johnson R. E. Morphologic cerebral cortical asymmetry in male and female rats // Exp. Neurol. 1981. Vol. 71, № 2. P. 261-268.

9. Geschwind N., Levitsky W. Human brain: left-right asymmetries in temporal speech region // Science. 1968. Vol. 161, № 837. P. 186-187.

10. LeMay AL, Geschwind N. Hemispheric differences in the brains of great apes // Brain. Behav. Evol. 1975. Vol. 11, № 1. P. 48-52.

11. Gannon P. J. et al. Asymmetry of chimpanzee planum temporale: humanlike pattern of Wernicke's brain language area homolog // Science. 1998. Vol. 279, № 5348. P. 220-222.

12. Glick S. D., Ross D. A, Hough L. B. Lateral asymmetry of neurotransmitters in human brain // Brain Res. 1982. Vol. 234, № 1. P. 53-63.

13. Sandu S., Cook P., Diamond M. C. Rat cortical estrogen receptors: Male-female, right-left // Experimental Neurology. 1985. Vol.92, № l. P. 186-196.

14. Glick S. D. et al. Multiple and interrelated functional asymmetries in rat brain // Life Sci. 1979. Vol. 25, № 4. P. 395-400.

15. Sholl S. A, Kim К L. Androgen receptors are differentially distributed between right and left cerebral hemispheres of the fetal male rhesus monkey // Brain Res. 1990. Vol. 516, № 1. P. 122-126.

16. Goldberg E., Costa L. D. Hemisphere differences in the acquisition and use of descriptive systems // Brain Lang. 1981. Vol. 14, № l. P. 144-173.

17. Simon H. The Sciences of the Artificial. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1996.

18. Neural Networks and Natural Intelligence / Ed. by S. Grossberg. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1988.

19. Goldberg E., Costa L. D. Hemisphere differences in the acquisition and use of descriptive systems // Brain Lang. 1981. Vol. 14, № l. P. 144-173.

20. Обзоры компьютационных моделей нейронных сетей см.: Neural Networks and Natural Intelligence / Ed. by S. Grossberg. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1988; Jacobs R. A, Jordan M. I. Computational consequences of a bias toward short connections // Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 1992, 4. P. 323-336; Jacobs R. A., Jordan M. I., Barto A. G. Task decomposition through competition in a modular connectionist architecture: The what and where vision tasks // Cognitive Science. 1991. Vol. 15. P. 219-250.

21. Обзор см. в: Springer S., Deutsch G. Left Brain, Right Brain: Perspective from Cognitive Neuroscience. 5th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co., 1997.

22. Bever Т. G., Chiarello R. J. Cerebral dominance in musicians and nonmusicians // Science. 1974. Vol. 185, № 150. P. 537-539.

23. Marzi C. A., Berlucchi G. Right visual field superiority for accuracy of recognition of famous faces in normals // Neuropsychologia. 1977. Vol. 15, № 6. P. 751-756.

24. Martin A., Wiggs C. L., Weisberg J. Modulation of human medial temporal lobe activity by form, meaning, and experience // Hippocampus. 1997. Vol. 7, № 6. P. 587-593.

25. Henson R., Shallice T., Dolan R. Neuroimaging Evidence for Dissociable Forms of Repetition Priming // Science. 2000. Vol. 287, № 5456. P. 1269-1272.

26. Gold J. M. et al. PET validation of a novel prefrontal task: Delayed response alteration // Neuropsychology. Vol. 10. 1996. P. 3-10.

27. Shadmehr R., Holcomb H. H. Neural correlates of motor memory consolidation // Science. 1997. Vol. 277, № 5327. P. 821-825.

28. Hater R. J. et al. Regional glucose metabolic changes after learning a complex visuospatial/motor task: a positron emission tomographic study // Brain Res. 1992. Vol. 570, № 1-2. P. 134-143.

29. Berns G. S., Cohen J. D., Mintun M. A. Brain regions responsive to novelty in the absence of awareness // Science. 1997. Vol. 276, № 5316. P. 1272-1275.

30. Raichle M. E. et al. Practice-related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning // Cereb. Cortex. 1994. Vol. 4, № 1. P. 26.

31. Tulving E. et al. Novelty and familiarity activations in PET studies of memory encoding and retrieval // Cereb. Cortex. 1996. Vol. 6, № 1. P. 71-79.

32. Vygotsky L. Thought and Language / Ed. by A. Kozulin. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1986.

33. Jaynes J. The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990.

34. Gold J. M. et al. PET validation of a novel prefrontal task: Delayed response alteration // Neuropsychology. 1996. Vol. 10. P. 3-10; Haier R. J. et al. Regional glucose metabolic changes after learning a complex visuospatial/motor task: a positron emission tomographic study // Brain. Res. 1992. Vol. 570, № 1-2. P. 134-143; Raichle M. E. et al. Practice-related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning // Cereb. Cortex. 1994. Vol. 4, № 1. P. 8-26.

35. Fodor J. A. Precis of the Modularity of Mind // The Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 1985. Vol. 8. P. 1-42.

36. Goldberg E. Gradiental approach to neocortical functional organization // J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1989. Vol. 11, № 4. P. 489-517.

37. Goldberg E. Higher Cortical Functions in Humans: The Gradiental Approach // Contemporary Neuropsychology and the Legacy of Luria / Ed. by E. Goldberg. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990. P. 229-276.

38. Sacks 0. W. Scotoma: Forgetting and Neglect in Science // Hidden histories of Science / Ed. by R. B. Silver. New York: New York Review, 1996. P. 141-187.

39. Обзор см. в: Heilman K, Valenstein E. (Eds.) Clinical Neuropsychology. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.

40. Goldberg E. Associative agnosias and the functions of the left hemisphere // J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1990. Vol. 12, № 4. P. 467-484.

41. Goldberg E. Gradiental approach to neocortical functional organization // J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1989. Vol. 11, № 4. P. 489-517.

42. Martin A., Ungerleider L. G., Haxby J. V. Category Specificity and the Brain: The Sensory/Motor Model of Semantic Representation of Objects // The New Cognitive Neuroscience / Ed. by M. S. Gazzaniga. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999.

43. Martin A. et al. Neural correlates of category-specific knowledge // Nature. 1996. Vol. 379, № 6566. P. 649-652.

44. Warrington E. K., Shallice T. Category specific semantic impairments // Brain 107, № Pt 3. 1984. P. 829-854; McCarthy R. A., Warrington E. K. Evidence for modality-specific meaning systems in the brain // Nature. 1988. Vol. 334, № 6181. P. 428-430.

 

[10]1. Описание трансформации военного лидерства в течение истории см. в: Keegan J. The Mask of Command. New York: Penguin, 1989.

2. Хроническая болезнь Наполеона не имела прямого отношения к мозгу. Как раз наоборот — он страдал геморроидом. Для дальнейшего чтения на тему см.: Neumayr A. Dictators in the Mirror of Medicine: Napoleon, Hitler, Stalin / Trans. D.J. Parent. Bloomington, Ill.: Medi-Ed Press, 1995.

3. Tilney F. The brain: from ape to man. New York: Hoeber, 1928.

4. Jaynes J. The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990.

5. Из Wallace W. E. Michelangelo: The Complete Sculpture, Painting, Architecture. Southport, Conn.: Hugh Lauter Levin Associates, 1998.

6. Pinker S. The Language Instinct. New York: Harper Perennial Library, 1995.

 

[11]1. Описание трансформации военного лидерства в течение истории см. в: Keegan J. The Mask of Command. New York: Penguin, 1989.

2. Хроническая болезнь Наполеона не имела прямого отношения к мозгу. Как раз наоборот — он страдал геморроидом. Для дальнейшего чтения на тему см.: Neumayr A. Dictators in the Mirror of Medicine: Napoleon, Hitler, Stalin / Trans. D.J. Parent. Bloomington, Ill.: Medi-Ed Press, 1995.

3. Tilney F. The brain: from ape to man. New York: Hoeber, 1928.

4. Jaynes J. The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990.

5. Из Wallace W. E. Michelangelo: The Complete Sculpture, Painting, Architecture. Southport, Conn.: Hugh Lauter Levin Associates, 1998.

6. Pinker S. The Language Instinct. New York: Harper Perennial Library, 1995.

 

[12]1. Gall F.J. Sur le functions du cerveau. Vol. 1-6. Paris, 1822-1823.

2. Kleist К. Gehirnpathologie. Leiptzig: Barth, 1934.

3. Broca P. Remarques sur le-siege de la faculte du language articule // Bull. Soc. Anthrop. 1861. Vol. 6.

4. Wernicke С. Der aphasische Symptomencomplex. Breslau, 1874.

5. LeMay M. Morphological cerebral asymmetries of modern man, fossil man, and nonhuman primate // Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1976. Vol. 280. P. 349-366.

6. de Lacoste M. C, Horvath D. S., Woodward D. J. Possible sex differences in the developing human fetal brain // J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1991. Vol. 13, № 6. P. 831-846.

7. LeMay M. Morphological cerebral asymmetries of modern man, fossil man, and nonhuman primate // Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1976. Vol. 280. P. 349-366.

8. Diamond M. С. Rat forebrain morphology: Right-left; male-female; young-old; enriched-impoverished // Cerebral laterality in nonhuman species / Ed. by S. D. Glick. New York: Academic Press, 1985; Diamond M. C., Dowling G. A, Johnson R. E. Morphologic cerebral cortical asymmetry in male and female rats // Exp. Neurol. 1981. Vol. 71, № 2. P. 261-268.

9. Geschwind N., Levitsky W. Human brain: left-right asymmetries in temporal speech region // Science. 1968. Vol. 161, № 837. P. 186-187.

10. LeMay AL, Geschwind N. Hemispheric differences in the brains of great apes // Brain. Behav. Evol. 1975. Vol. 11, № 1. P. 48-52.

11. Gannon P. J. et al. Asymmetry of chimpanzee planum temporale: humanlike pattern of Wernicke's brain language area homolog // Science. 1998. Vol. 279, № 5348. P. 220-222.

12. Glick S. D., Ross D. A, Hough L. B. Lateral asymmetry of neurotransmitters in human brain // Brain Res. 1982. Vol. 234, № 1. P. 53-63.

13. Sandu S., Cook P., Diamond M. C. Rat cortical estrogen receptors: Male-female, right-left // Experimental Neurology. 1985. Vol.92, № l. P. 186-196.

14. Glick S. D. et al. Multiple and interrelated functional asymmetries in rat brain // Life Sci. 1979. Vol. 25, № 4. P. 395-400.

15. Sholl S. A, Kim К L. Androgen receptors are differentially distributed between right and left cerebral hemispheres of the fetal male rhesus monkey // Brain Res. 1990. Vol. 516, № 1. P. 122-126.

16. Goldberg E., Costa L. D. Hemisphere differences in the acquisition and use of descriptive systems // Brain Lang. 1981. Vol. 14, № l. P. 144-173.

17. Simon H. The Sciences of the Artificial. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1996.

18. Neural Networks and Natural Intelligence / Ed. by S. Grossberg. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1988.

19. Goldberg E., Costa L. D. Hemisphere differences in the acquisition and use of descriptive systems // Brain Lang. 1981. Vol. 14, № l. P. 144-173.

20. Обзоры компьютационных моделей нейронных сетей см.: Neural Networks and Natural Intelligence / Ed. by S. Grossberg. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1988; Jacobs R. A, Jordan M. I. Computational consequences of a bias toward short connections // Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 1992, 4. P. 323-336; Jacobs R. A., Jordan M. I., Barto A. G. Task decomposition through competition in a modular connectionist architecture: The what and where vision tasks // Cognitive Science. 1991. Vol. 15. P. 219-250.

21. Обзор см. в: Springer S., Deutsch G. Left Brain, Right Brain: Perspective from Cognitive Neuroscience. 5th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co., 1997.

22. Bever Т. G., Chiarello R. J. Cerebral dominance in musicians and nonmusicians // Science. 1974. Vol. 185, № 150. P. 537-539.

23. Marzi C. A., Berlucchi G. Right visual field superiority for accuracy of recognition of famous faces in normals // Neuropsychologia. 1977. Vol. 15, № 6. P. 751-756.

24. Martin A., Wiggs C. L., Weisberg J. Modulation of human medial temporal lobe activity by form, meaning, and experience // Hippocampus. 1997. Vol. 7, № 6. P. 587-593.

25. Henson R., Shallice T., Dolan R. Neuroimaging Evidence for Dissociable Forms of Repetition Priming // Science. 2000. Vol. 287, № 5456. P. 1269-1272.

26. Gold J. M. et al. PET validation of a novel prefrontal task: Delayed response alteration // Neuropsychology. Vol. 10. 1996. P. 3-10.

27. Shadmehr R., Holcomb H. H. Neural correlates of motor memory consolidation // Science. 1997. Vol. 277, № 5327. P. 821-825.

28. Hater R. J. et al. Regional glucose metabolic changes after learning a complex visuospatial/motor task: a positron emission tomographic study // Brain Res. 1992. Vol. 570, № 1-2. P. 134-143.

29. Berns G. S., Cohen J. D., Mintun M. A. Brain regions responsive to novelty in the absence of awareness // Science. 1997. Vol. 276, № 5316. P. 1272-1275.

30. Raichle M. E. et al. Practice-related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning // Cereb. Cortex. 1994. Vol. 4, № 1. P. 26.

31. Tulving E. et al. Novelty and familiarity activations in PET studies of memory encoding and retrieval // Cereb. Cortex. 1996. Vol. 6, № 1. P. 71-79.

32. Vygotsky L. Thought and Language / Ed. by A. Kozulin. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1986.

33. Jaynes J. The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990.

34. Gold J. M. et al. PET validation of a novel prefrontal task: Delayed response alteration // Neuropsychology. 1996. Vol. 10. P. 3-10; Haier R. J. et al. Regional glucose metabolic changes after learning a complex visuospatial/motor task: a positron emission tomographic study // Brain. Res. 1992. Vol. 570, № 1-2. P. 134-143; Raichle M. E. et al. Practice-related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning // Cereb. Cortex. 1994. Vol. 4, № 1. P. 8-26.

35. Fodor J. A. Precis of the Modularity of Mind // The Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 1985. Vol. 8. P. 1-42.

36. Goldberg E. Gradiental approach to neocortical functional organization // J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1989. Vol. 11, № 4. P. 489-517.

37. Goldberg E. Higher Cortical Functions in Humans: The Gradiental Approach // Contemporary Neuropsychology and the Legacy of Luria / Ed. by E. Goldberg. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990. P. 229-276.

38. Sacks 0. W. Scotoma: Forgetting and Neglect in Science // Hidden histories of Science / Ed. by R. B. Silver. New York: New York Review, 1996. P. 141-187.

39. Обзор см. в: Heilman K, Valenstein E. (Eds.) Clinical Neuropsychology. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.

40. Goldberg E. Associative agnosias and the functions of the left hemisphere // J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1990. Vol. 12, № 4. P. 467-484.

41. Goldberg E. Gradiental approach to neocortical functional organization // J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1989. Vol. 11, № 4. P. 489-517.

42. Martin A., Ungerleider L. G., Haxby J. V. Category Specificity and the Brain: The Sensory/Motor Model of Semantic Representation of Objects // The New Cognitive Neuroscience / Ed. by M. S. Gazzaniga. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999.

43. Martin A. et al. Neural correlates of category-specific knowledge // Nature. 1996. Vol. 379, № 6566. P. 649-652.

44. Warrington E. K., Shallice T. Category specific semantic impairments // Brain 107, № Pt 3. 1984. P. 829-854; McCarthy R. A., Warrington E. K. Evidence for modality-specific meaning systems in the brain // Nature. 1988. Vol. 334, № 6181. P. 428-430.

 

[13]1. Описание трансформации военного лидерства в течение истории см. в: Keegan J. The Mask of Command. New York: Penguin, 1989.

2. Хроническая болезнь Наполеона не имела прямого отношения к мозгу. Как раз наоборот — он страдал геморроидом. Для дальнейшего чтения на тему см.: Neumayr A. Dictators in the Mirror of Medicine: Napoleon, Hitler, Stalin / Trans. D.J. Parent. Bloomington, Ill.: Medi-Ed Press, 1995.

3. Tilney F. The brain: from ape to man. New York: Hoeber, 1928.

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6. Pinker S. The Language Instinct. New York: Harper Perennial Library, 1995.

 

[14]1. Gall F.J. Sur le functions du cerveau. Vol. 1-6. Paris, 1822-1823.

2. Kleist К. Gehirnpathologie. Leiptzig: Barth, 1934.

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4. Wernicke С. Der aphasische Symptomencomplex. Breslau, 1874.

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7. LeMay M. Morphological cerebral asymmetries of modern man, fossil man, and nonhuman primate // Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1976. Vol. 280. P. 349-366.

8. Diamond M. С. Rat forebrain morphology: Right-left; male-female; young-old; enriched-impoverished // Cerebral laterality in nonhuman species / Ed. by S. D. Glick. New York: Academic Press, 1985; Diamond M. C., Dowling G. A, Johnson R. E. Morphologic cerebral cortical asymmetry in male and female rats // Exp. Neurol. 1981. Vol. 71, № 2. P. 261-268.

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10. LeMay AL, Geschwind N. Hemispheric differences in the brains of great apes // Brain. Behav. Evol. 1975. Vol. 11, № 1. P. 48-52.

11. Gannon P. J. et al. Asymmetry of chimpanzee planum temporale: humanlike pattern of Wernicke's brain language area homolog // Science. 1998. Vol. 279, № 5348. P. 220-222.

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13. Sandu S., Cook P., Diamond M. C. Rat cortical estrogen receptors: Male-female, right-left // Experimental Neurology. 1985. Vol.92, № l. P. 186-196.

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17. Simon H. The Sciences of the Artificial. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1996.

18. Neural Networks and Natural Intelligence / Ed. by S. Grossberg. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1988.

19. Goldberg E., Costa L. D. Hemisphere differences in the acquisition and use of descriptive systems // Brain Lang. 1981. Vol. 14, № l. P. 144-173.

20. Обзоры компьютационных моделей нейронных сетей см.: Neural Networks and Natural Intelligence / Ed. by S. Grossberg. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1988; Jacobs R. A, Jordan M. I. Computational consequences of a bias toward short connections // Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 1992, 4. P. 323-336; Jacobs R. A., Jordan M. I., Barto A. G. Task decomposition through competition in a modular connectionist architecture: The what and where vision tasks // Cognitive Science. 1991. Vol. 15. P. 219-250.

21. Обзор см. в: Springer S., Deutsch G. Left Brain, Right Brain: Perspective from Cognitive Neuroscience. 5th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co., 1997.

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23. Marzi C. A., Berlucchi G. Right visual field superiority for accuracy of recognition of famous faces in normals // Neuropsychologia. 1977. Vol. 15, № 6. P. 751-756.

24. Martin A., Wiggs C. L., Weisberg J. Modulation of human medial temporal lobe activity by form, meaning, and experience // Hippocampus. 1997. Vol. 7, № 6. P. 587-593.

25. Henson R., Shallice T., Dolan R. Neuroimaging Evidence for Dissociable Forms of Repetition Priming // Science. 2000. Vol. 287, № 5456. P. 1269-1272.

26. Gold J. M. et al. PET validation of a novel prefrontal task: Delayed response alteration // Neuropsychology. Vol. 10. 1996. P. 3-10.

27. Shadmehr R., Holcomb H. H. Neural correlates of motor memory consolidation // Science. 1997. Vol. 277, № 5327. P. 821-825.

28. Hater R. J. et al. Regional glucose metabolic changes after learning a complex visuospatial/motor task: a positron emission tomographic study // Brain Res. 1992. Vol. 570, № 1-2. P. 134-143.

29. Berns G. S., Cohen J. D., Mintun M. A. Brain regions responsive to novelty in the absence of awareness // Science. 1997. Vol. 276, № 5316. P. 1272-1275.

30. Raichle M. E. et al. Practice-related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning // Cereb. Cortex. 1994. Vol. 4, № 1. P. 26.

31. Tulving E. et al. Novelty and familiarity activations in PET studies of memory encoding and retrieval // Cereb. Cortex. 1996. Vol. 6, № 1. P. 71-79.

32. Vygotsky L. Thought and Language / Ed. by A. Kozulin. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1986.

33. Jaynes J. The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990.

34. Gold J. M. et al. PET validation of a novel prefrontal task: Delayed response alteration // Neuropsychology. 1996. Vol. 10. P. 3-10; Haier R. J. et al. Regional glucose metabolic changes after learning a complex visuospatial/motor task: a positron emission tomographic study // Brain. Res. 1992. Vol. 570, № 1-2. P. 134-143; Raichle M. E. et al. Practice-related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning // Cereb. Cortex. 1994. Vol. 4, № 1. P. 8-26.

35. Fodor J. A. Precis of the Modularity of Mind // The Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 1985. Vol. 8. P. 1-42.

36. Goldberg E. Gradiental approach to neocortical functional organization // J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1989. Vol. 11, № 4. P. 489-517.

37. Goldberg E. Higher Cortical Functions in Humans: The Gradiental Approach // Contemporary Neuropsychology and the Legacy of Luria / Ed. by E. Goldberg. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990. P. 229-276.

38. Sacks 0. W. Scotoma: Forgetting and Neglect in Science // Hidden histories of Science / Ed. by R. B. Silver. New York: New York Review, 1996. P. 141-187.

39. Обзор см. в: Heilman K, Valenstein E. (Eds.) Clinical Neuropsychology. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.

40. Goldberg E. Associative agnosias and the functions of the left hemisphere // J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1990. Vol. 12, № 4. P. 467-484.

41. Goldberg E. Gradiental approach to neocortical functional organization // J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1989. Vol. 11, № 4. P. 489-517.

42. Martin A., Ungerleider L. G., Haxby J. V. Category Specificity and the Brain: The Sensory/Motor Model of Semantic Representation of Objects // The New Cognitive Neuroscience / Ed. by M. S. Gazzaniga. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999.

43. Martin A. et al. Neural correlates of category-specific knowledge // Nature. 1996. Vol. 379, № 6566. P. 649-652.

44. Warrington E. K., Shallice T. Category specific semantic impairments // Brain 107, № Pt 3. 1984. P. 829-854; McCarthy R. A., Warrington E. K. Evidence for modality-specific meaning systems in the brain // Nature. 1988. Vol. 334, № 6181. P. 428-430.

 

[15]1. Raichle M. E. et al. Practice-related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning // Cereb. Cortex. 1994. Vol. 4, № 1. P. 8-26.

2. Gold J. M. et al. PET validation of a novel prefrontal task: Delayed response alteration // Neuropsychology. 1996. Vol. 10. P. 3-10.

3. Jacobsen C. F. Functions of the frontal association area in primates // Archives of Neurological Psychaitry. 1935. Vol. 33. P. 558-569; Jacobsen C. F., Nissen H. W. Studies of cerebral function in primates. IV. The effects of frontal lobe lesion on the delayed alternation habit in monkeys // Journal of Comparative Physiological Psychology. 1937. Vol. 23. P. 101-112.

4. Luria A. R. Higher Cortical Functions in Man. New York: Basic Books, 1966.

5. Goldman-Rakic P. S. Circuitry of primate prefrontal cortex and regulation of behavior by representational memory // Handbook of Physiology: Nervous System, Higher Functions of the Brain, part 1. / Ed. by F Plum. Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Association, 1987. P. 373-417.

6. Fuster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.

7. Fuster J. M. Temporal organization of behavior (Introduction) // Human Neurobiology. 1985. Vol. 4. P. 57-60.

8. Jackson H. Evolution and dissolution of the nervous system // Croonian Lecture. Selected papers 2. 1884.

9. Funahashi S., Bruce С. J., Goldman-Rakic P. S. Mnemonic coding of visual space in the monkey's dorsolateral prefrontal cortex // J. Neurophysiol. 1989. Vol. 61, № 2. P. 331-349.

10. Courtney S. M. et al. Object and spatial visual working memory activate separate neural systems in human cortex // Cereb. Cortex. 1996. Vol. 6, № 1. P. 39-49.

11. Funahashi S., Bruce С. J., Goldman-Rakic P. S. Mnemonic coding of visual space in the monkey's dorsolateral prefrontal cortex // J. Neurophysiol. 1989. Vol. 61, № 2. P. 331-349.

12. Goldberg E. et al. Cognitive Bias, Functional Cortical Geometry, and the Frontal Lobes: Laterality, Sex, and Handedness // Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 1994. Vol. 6, № 3. P. 276-296.

13. Goldberg E. et al. Early diagnosis of frontal-lobe dementias. Presented at the Eighth Congress of International Psychogeriatric Association, Jerusalem, Israel, 1997.

14. См. обзор: Alzheimer's Disease / Ed. by B. Reisberg. New York: The Free Press, 1983.

 

[16]1. Подробнее см. обзор: Carpenter M. В., Parent А. Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995.

2. Magoun H. W. The ascending reticular activating system // Res. Publ. Assoc. Nerv. a. Ment. Dis. 1952. № 30.

3. Подробнее см. обзор: Brain, behavior and evolution / Ed. by D. Oakley, H. Plotkin. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

4. Подробнее см. обзор: Carpenter M. В., Parent A. Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995.

5. Ibidem.

6. LeDoux J. The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life. New York: Touchstone Books, 1998.

7. Grafman J. et al. Cognitive planning deficit in patients with cerebellar atrophy//Neurology. 1992. Vol. 42, № 8. P. 1493-1496; Lelner H. C, Lelner A. L., Dow R. S. Reappraising the cerebellum: what does the hindbrain contribute to the forebrain? // Behav. Neurosci. 1989. Vol. 103, № 5. P. 998-1008.

8. См.: Brain, behavior and evolution / Ed. by D. Oakley, H. Plotkin. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

9. McNaughton B. L., Morris R.G.M. Hippocampal synaptic enhancement and information storage // Trends Neurosci. 1987. 10. P. 408-415; McNaughton B. L. Associative pattern competition in hippocampal circuits: new evidence and new questions // Brain Res. Rev. 1991. Vol. 16. P. 202-204.

10. Milner В. Cues to the cerebral organization of memory // Cerebral correlates of conscious experience / Ed. by P. Buser, A. Rougeul-Buser. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1978. P. 139-153.

11. См.: Limbic system mechanisms and autonomic function / Ed. by С. H. Hockman. Springfield, Ill.: Charles С. Thomas, 1972.

12. Carter С. S. Botuinick M. M., Cohen J. D. The contribution of the anterior cingulate cortex to executive processes in cognition // Rev. Neurosci. 1999. Vol. 10, № 1. P. 49-57.

13. См. Oakley D., Plotkin H. (Eds.). Brain, behavior and evolution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1979.

14. Brodmann K. Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshinrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues. Leipzig: Barth, 1909. Цит. по: Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.

15. Roberts G.W., Leigh P.N., Weinberger D. R. Neuropsychiatric Disorders. London: Wolfe, 1993.

16. Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.

17. Campbell A. W. Histological Studies on the Localization of Cerebral Function. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1905. Цит. по: Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.

18. Jackson H. Evolution and dissolution of the nervous system // Croonian Lecture. Selected papers 2. 1884.

19. Laria A. R. Higher Cortical Functions in Man. New York: Basic Books, 1966.

20. Damasio A. The Frontal Lobes // Clinical Neuropsychology / Ed. by K. Heilman, E. Valenstein. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. P. 360-412.

21. Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.

22. Goldman-Rakic P. S. Circuitry of primate prefrontal cortex and regulation of behavior by representational memory // Handbook of Physiology: Nervous System, Higher Functions of the Brain. Part 1. / Ed. by F. Plum. Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Association, 1987. P. 373-417.

23. Stuss D. T., Benson D. F. The Frontal Lobes. New York: Raven Press, 1986.

24. Nauta W. J. Neural associations of the frontal cortex // Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 1972. Vol. 32, № 2. P. 125-140.

25. Jackson H. Evolution and dissolution of the nervous system // Croonian Lecture. Selected papers 2. 1884.

 

[17]1. Подробнее см. обзор: Carpenter M. В., Parent А. Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995.

2. Magoun H. W. The ascending reticular activating system // Res. Publ. Assoc. Nerv. a. Ment. Dis. 1952. № 30.

3. Подробнее см. обзор: Brain, behavior and evolution / Ed. by D. Oakley, H. Plotkin. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

4. Подробнее см. обзор: Carpenter M. В., Parent A. Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995.

5. Ibidem.

6. LeDoux J. The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life. New York: Touchstone Books, 1998.

7. Grafman J. et al. Cognitive planning deficit in patients with cerebellar atrophy//Neurology. 1992. Vol. 42, № 8. P. 1493-1496; Lelner H. C, Lelner A. L., Dow R. S. Reappraising the cerebellum: what does the hindbrain contribute to the forebrain? // Behav. Neurosci. 1989. Vol. 103, № 5. P. 998-1008.

8. См.: Brain, behavior and evolution / Ed. by D. Oakley, H. Plotkin. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

9. McNaughton B. L., Morris R.G.M. Hippocampal synaptic enhancement and information storage // Trends Neurosci. 1987. 10. P. 408-415; McNaughton B. L. Associative pattern competition in hippocampal circuits: new evidence and new questions // Brain Res. Rev. 1991. Vol. 16. P. 202-204.

10. Milner В. Cues to the cerebral organization of memory // Cerebral correlates of conscious experience / Ed. by P. Buser, A. Rougeul-Buser. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1978. P. 139-153.

11. См.: Limbic system mechanisms and autonomic function / Ed. by С. H. Hockman. Springfield, Ill.: Charles С. Thomas, 1972.

12. Carter С. S. Botuinick M. M., Cohen J. D. The contribution of the anterior cingulate cortex to executive processes in cognition // Rev. Neurosci. 1999. Vol. 10, № 1. P. 49-57.

13. См. Oakley D., Plotkin H. (Eds.). Brain, behavior and evolution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1979.

14. Brodmann K. Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshinrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues. Leipzig: Barth, 1909. Цит. по: Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.

15. Roberts G.W., Leigh P.N., Weinberger D. R. Neuropsychiatric Disorders. London: Wolfe, 1993.

16. Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.

17. Campbell A. W. Histological Studies on the Localization of Cerebral Function. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1905. Цит. по: Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.

18. Jackson H. Evolution and dissolution of the nervous system // Croonian Lecture. Selected papers 2. 1884.

19. Laria A. R. Higher Cortical Functions in Man. New York: Basic Books, 1966.

20. Damasio A. The Frontal Lobes // Clinical Neuropsychology / Ed. by K. Heilman, E. Valenstein. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. P. 360-412.

21. Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.

22. Goldman-Rakic P. S. Circuitry of primate prefrontal cortex and regulation of behavior by representational memory // Handbook of Physiology: Nervous System, Higher Functions of the Brain. Part 1. / Ed. by F. Plum. Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Association, 1987. P. 373-417.

23. Stuss D. T., Benson D. F. The Frontal Lobes. New York: Raven Press, 1986.

24. Nauta W. J. Neural associations of the frontal cortex // Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 1972. Vol. 32, № 2. P. 125-140.

25. Jackson H. Evolution and dissolution of the nervous system // Croonian Lecture. Selected papers 2. 1884.

 

[18]1. Подробнее см. обзор: Carpenter M. В., Parent А. Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995.

2. Magoun H. W. The ascending reticular activating system // Res. Publ. Assoc. Nerv. a. Ment. Dis. 1952. № 30.

3. Подробнее см. обзор: Brain, behavior and evolution / Ed. by D. Oakley, H. Plotkin. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

4. Подробнее см. обзор: Carpenter M. В., Parent A. Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995.

5. Ibidem.

6. LeDoux J. The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life. New York: Touchstone Books, 1998.

7. Grafman J. et al. Cognitive planning deficit in patients with cerebellar atrophy//Neurology. 1992. Vol. 42, № 8. P. 1493-1496; Lelner H. C, Lelner A. L., Dow R. S. Reappraising the cerebellum: what does the hindbrain contribute to the forebrain? // Behav. Neurosci. 1989. Vol. 103, № 5. P. 998-1008.

8. См.: Brain, behavior and evolution / Ed. by D. Oakley, H. Plotkin. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

9. McNaughton B. L., Morris R.G.M. Hippocampal synaptic enhancement and information storage // Trends Neurosci. 1987. 10. P. 408-415; McNaughton B. L. Associative pattern competition in hippocampal circuits: new evidence and new questions // Brain Res. Rev. 1991. Vol. 16. P. 202-204.

10. Milner В. Cues to the cerebral organization of memory // Cerebral correlates of conscious experience / Ed. by P. Buser, A. Rougeul-Buser. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1978. P. 139-153.

11. См.: Limbic system mechanisms and autonomic function / Ed. by С. H. Hockman. Springfield, Ill.: Charles С. Thomas, 1972.

12. Carter С. S. Botuinick M. M., Cohen J. D. The contribution of the anterior cingulate cortex to executive processes in cognition // Rev. Neurosci. 1999. Vol. 10, № 1. P. 49-57.

13. См. Oakley D., Plotkin H. (Eds.). Brain, behavior and evolution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1979.

14. Brodmann K. Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshinrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues. Leipzig: Barth, 1909. Цит. по: Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.

15. Roberts G.W., Leigh P.N., Weinberger D. R. Neuropsychiatric Disorders. London: Wolfe, 1993.

16. Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.

17. Campbell A. W. Histological Studies on the Localization of Cerebral Function. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1905. Цит. по: Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.

18. Jackson H. Evolution and dissolution of the nervous system // Croonian Lecture. Selected papers 2. 1884.

19. Laria A. R. Higher Cortical Functions in Man. New York: Basic Books, 1966.

20. Damasio A. The Frontal Lobes // Clinical Neuropsychology / Ed. by K. Heilman, E. Valenstein. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. P. 360-412.

21. Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.

22. Goldman-Rakic P. S. Circuitry of primate prefrontal cortex and regulation of behavior by representational memory // Handbook of Physiology: Nervous System, Higher Functions of the Brain. Part 1. / Ed. by F. Plum. Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Association, 1987. P. 373-417.

23. Stuss D. T., Benson D. F. The Frontal Lobes. New York: Raven Press, 1986.

24. Nauta W. J. Neural associations of the frontal cortex // Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 1972. Vol. 32, № 2. P. 125-140.

25. Jackson H. Evolution and dissolution of the nervous system // Croonian Lecture. Selected papers 2. 1884.

 

[19]1. Подробнее см. обзор: Carpenter M. В., Parent А. Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995.

2. Magoun H. W. The ascending reticular activating system // Res. Publ. Assoc. Nerv. a. Ment. Dis. 1952. № 30.

3. Подробнее см. обзор: Brain, behavior and evolution / Ed. by D. Oakley, H. Plotkin. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

4. Подробнее см. обзор: Carpenter M. В., Parent A. Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995.

5. Ibidem.

6. LeDoux J. The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life. New York: Touchstone Books, 1998.

7. Grafman J. et al. Cognitive planning deficit in patients with cerebellar atrophy//Neurology. 1992. Vol. 42, № 8. P. 1493-1496; Lelner H. C, Lelner A. L., Dow R. S. Reappraising the cerebellum: what does the hindbrain contribute to the forebrain? // Behav. Neurosci. 1989. Vol. 103, № 5. P. 998-1008.

8. См.: Brain, behavior and evolution / Ed. by D. Oakley, H. Plotkin. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

9. McNaughton B. L., Morris R.G.M. Hippocampal synaptic enhancement and information storage // Trends Neurosci. 1987. 10. P. 408-415; McNaughton B. L. Associative pattern competition in hippocampal circuits: new evidence and new questions // Brain Res. Rev. 1991. Vol. 16. P. 202-204.

10. Milner В. Cues to the cerebral organization of memory // Cerebral correlates of conscious experience / Ed. by P. Buser, A. Rougeul-Buser. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1978. P. 139-153.

11. См.: Limbic system mechanisms and autonomic function / Ed. by С. H. Hockman. Springfield, Ill.: Charles С. Thomas, 1972.

12. Carter С. S. Botuinick M. M., Cohen J. D. The contribution of the anterior cingulate cortex to executive processes in cognition // Rev. Neurosci. 1999. Vol. 10, № 1. P. 49-57.

13. См. Oakley D., Plotkin H. (Eds.). Brain, behavior and evolution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1979.

14. Brodmann K. Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshinrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues. Leipzig: Barth, 1909. Цит. по: Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.

15. Roberts G.W., Leigh P.N., Weinberger D. R. Neuropsychiatric Disorders. London: Wolfe, 1993.

16. Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.

17. Campbell A. W. Histological Studies on the Localization of Cerebral Function. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1905. Цит. по: Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.

18. Jackson H. Evolution and dissolution of the nervous system // Croonian Lecture. Selected papers 2. 1884.

19. Laria A. R. Higher Cortical Functions in Man. New York: Basic Books, 1966.

20. Damasio A. The Frontal Lobes // Clinical Neuropsychology / Ed. by K. Heilman, E. Valenstein. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. P. 360-412.

21. Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.

22. Goldman-Rakic P. S. Circuitry of primate prefrontal cortex and regulation of behavior by representational memory // Handbook of Physiology: Nervous System, Higher Functions of the Brain. Part 1. / Ed. by F. Plum. Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Association, 1987. P. 373-417.

23. Stuss D. T., Benson D. F. The Frontal Lobes. New York: Raven Press, 1986.

24. Nauta W. J. Neural associations of the frontal cortex // Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 1972. Vol. 32, № 2. P. 125-140.

25. Jackson H. Evolution and dissolution of the nervous system // Croonian Lecture. Selected papers 2. 1884.

 

[20]1. Подробнее см. обзор: Carpenter M. В., Parent А. Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995.

2. Magoun H. W. The ascending reticular activating system // Res. Publ. Assoc. Nerv. a. Ment. Dis. 1952. № 30.

3. Подробнее см. обзор: Brain, behavior and evolution / Ed. by D. Oakley, H. Plotkin. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

4. Подробнее см. обзор: Carpenter M. В., Parent A. Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995.

5. Ibidem.

6. LeDoux J. The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life. New York: Touchstone Books, 1998.

7. Grafman J. et al. Cognitive planning deficit in patients with cerebellar atrophy//Neurology. 1992. Vol. 42, № 8. P. 1493-1496; Lelner H. C, Lelner A. L., Dow R. S. Reappraising the cerebellum: what does the hindbrain contribute to the forebrain? // Behav. Neurosci. 1989. Vol. 103, № 5. P. 998-1008.

8. См.: Brain, behavior and evolution / Ed. by D. Oakley, H. Plotkin. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

9. McNaughton B. L., Morris R.G.M. Hippocampal synaptic enhancement and information storage // Trends Neurosci. 1987. 10. P. 408-415; McNaughton B. L. Associative pattern competition in hippocampal circuits: new evidence and new questions // Brain Res. Rev. 1991. Vol. 16. P. 202-204.

10. Milner В. Cues to the cerebral organization of memory // Cerebral correlates of conscious experience / Ed. by P. Buser, A. Rougeul-Buser. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1978. P. 139-153.

11. См.: Limbic system mechanisms and autonomic function / Ed. by С. H. Hockman. Springfield, Ill.: Charles С. Thomas, 1972.

12. Carter С. S. Botuinick M. M., Cohen J. D. The contribution of the anterior cingulate cortex to executive processes in cognition // Rev. Neurosci. 1999. Vol. 10, № 1. P. 49-57.

13. См. Oakley D., Plotkin H. (Eds.). Brain, behavior and evolution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1979.

14. Brodmann K. Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshinrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues. Leipzig: Barth, 1909. Цит. по: Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.

15. Roberts G.W., Leigh P.N., Weinberger D. R. Neuropsychiatric Disorders. London: Wolfe, 1993.

16. Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.

17. Campbell A. W. Histological Studies on the Localization of Cerebral Function. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1905. Цит. по: Faster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.

18. Jackson H. Evolution and dissolution of the nervous system // Croonian Lecture. Selected papers 2. 1884.

19. Laria

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