TEXT 5. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Mechanical engineering is a very broad field of engineering that involves the application of physical principles for analysis, design, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. The analysis and design process is aided by various computational tools like finite element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Through the application of computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), the models may also be used directly by software to create “instructions” for the manufacture of objects represented by the models, through computer numerically-controlled (CNC) machining or other automated processes, without the need for intermediate drawings.

Fundamental subjects of mechanical engineering include: statics, dynamics, strength of materials, solid mechanics, thermodynamics, fluid dynamics, heat transfer, refrigeration and air conditioning, kinematics (including robotics), manufacturing technology, mechatronics and control theory. Mechanical engineers are also expected to understand and be able to apply concepts from chemistry and electrical engineering. At the smallest scales, mechanical engineering becomes nanotechnology and molecular engineering – one speculative goal of which is to create a molecular assembler to build molecules and materials via mechanosynthesis. For now this goal remains within exploratory engineering, and some consider it science fiction.

Vocabulary:

to aid – помогать, оказывать помощь, оказывать поддержку, способствовать

assembler – сборочно-монтажная установка

speculative – теоретический, гипотетический

exploratory – разведывательный, исследовательский

via – посредством чего-л., с помощью чего-л.

science fiction – научная фантастика

 

UNIT 6

TEXT 6. ENGINEERING TECHNICIANS

 

Engineering technicians use the principles and theories of science, engineering, and mathematics to solve technical problems in research and development, manufacturing, sales, construction, inspection, and maintenance. Their work is more limited in scope and application-oriented than that of scientists and engineers. Many engineering technicians assist engineers and scientists, especially in research and development. Others work in quality control, inspecting products and processes, conducting tests, or collecting data. In manufacturing, they may assist in product design, development, or production. Although many workers who repair or maintain various types of electrical, electronic, or mechanical equipment are called technicians, these workers are covered in the Handbook section on installation, maintenance, and repair occupations.

Engineering technicians who work in research and development build or set up equipment; prepare and conduct experiments; collect data; calculate or record results; and help engineers or scientists in other ways, such as making prototype versions of newly designed equipment. They also assist in design work, often using computer-aided design and drafting (CADD) equipment.

Most engineering technicians specialize, learning skills and working in the same disciplines as engineers. Occupational titles, therefore, tend to reflect engineering specialties. Some branches of engineering technology for which there are accredited programs of study are not covered in detail in the Handbook, such as chemical engineering technology (the development of new chemical products andprocesses) and bioengineering technology (the development and implementation of biomedical equipment).

Aerospace engineering and operations technicians construct, test, and maintain aircraft and space vehicles. They may calibrate test equipment and determine causes of equipment malfunctions. Using computer and communications systems, aerospace engineering and operations technicians often record and interpret test data.

 

Vocabulary:

maintenance – техническое обслуживание ремонт, уход за оборудованием

scope – диапазон, размах, охват, область (действия)

collecting data – сбор данных

installation – размещение, расположение, установка (оборудования), монтаж

occupation – заполнение; размещение, занятость

drafting – изготовление чертежей, разработка рабочих чертежей

to calibrate – точно измерять, точно определять

malfunction – нарушение нормальной работы, сбой, неисправность

UNIT 7

TEXT 7. METALS

Metals are materials most widely used in industry because of their properties. The study of the production and properties of metals is known as metallurgy.

The separation between the atoms in metals is small, so most metals are dense. The atoms are arranged regularly and can slide over each other. That is why metals are malleable (can be deformed and bent without fracture) and ductile (can be drawn into wire). Metals vary greatly in their properties. For example, lead is soft and can be bent by hand, while iron can only be worked by hammering at red heat.

The regular arrangement of atoms in metals gives them a crystalline structure. Irregular crystals are called grains. The properties of the metals depend on the size, shape, orientation, and composition of these grains. In general, a metal with small grains will be harder and stronger than one with coarse grains.

Heat treatment such as quenching, tempering, or annealing controls the nature of the grains and their size in the metal. Small amounts of other metals (less than 1 per cent) are often added to a pure metal. This is called alloying (легирование) and it changes the grain structure and properties of metals.

All metals can be formed by drawing, rolling, hammering and extrusion, but some require hot-working. Metals are subject to metal fatigue and to creep (the slow increase in length under stress) causing deformation and failure. Both effects are taken into account by engineers when designing, for example, airplanes, gas-turbines, and pressure vessels for high-temperature chemical processes. Metals can be worked using machine-tools such as lathe, milling machine, shaper and grinder.

The ways of working a metal depend on its properties. Many metals can be melted and cast in moulds, but special conditions are required for metals that react with air.

Vocabulary:

property – свойство

separation [sepa'reiʃ sn] – разделение, отстояние

dense [dens] – плотный

arrangement – расположение

regularly ['regjulali] – регулярно, правильно

to slide [slaid] – скользить

malleable – ковкий, податливый, способный деформироваться

bent [bent] pp of bend – гнуть

to fracture – ломать

ductile [dak'tail] – эластичный, ковкий

to draw [dro: ] – волочить, тянуть

wire ['waia] – проволока

lead [led] – свинец

iron ['aian] – железо, чугун

grain [grein] – зерно

to depend [di'pend] – зависеть

size [saiz] – размер, величина

shape – форма, формировать

composition – состав

coarse [ko: s] – грубый, крупный

treatment ['tri: tmә nt] – обработка

quenching – закалка

tempering – отпуск после закалки, нормализация

annealing – отжиг, отпуск

rolling – прокатка

to hammer – ковать (напр. молотом)

extrusion – экструзия

metal fatigue [fa'ti: g] – уталость металла

creep [kri: p] – ползучесть

stress [stres] – напряжение, давление

failure – повреждение, разрушение

vessel ['vesl] – сосуд, котел, судно

lathe – токарный станок

milling machine – фрезерный станок

shaper– строгальный станок

grinder ['grainә ] – шлифовальный станок

to melt [melt] – плавить, расплавлять

to cast [ka: st] – отливать

mould [mauld] – форма (для отливки)

 

Exercise 1

Answer the questions for general understanding:

 

1. What are metals and what do we call metallurgy?

2. Why are most metals dense?

3. Why are metals malleable?

4. What is malleability?

5 What are grains?

6. What is alloying?

7 What is crystalline structure?

8. What do the properties of metals depend on?

9. What changes the size of grains in metals?

10. What are the main processes of metal forming?

11. How are metals worked?

12. What is creeping?

 

Exercise 2

Find the following words and word combinations in the text:

1. Свойства металлов

2. Расстояние между атомами

3. Правильное расположение

4. Сильно отличаются по своим свойствам

5. Кристаллическая структура

6. Размер зерен

7. Форма зерен

8. Закалка

9. Отжиг

10. волочение

11. прокатка

12. ковка

13. структура и свойства зерна

14. горячая обработка

15. усталость металла

16. ползучесть металла

17. плавка и отливка в формы

18. способы обработки металлов.

 

Exercise 3

Complete the following sentences:

1.Metals are...

2. Metallurgy is...

3. Most metals are...

4. The regular arrangement of atoms in metals...

5. Irregular crystals...

6. The properties of the metals depend...

7 Metals with small grains will be...

8....controls the nature of the grains in the metal.

9. Alloying is...

10. All metals can be formed by...

11. Creep is...

12. Metals can be worked using...

 

Exercise 4.

Explain in English the meaning of the following words:

1. malleability

2. crystalline structure

3. grains

4. heat treatment

5. alloying

6. creep

 

Exercise 5

Translate into English:

1. Металлы – плотные материалы потому, что между атомами в металлах малое расстояние

2. Металлы имеют кристаллическую структуру из-за правильного расположения атомов.

3. Чем меньше зерна, тем тверже металл.

4. Закалка и отжиг изменяют форму и размер зерен в металлах.

5. Легирование изменяет структуру зерен и свойства металлов.

6. Металл деформируется и разрушается из-за усталости и ползучести.

 

 

UNIT 8

TEXT 8. STEEL

The most important metal in industry is iron and its alloy – steel. Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. It is strong and stiff, but corrodes easily through rusting,

although stainless and other special steels resist corrosion. The amount of carbon in steel influences its properties considerably. Steels of low carbon content (mild steels) are quite ductile and are used in the manufacture of sheet iron, wire, and pipes. Medium-carbon steels containing from 0.2 to 0.4 per cent carbon are tougher and stronger and are used as structural steels. Both mild and medium-carbon steels are suitable for forging and welding. High-carbon steels contain from 0.4 to 1.5 per cent carbon, are hard and brittle and are used in cutting tools, surgical instruments, razor blades and springs. Tool steel, also called silver steel, contains about 1 per cent carbon and is strengthened and toughened by quenching and tempering.

The inclusion of other elements affects the properties of the steel. Manganese gives extra strength and toughness. Steel containing 4 per cent silicon is used for transformer cores or electromagnets because it has large grains acting like small magnets. The addition of chromium gives extra strength and corrosion resistance, so we can get rust-proof steels. Heating in the presence of carbon or nitrogen-rich materials is used to form a hard surface on steel (case-hardening). High-speed steels, which are extremely important in machine-tools, contain chromium and tungsten plus smaller amounts of vana­dium, molybdenum and other metals.

Vocabulary:

alloy ['ӕ loi] – сплав

carbon – углерод

stiff – жесткий

to corrode [kә 'raud] – разъедать, ржаветь

rusty – ржавый

stainless – нержавеющий

to resist [ri'zist] – сопротивляться

tough [tAf] – крепкий, жесткий, прочный, выносливый

forging – ковка

welding ['weldiŋ ] – сварка

brittle ['britl] – хрупкий, ломкий

cutting tools – режущие инструменты

surgical instruments – хирургические инструменты

blade [bleid] – лезвие

spring [spriŋ ] – пружина

inclusion [in'kluʒ n] – включение

to affect [ә fekt] – влиять

manganese – марганец

silicon ['silikә n] – кремний

rust-proof – нержавеющий

nitrogen – азот

tungsten – вольфрам

 

Exercise 1

Answer the questions for general understanding:

1. What is steel?

2. What are the main properties of steel?

3. What are the drawbacks of steel?

4. What kinds of steel do you know? Where are they used?

5. What gives the addition of manganese, silicon and chromium to steel?

6. What can be made of mild steels (medium-carbon steels, high-carbon steels)?

7. What kind of steels can be forged and welded?

8. How can we get rust-proof (stainless) steel?

9. What is used to form a hard surface on steel? 10. What are high-speed steels alloyed with?

 

Exercise 2

Find the following words and word combinations in the text:

1. сплав железа и углерода

2. прочный и жесткий

3. легко коррозирует

4. нержавеющая сталь

5. низкое содержание углерода

6. ковкость

7. листовое железо, проволока, трубы

8. конструкционные стали

9. пригодны для ковки и сварки

10. твердый и хрупкий

11. режущие инструменты

12. инструментальная сталь

 

UNIT 9

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