МОСКОВСКИЙ ГУМАНИТАРНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ

Причем, существительное в притяжательном падеже стоит перед существительным, к которому оно служит определением. Например:

Книга студента – a student’s book

Книги студента – student’s books

Книга студентов - a students’ book

Книги студентов – students’ books

Мать детей – children’s mother

Катины друзья – Kate’s friends

Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие существительные, обращая внимание на притяжательный падеж:

Адрес друга, письма женщины, машины рабочих, стихи Пушкина, сумка мальчика, собаки девочек, хвост обезьяны, голова профессора, жена мужчины, бабушкин торт.

Множественное число имен существительных.

1. Большинство имен существительных образуют множественное число путем добавления окончания –s: a cat – cats;

2. Имена существительные, оканчивающиеся на свистящий или шипящий звук (- s, -ss, -x, -ch, - sh) образуют множественное число путем добавления окончания –es: a class – classes, a box-boxes;

3. Имена существительные, оканчивающиеся на –f, -fe образуют множественное число путем изменения –f на –v и добавления окончания –es:

A leaf – leaves, a knife – knives;

4. Имена существительные, оканчивающиеся на –y образуют множественное число путем

а) добавления окончания –s, если перед –y стоит гласная буква;

б) изменения –y на –i и добавления окончания –es, если перед –y стоит согласная буква:

a day – days; a city – cities;

5. Ряд существительных в английском языке образуют множественное число путем изменения корневой основы:

Упражнение 2. Образуйте множественное число следующих существительных:

A goose, a door, a shelf, a station, a bush, a knife, a tooth, a page, a coat, a match, a baby, a bed, a chair, a man, a lady, a factory, a window, a box, a wall, a leaf, a child, an apple, a day, a friend, a pie, a wife, a spoon, a train, a city, a mouse, a fox.

I.2. Артикль.

Артикль является основным определителем имени существительного. В английском языке существуют неопределенный артикль a (an) и определенный артикль the.

Неопределенный артикль.

Неопределенный артикль произошел от числительного one (один) и употребляется только с исчисляемыми существительными в единственном числе. Форма a используется, если следующее слово начинается с согласного звука, а форма an – перед словом, начинающимся с гласного звука: a book, an apple.

Неопределенный артикль употребляется:

1) после оборотов: This is… It is… There is…: This is a cat.

2) после: have (have got): I have got a sister.

3) перед названиями профессий: I am a doctor.

4) если перед существительным стоит описательное определение: She is a nice girl.

5) если речь идет о лице или предмете именно данного класса в отличие от лиц или предметов другого класса: I wear a cap in summer and a hat in autumn.

Определенный артикль.

Определенный артикль произошел от указательного местоимения that. Он используется и исчисляемыми существительными, как в единственном, так и во множественном числе.

Определенный артикль употребляется:

1) если речь идет о конкретном предмете или лице: Close the window, please.

2) если предмет или лицо упоминаются повторно: This is a cat. The cat is black.

3) если предмет или лицо являются уникальными, единственными в своем роде: the moon, the sun.

4) с названиями сторон света: the north, the south, the east, the west.

5) с порядковыми числительными и прилагательными в превосходной степени: the first, the best.

Артикль не употребляется:

1) с именами и фамилиями людей: My name is Peter Ivanov.

2) с названиями городов, стран: I live in Moscow, in Russia.

3) с названиями дней недели, времен года, месяцев: It is autumn now. It is September. Today is Monday.

4) с названиями учебных предметов: I like Russian but I don’t like Physics.

5) неисчисляемыми, абстрактными существительными: I like tea.

Упражнение 3. Заполните пропуски артиклями, где это необходимо:

1) … capital of … Russia is … Moscow.

2) My friend Ann is … good student. She is fond of … Mathematics.

3) This is … room. It’s … large room. … room is on …second floor.

4) “Where is … white exercise-book? ” “It’s on … table”.

5) Is she going to have … tea or … coffee?

6) Jane is … factory worker and Ben and Jack are … engineers.

7) It happened early in … spring.

8) I started to learn … French in … September.

9) Peter Brown is … teacher. He is in … classroom.

10) This is … street. … street is beautiful.

I.3. Имя числительное

Имена числительные в английском языке делятся на количественные и порядковые.

Количественные числительные образуются:

1. 1-12: one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve;

2. 13- 19 добавляется –teen: thirteen, fourteen, fifteen …;

3. 20-90 добавляется –ty: twenty, thirty, forty, fifty …;

4. 100 – hundred,

1000 – thousand,

1000000 – million

Десятки отделяются от сотен при помощи and: 123456789 – one hundred and twenty three thousand million four hundred and fifty six thousand seven hundred and eighty nine.

Порядковые числительные образуются:

1. 1-ый: the first

2-ой: the second

3-ий: the third

2. 4-ый - … добавляется –th: the fourth, the nineteenth.

Упражнение 4. Назовите следующие числительные:

957, 9673, 78421, 34167213; 23-ий, 452-ый, 5629-ой.

I.4. Имя прилагательное.

Имена прилагательные в английском языке не изменяются ни по родам, ни по числам, ни по падежам. Они могут образовывать степени сравнения.

Степени сравнения имен прилагательных образуются:

1. Синтетическим способом.

У односложных и большинства двусложных прилагательных сравнительная степень образуется при помощи добавления - er, а превосходная - -est: cold- colder- the coldest

2. Аналитическим способом.

У многосложных прилагательных сравнительная степень образуется при помощи добавления more, а превосходная – the most: beautiful – more beautiful – the most beautiful/

3. Некоторые прилагательные образуют степени сравнения от другого корня:

Good – better – the best

Bad – worse – the worst

Little – less – the least

Many (much) – more – the most

Упражнение 5. Образуйте сравнительную и превосходную степень следующих прилагательных:

Calm, beautiful, good, charming, favourite, warm, easy, young, nice, many, difficult, bad, little, exciting, happy, wonderful, slow, small, thick, long.

I.5. Глагол.

Глаголы в английском языке могут изменяться по лицам, числам, временам действительного и страдательного залога быть в изъявительном и сослагательном наклонении.

Английский глагол имеет три основные формы:

Первая форма – инфинитив (the Infinitive):

To play, to go.

Вторая форма – прошедшее неопределенное (простое) время (Past Indefinite (Simple)):

Played, went

Третья форма – причастие прошедшего времени (Past Participle).

Played, gone

По способу образования второй и третьей формы глаголы делятся на правильные и неправильные. Правильные глаголы образуют эти формы при помощи добавления окончания –ed: play – played – played.

Неправильные глаголы образуют вторую и третью форму иначе. (см. Приложение 3, таблица неправильных глаголов). Эти глаголы рекомендуется заучивать в трех формах: go – went – gone.

I.5.1. Спряжение глагола-связки “to be”

Таблица 3.

Спряжение глагола “to be”

Например:

Упражнение 6. Проспрягайте выражение

а) “to be a student” в настоящем времени во всех лицах в утвердительной, вопросительной и отрицательной формах;

б) “to be a lawyer” в прошедшем времени во всех лицах в утвердительной, вопросительной и отрицательной формах;

в) “to be a psychologist” в будущем времени во всех лицах в утвердительной, вопросительной и отрицательной формах.

Упражнение 7. Поставьте глагол “to be” в нужную форму.

1. My sister … not … at home tomorrow.

2. … they at home? No, they …not at home. They …at work.

3. When my Granny … young, she … an actress.

4. My friend …at Moscow now, and I … in St. Petersburg.

5. Where … you yesterday? I … at the cinema.

Упражнение 8. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя глагол “to be” в Present, Past или Future Indefinite (Simple):

1. Моя сестра была студенткой в прошлом году, а сейчас она юрист.

2. Мы не будем изучать английский язык в следующем году.

3. - Чья это ручка? - Это моя ручка.

4. - Кто это был? - Это были родители моей подруги.

5. - Где твоя тетрадь? Ее нет на столе. – Она в моей сумке.

Таблица 4. Времена группы Simple (Indefinite)

Упражнение 12. Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в соответствующем времени, лице и числе (Simple Tenses):

1)Yesterday (to be) my day off. I usually (to wake up) early on my day off, but sometimes I (not to get up) at once. I (to get up) at 8 o’clock yesterday.

2)“When you next (to go) to the theatre? ” “I (not to know)”.

3)She usually (to do) the housework.

4)Where you last (to see) John?

5)“What language you (to learn) 5 years ago? ” “I (to learn) French.”

Времена группы Continuous.

to be (am, is, are, was, were, shall be, will be) + Ving

Таблица 5. Времена группы Continuous

Упражнение 16. Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в соответствующем времени, лице и числе (Simple Tenses, Continuous Tenses):

1. The day (be) cold and it (rain).

2. Nina (celebrate) her birthday yesterday.

3. What (do) you now?

4. The boys (play) here at 12 o’clock tomorrow.

5. Betty (like) tea.

6. Look at this girl! She (skate) very well.

7. He (return) next week.

8. She (read) a book from 3 to 5 yesterday.

The Present Perfect Tense

Настоящее совершенное время описывает действия, которые произошли в прошлом, но связаны с настоящим через результат. А также действия, совершенные в прошлом, когда важен факт совершения действия, а не время его совершения. Его указатели ever (когда-либо), never (никогда), just (только что), already (уже), yet (еще не), recently (недавно).Все указатели, за исключением «yet», стоят между вспомогательным и смысловым глаголом и только «yet» ставится в конце предложения.Данное время образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола have/has ( has употребляется в 3-м лице, единственного числа, а have во всех остальных формах ) и третьей формы смыслового глагола (V3): She has already read a book. – They haven’t come home yet.

Упражнение 17. Проспрягайте выражение “to play football” во всех лицах в утвердительной, отрицательной и вопросительной форме в настоящем совершенном времени. (см. Таблица 6)

The Past Perfect Tense

Прошедшее совершенное время описывает действия, которые произошли до какого-то времени в прошлом. А также действие, которое совершилось раньше, чем другое действие в прошлом. Его указатели by (к, до), before (перед, до). Данное время образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола had и третьей формы смыслового глагола (V3): She had come home by 5 o’clock. When he came into the classroom, the students had written the test.

Упражнение 18. Проспрягайте выражение “to play football” во всех лицах в утвердительной, отрицательной и вопросительной форме в прошедшем совершенном времени. (см. Таблица 6)

The Future Perfect Tense

Будущее совершенное время описывает действия, которые произойдут к определенному времени в будущем. Его указатель by (к, до). Данное время образуется при помощи вспомогательных глаголов shall/will, вспомогательного глагола have и третьей формы смыслового глагола (V3): He will have gone to London by the end of the week.

Упражнение 19. Проспрягайте выражение “to play football” во всех лицах в утвердительной, отрицательной и вопросительной форме в будущем совершенном времени. (см. Таблица 6)

Таблица 6. Времена группы Perfect

Упражнение 20. Переведите на английский язык.

1. Почему Вы надели пальто? Сегодня очень тепло.

2. Ваш брат вернулся в Москву?

3. Он закончил свою работу к 6 часам.

4. Я уже говорил Вам об этом два раза.

5. Я уверена, что они выполнят свой план к 15 декабря.

Таблица 7. Времена группы Perfect Continuous

Упражнение 24.

Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол в нужной форме (Perfect Tenses, Perfect Continuous Tenses).

1. How long you (to prepare) for your report? – Oh, I (to work) since morning.

2. I (to walk) about an hour yesterday, when I (to see) a little house.

3. He (to finish) school by 2001.

4. She (to read) a book for two hours tomorrow.

5. (to have) they already (to come)?

Упражнение 25.

Выделите сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму.

1. We did not go on a trip last Sunday.

2. When I came home yesterday, mother had cooked dinner.

3. What was Mary doing all day yesterday?

4. By 6 o’clock yesterday she had been playing tennis for 3 hours.

5. Yesterday I met my friend whom I hadn’t seen for a long time.

Сводную таблицу времен английского глагола в действительном залоге см. Приложение 1

II. Примерные устные темы для беседы с преподавателем.

About Myself.

Let me introduce myself. My name is Masha Ivanova. I am 18. I was born on the 20^th of June in 1990. I live in Min-Vody. I am a secretary and I’m also a student. I study at MGEI. I want to become a psychologist (a lawyer, a guide).

I’ve got a family. It is not very large. I’ve got a mother, a father and a younger brother. My mother’s name is Svetlana Olegovna. She is a teacher of French. She is a very nice woman. My father, Alexander Sergeevich, is a doctor. He is fond of his profession. My younger brother, Misha, is still at school. He is a good pupil. His dream is to become a doctor, like his father.

I think we are a friendly family. We like to spend our free time together.

Hobbies.

Hobby is something that you like to do when you have free time. There are different kinds of hobbies. Sometimes they are divided into 4 groups: doing things, making things, learning things and collecting things. You can do different things: go in for sport, play musical instruments, work in the garden and what not. Making things includes: knitting, sewing, repairing. As for learning you can learn languages, poems, the names of trees and many other different things. Collecting – is a very popular hobby. People can collect coins and postcards, cars and houses.

As for me I don’t have a hobby. But when I have free time I like to watch TV or listen to music.

Seasons and Weather.

There are four seasons in a year: winter, spring, summer and autumn. Winter is the coldest season. It often snows in winter. Winter months are December, January and February. People celebrate New Year and Christmas in winter.

Spring comes in March. It is a very beautiful season. The grass and the trees are green; there are a lot of flowers. It is rather warm in April and May.

Summer is the hottest season. The sun shines brightly. People like to have their holidays in June, July and August.

It often rains in autumn. The leaves become red, orange and yellow and fall down from the trees. Autumn months are September, October and November.

As for me my favourite season is spring because my birthday is in spring.

Holidays

Holidays can be divided into family and public ones. Family holidays are celebrated inside a family. These are: birthdays of the members of a family, wedding anniversaries, memorial dates and so on. Public holidays are days off, days when people stay at home and don’t work. The main Russian public holidays are New Year’s Day, Christmas, the 23d of February, the 8^th of March, the 1^st of May, Victory Day and others.

New Year’s Day is celebrated on the 31^st of December. It has a lot of traditions: New Year’s tree, Father Frost, fireworks, champagne and presents. Christmas is a church holiday. It is celebrated on the 7^th of January. The 23d of February is a Men’s Day. On this day women congratulate their husbands, fathers and give them presents. The 8^th of March is a Women’s day. Men give women flowers; show them their love and gratitude. In spring people also celebrate the 1st of May. This is the day of Spring and Labour. People like to have picnics and enjoy the beauty of the nature. One of the greatest holidays is Victory day. It is celebrated on the 9^th of May to commemorate those who won the Great Patriotic war.

As for me my favourite holiday is New Year’s Day because it is mysterious and beautiful.

Sport.

Millions of people all over the world go in for sport. Some of them are professional sportsmen, some are amateur ones. Sports are divided into winter, summer and those played all the year round. Winter sports are skating, skiing, figure skating, sledging and others. Summer sports are sailing, water skiing, canoeing and others. You can play basketball, football, table tennis in any season in the gym.

Some people prefer to be sports fans. They enjoy watching sports on TV or go to different sport competitions.

As for me when I was a child I went in for gymnastics. It was really great. But now I just do some exercises to keep fit and watch sports on TV. I especially like to watch the Olympic Games.

Traditional Meals in Britain.

The usual meals in Britain are: breakfast, lunch, tea and dinner or supper. The usual English breakfast is porridge, bacon and eggs, marmalade and tea or coffee. People in Britain usually have lunch about one o’clock. They generally go to a café or a canteen. Sometimes they have a mutton chop or steak and chips, biscuits and cheese for lunch. Afternoon tea is hardly a meal but a sociable sort of thing because friends often meet for a chat while they have their cup of tea with cake or biscuit. In some houses dinner is the biggest meal of the day. And then they have simple supper.

As for our country we usually have breakfast, dinner or lunch and supper. Some people like to eat something just before going to bed. I often have coffee and sandwich for breakfast, soup and meat with potatoes and tea with a cake for dinner and pancakes with sour cream for supper.

Russia Russia is one of the largest countries in the world. It lies in the eastern part of Europe and the northern part of Asia. Russia is washed by twelve seas and three oceans. The oceans are: the Arctic, the Atlantic, the Pacific. The seas are: the White Sea, the Barents Sea, the Okhotsk Sea, the Black Sea, the Baltic Sea and others.

There are forests and deserts, mountains and valleys, rivers and lakes in Russia. The main mountain chains are the Urals, the Caucasus and the Altai. The longest rivers are the Volga in Europe and the Ob, the Yenisei and the Lena in Asia. The largest lakes are Ladoga and Baikal.

The Russian Federation is rich in natural and mineral resources. It has deposits of oil, gas, coal, iron, gold and many others.

The population of Russia is more than 150 million people.

The capital of the Russian Federation is Moscow.

Russia is a presidential republic.

The United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles consist of two large islands, Great Brain and Ireland. Their total area is over 244 000 square kilometres. The population of the UK is over 57 million.

The United Kingdom is made up of four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Their capitals are London, Cardiff, Edinburgh and Belfast. The capital of the UK is London.

The British Isles are separated from the Continent by the North Sea, the English Channel and the Strait of Dover. The western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea.

There are a lot of rivers, lakes, mountains and hills in Great Britain. The longest river is the Severn, the deepest and the most important is the Thames. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain (1343 m).

The UK is a highly developed industrial country. It produces machinery, electronics, textile.

The UK is a constitutional monarchy with a Parliament and the Queen as Head of State.

The United States of America

The Unites States of America are situated in the central part of the North American continent. Its western coast is washed by the Pacific Ocean and its eastern coast - by the Atlantic Ocean.

The total area of the USA is over nine million square kilometres. The population of the USA is about 250 million people.

The USA is a very large country, so it has several different climatic regions. The coldest regions are in the north and north-east. The south has a subtropical climate.

The United States is a land of rivers and lakes. The longest rivers are the Mississippi, the Missouri and the Rio Grande. The highest mountains are the Rocky Mountains, the Cordillera and the Sierra Nevada.

The United States is rich in natural and mineral resources. It produces copper, oil, iron ore and coal. It is a highly-developed industrial and agricultural country.

There are many big cities in the USA, such as New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, Philadelphia and others. The national capital is Washington, D.C. Its population is about 3, 4 million.

Text 3. Psychology of color

Color serves not only to satisfy artistic tastes. Color can influence and change our moods as well. More than that, today such novelties as color therapy or color treatment are quite popular.

Long ago people noticed that certain colors may have different effect on people's mood and even health. That is why much work was carried out to define the main principles of " the color psychology".

Though white is believed to be the color of innocence or peace psychologists do not recommend to paint walls white, especially at home. When surrounded by too much white a person becomes restless and nervous, or sometimes hysteric.

Red is also not a calming color. We all know the joke about the bull and a red rug, but red not only attracts attention. It may increase our blood pressure, raise the level of adrenaline in our blood. Besides, red stimulates the appetite. That is why many food producing companies use red in their advertisements. Some cafe and restaurants also use red to attract customers.

Green is one of the " totally positive" colors. It is strongly recommended to have at least one or two green things in the room. It will help our eyes to rest, as green is believed to be a soothing color. When looking at something green people calm down and become relaxed.

Black is a very controversial color. On the one hand we know that is a depressing color, the color of mourning, death and sorrow. It will not cheer you up, not will it appease you. There are cases when people plunged into depression or even tried to commit a suicide just because there were too many dark colors around them. On the other hand black is regarded as a color of elegance and good taste. It is a usual color of official ceremonies, it is much favored by ladies, because people look slimmer in black. When people are going to have a job interview they usually put on black suits and white shirts or blouses.

Blue is one of the restraining colors. Light blue helps to low blood pressure and is even used to cure some mental illnesses. But at the same time we say " I feel blue, " when we feel downcast.

III.II. Юриспруденция

III.II.I. Лексический материал

Words and Word Combinations

III.II.II. Тексты.

The Ancient Systems of Law

The oldest codes of law from anywhere in the world is that of Ur-Nammu, the Summerian king who lived in the 21^st century B.C. The next known is again in Sumerian; it was promulgated under Lipit-Ishtar (about 1850—1840 B.C.), the ruler of Isin. All of these codes date from before Hammurapi. As we have noted, he was not the first ruler of Mesopotamia to issue a collection of laws; but his code was so far ahead of anything previously attempted that we must regard it as the apex of legal codification prior to Roman Law. In fact, Hammurapi's Code is the best mirror of Mesopotamian society. Hammurapi ordered to cave this code into a great stone stele. This stele was set up in a temple to the Babylonian god Marduk and every citizen could read it. After the fall of Babylon in the 16^th century B.C. the stele was lost for centuries and lay buried until French archaeologists unearthed it in 1901—1902. It is now in the Louvre museum in Paris. Hammurapi's Code is carefully arranged laws aiming at regulating society in clear language. It covered crime, divorce and marriage, slaveholding, theft and property ownership and even kidnapping.

Another ancient code is the code of Hebrew Law contained in the Book of Exodus in the Bible.

In Greece each city state had its own law, some laws were common to many states. In the seventh century B.C. the Greeks began to put their laws into writing. About 594 B.C. Solon, the famous Athenian lawgiver, provided a new code of law. He was not without some experience in matters of law

and justice before he was chosen as lawgiver. The judicial reforms of Solon, which secured a minimum of popular participation in the administration of justice and laid the foundation of democracy, are among the most important in Athenian history. The Athenians did not consider it necessary to have legal experts for non-criminal cases. In a civil case the verdict was given by a jury, which might number anything from 201 to 2, 500. The members of the jury listened to speeches made by persons who had brought the case before them, and by their friends. Barristers did not participate in court proceedings, but professional speech-writers sometimes prepared speeches.

Roman Law is one of the greatest systems that has ever existed. It was based upon custom, and by A.D. 528 the quantity of Roman Law had become so immense that the Emperor Justinian in Constantinople ordered to make a clear, systematic code of all the laws. Roman Law had a deep influence upon the law of the world. It had a strong influence on the law of most European countries and some influence on Anglo-Saxon law, which is the other great law system of the world. After many years Roman Law reappeared in the eleventh century, when there was a great revival of learning. Many European countries began to use Roman Law in their courts. Notes

Hebrew Law [ 'hibru: ] – древнееврейское право

Book of Exodus [ 'eksadas ] – Исход (2-я книга ветхого Завета)

B.C. (Before Christ) – до нашей эры

A.D. (Anno Domini) – нашей эры

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