The Adjective. Degrees of comparison
Прилагательные в английском языке не изменяются по падежам, лицам, числам.
Односложные прилагательные и некоторые двусложные (наиболее употребительные) образуют степени сравнения:
1. путем прибавления суффикса -er, -r в сравнительной степени и -est, -st с артиклем the – в превосходной.
положительная степень
| сравнительная степень
| превосходная степень
|
tall
cold
long
high
poor
| taller
colder
longer
higher
poorer
| the tallest
the coldest
the longest
the highest
the poorest
|
2. немое конечное е опускается
|
simple
large
late
wide
| simpler
larger
later
latter
wider
| the simplest
the largest
the latest
the last
the widest
|
3. конечная согласная после одной гласной удваивается
|
hot
big
red
thin
| hotter
bigger
redder
thinner
| the hottest
the biggest
the reddest
the thinnest
|
4. у с предшествующей согласной меняется на ier, iest
|
pretty
busy
lovely
lazy
| prettier
busier
lovelier
lazier
| the prettiest
the busiest
the loveliest
the laziest
|
5. y не меняется, если перед ней стоит гласная
|
gay
| gayer
| gayest
|
| | | |
Продолжение табл.
положительная степень
| сравнительная степень
| превосходная степень
|
6. Этим же способом (добавлением -er, -est) образуются степени сравнения прилагательных, оканчивающихся на er, ow, bleи ряда других:
|
low
narrow
noble
clever
polite
quiet
sincere
common
| lower
narrower
nobler
cleverer
politer
quieter
sincerer
commoner
| the lowest
the narrowest
the noblest
the cleverest
the politest
the quietest
the sincerest
the commonest
|
7. Двусложные прилагательные с ударением на 2-м слоге и другие двусложные слова могут иметь две формы сравнения: с er и с more (см. 6). В современном языке чаще встречаются прилагательные с more, most
|
polite
clever
gentle
tired
handsome
| more polite
more clever
more gentle
more tired
more handsome
| the most polite
the most clever
the most gentle
the most tired
the most handsome
|
8. Многосложные прилагательные образуют сравнительную степень с помощью more, less; превосходную – с помощью the most, the least
|
expensive
beautiful
interesting
pleasant
| more expensive
more beautiful
more interesting
more pleasant
| the most expensive
the most beautiful
the most interesting
the most pleasant
|
9. Прилагательные, образующие степени сравнения от разных корней, нужно запомнить:
|
good
bad
old
little
many
much
far
| better
worse
older
elder
less
more
more
farther
further
| the best
the worst
the oldest
the eldest
the least
the most
the most
the farthest
the furthest
|
10. Обратите внимание на прилагательные, которые могут иметь две формы с разными значениями:
старше, более старый (1); самый старший по званию и по положению со словами типа сын, дочь и т.д. (2)
|
1. older My daughter is two years older than my son.
2. elder My eldest son is a manager (старший сын).
Who is the eldest here? ( старший по званию).
|
11. позже, последний по времени, последний из них (1); последний по порядку (2):
|
1. late-later-the latest You came later than usual today ( позже).
What is the latest news? ( последний по времени)
2. late-latter-the last I`ve got two sisters: Alice (1) and Mary (2).
The former is a secretary (1), the latter is an
accountant.
|
| | | |
Окончание табл.
12. более дальний (1), дальнейший (2):
|
1. far-farther-the farthest (1) The farthest (furthest) corner in the park (1) –
более дальний
2. further-the furthest (2) Further information (2) – дальнейший
|
13. меньше: переводится с неисчисляемыми существительными (less); с исчисляемыми (fewer, smaller):
|
1. – less (для неисчисляемых существительных)
less free time (1)
2. – fewer (для исчисляемых)
fewer books (2)
3. – smaller (для исчисляемых, по размеру)
smaller (room)
| 1. I have less free time today than yesterday.
2. I have fewer books today than you.
3. My room is smaller than yours.
|
14. Для сравнения существуют конструкции типа:
|
такой же – as...as She is as young as her husband.
не такой как – not so... as She is not so young as her husband.
больше, чем – more... than This text is more difficult than that one.
меньше, чем – less... than This song is less popular than that one.
чем больше, тем меньше – the The more I got to know him, the less
more... the less I liked him.
большинство – most, с прилагательным Most young people like pop music.
При сравнении употребляется союз The Volga is larger than the Dnieper.
Than
|
Упражнения
1. Образуйте сравнительную и превосходную степень от следующих прилагательных:
1. big, thin, cosy, simple, old, low, deep, dark, dear, lazy, clever, happy.
2. serious, beautiful, significant, accurate, uncomfortable, miserable, expensive.
3. good, bad, little, far, much, many, well.
2. Выберите правильную форму прилагательного в скобках:
1. Your report is (worse/worst) than mine.
2. Peter skates (good/ well).
3. It is the (oldest/eldest) building in the city.
4. We have no (further/ farther) information.
5. She is the (kinder/ kindest) person I`ve ever seen.
6. She always wears the clothes of the (last/ latest) fashion.
7. His (last/ latest) words were: “Good-bye”.
8. Which is (high/ the highest) mountain in the world.
9. He felt (bad/ worse) yesterday than the day before.
10. The (old/ elder) brother was twenty years (elder/ older) than the (young/ younger).
11. I prefer this armchair. It is (more/ the most comfortable).
12. She looks like her mother but I think she is even (more/the most beautiful).
ТЕСТ
1. It is one of ________ cities in Russia.
a) large b) the largest c) larger
2. She is _______ girl in the world.
a) the prettiest b) prettier c) the pretty
3. Your answer is _______ your last answer.
a) as bad as b) bad c) the worst
4. Jack`s _______ brother was my classmate.
a) older b) elder c) the oldest
5. I have more French books, but I have _______ English books.
a) less b) fewer c) smaller
6. The patient looks much _______ today.
a) good b) the best c) better
7. Your cottage is _______ than mine.
a) farther b) further c) the furthest
8. He is _______ boy in the class.
a) clever b) the cleverest (the most clever) c) as clever as
9. They are not _______ you are.
a) so young as b) as young as c) younger
10. If food in the Chinese restaurant is not bad and in the Japanese restaurant it is extremely delicious that means that the first one is _______ than the second.
a) better b) the best c) worse
ВРЕМЕННЫЕ ФОРМЫ В АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ
Структура образования временных форм
Tenses
| Indefinite (Simple)
| Perfect
| Continuous
| Perfect Continuous
|
|
|
|
|
|
Active
| to ask
| to have asked
| to be asking
| to have been asking
|
Present
| ask /asks
| have/has asked
| am / is / are asking
| have / has been asking
|
Past
| asked
| had asked
| was / were asking
| had been asking
|
Окончание табл.
|
|
|
|
|
Future
| shall / will ask
| shall / will have asked
| shall / will be asking
| shall / will have been asking
|
Passive
| to be asked
| to have been asked
| to be being asked
| —
|
Present
| am / is / are asked
| have 1 has been asked
| am / is / are being asked
| —
|
Past
| was 1 were asked
| had been asked
| was 1 were being asked
| —
|
Future
| shall / will be asked
| shall / will have been asked
| shall / will be being asked
| —
|
1. Образование временных глагольных форм производится путем сочетания различных грамматических показателей (например, shall / will – для будущего времени, have для перфекта и т.д.) с соответствующей фор-мой смыслового глагола. Инфинитивы могут использоваться как формулы, показывающие изменяемые (выделены курсивом) и неизменяемые формы (так, в формуле перфектного инфинитива to have asked первый элемент изменяется по лицам (have/has asked) и временам (had, will have asked), а второй остается неизменным. К неизменяемым элементам относятся причастия прошедшего и настоящего времени.
Глагольные формы
Формы глаголов
| Infinitive
| Past Indefinite
| Participle II (P.II)
| Participle I (P.I)
|
regular
| to work
| worked
| worked
| working
|
irregular
| to write
| wrote
| written
| writing
|
Приводимые в словарях три формы глаголов важно четко различать (сравните совпадающие 2-ю и 3-ю формы правильных глаголов), чтобы легче ориентироваться в образовании времен.
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