ОБЗОРНЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ (REVISION EXERCISES)

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• Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык. Обратите внимание, что глагол to prove в действительном залоге переводится словом оказывается, а в страдательном — словом доказано.

1. They proved to have provided all for the experiment. 2. The technique of the investigation proved to be a success. 3. Lasers proved to be of great help in medicine and industry. 4. An ordinary light was proved to consist of waves all out of phase with each other. 5. All the waves in a

laser beam were proved to have the same wavelength. 6. A laser beam proved to have a very definite colour. 7. The laser beam proved to be intermittent (дискретный).

• Найдите сказуемое в предложениях. Определите синтаксическую функцию инфинитива в предложении и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The predicted precision was found to be difficult to obtain in practice. 2. Five or six orbit elements are known to be determinable. 3. Another important element in the filter technique to be treated in the equations is the parameter of observability. 4. The purpose of the experiment is to provide evidence of diffraction of light. 5. We are to provide all the necessary equipment for the experiment to be carried out successfully.

6. This is the type of procedure to be followed to obtain accurate results.

7. The results presented here are supposed to indicate the type of procedure to obtain exact measurements. 8. To overcome this problem we return to the results listed in Table 2 where the initial weights are given. 9. To come to an approximate solution these values are assumed to be zero. 10. The present paper will present an attempt to apply a form of the Kalman filter to such systems to determine both the state estimation (оценка) and the time delay (задержка).

(2) Word and Phrase Study

1. При помощи суффикса -ance/-ence образуются существительные, обозначающие отвлеченные (абстрактные) понятия, от соответствующих глаголов. Например: to interfere + -ence = interference физ. интерференция; вмешательство.

• Пользуясь глаголами в левой колонке, образуйте с помощью суффикса -ancel-ence английские эквиваленты русских существительных, приведенных в правой колонке.

to depend, to accept, to occur, to refer, to appear, to prefer, to differ, to admit, to attend

посещаемость, предпочтение, зависимость, различие, появление (вид), ссылка, принятие (гипотезы}, событие (случай), доступ (допуск)

2. Суффикс -аЫеМЫе выражает способность к совершению какого-либо действия. Например: to measure + -able = measurable — измеримый, поддающийся измерению; to response + -ible = responsible — ответственный, способный нести ответственность.

• Образуйте прилагательные от следующих, известных вам глаголов и переведите эти прилагательные на русский язык.

to explain, to prove, to reduce, to distinguish, to convert, to compare, to achieve, to refer, to expand, to advise, to adopt, to move

• Пользуясь списком глаголов в левой колонке, переведите на английский язык прилагательные в правой колонке:

to account, to imagine, to predict, to accept, to favour, to convert, to compare, to achieve, to expand

сравнимый, достижимый, объяснимый, вообразимый, предсказуемый, приемлемый, благоприятный, обратимый, способный к расширению

3. Приставка mono- имеет значение «одно (моно)». Например: monodirectional — мононаправленный.

(3) Reading 33А

Внимательно посмотрите на схему, представляющую две хорошо известные теории света. Подумайте, что вы могли бы сказать о них, не читая текста. Затем прочитайте текст и проверьте свое предположение.

Light experiments

Shadows/reflection

Diffraction/interference

Corpuscular theory wave theory

Theories of Light

Optics is one of ancient sciences, but it was only at the end of the seventeenth century that scientists began to understand the nature of light. Two theories of light were developed at about the same time, the corpuscular [koi'pAskjuls] by Newton and the wave theory by a Dutch physicist named Huygens. Largely due to Newton's great prestige and to the lack of observed evidence of diffraction of light, the corpuscular theory was initially the one accepted by most scientists.

In developing his theory Newton made plenty of experiments with shadow formation and reflection.

The figure represents light particles leaving a source S in many different directions. Because of the barrier no particles will hit the screen between points A and B.

Using the terminology of the corpuscular theory of light, the part of the screen between A and В is in a shadow because no light particles from S strike it. The corpuscular theory explains the formation of shadows and provides a reasonable explanation of the law of reflection. And

so according to the corpuscular theory a beam of light is a collection of very small particles travelling at high speed. A beam of such particles shining on a reflecting surface is similar to the molecules of a gas bombarding the walls of a container.

The original corpuscular theory was abandoned in the middle of the nineteenth century in favour of the wave theory of light first put forward in 1678 and developed by Young at the end of the 18th century. Young developed an experimental procedure for measuring the wavelength of light. In his experiment Young showed diffraction and interference and that was a good evidence for the wave theory of light.

Young's double-slit experiment provides a quantitative measure of the wavelength and frequency of light waves. Indirectly it enables us to explain why we do not usually observe diffraction of light as it passes through windows, doors, etc. The wavelength of light is too small to show observable diffraction under ordinary conditions.

In Young's double-slit experiment sunlight was allowed to pass through a monochromatic green filter. Green light strikes screen B, containing a small slit S equidistant from slits S, and S₂ in another screen C. Light from S passes through S, and S₂ and finally falls on screen D where it produces bright spots or bands separated by dark areas. The distance between the second screen with slits S, and S₂ and the third screen on which the interference pattern appears is 2 m. The slit S in the first screen provides a pfoint source. The purpose of slits S, and S₂ is to provide point sources of light which will interfere and produce bright spots on the third screen. Replacing the green filter with a monochromatic red filter we find that the distance between the bright spots on the third screen increases. It means that the wavelength of red light is longer than that of green. When a violet filter is used in this experiment, the distance between the bright spots is less than it is for green light. This means that the wavelength of violet light is less than the wavelength of green light. Later research has shown, however, that light phenomena must be interpreted in terms of photons and waves, so as the two descriptions are merely two different ways of viewing one and the same reality. Thus, for example, the wave model of the electron is complementary to the particle model.

ЗАДАНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ

• Выпишите из текста английские эквиваленты следующих русских словосочетаний:

свет состоит из; согласно корпускулярной теории; в пользу волновой теории света; всего лишь два различных пути рассмотрения; дает нам возможность объяснить; которые являются результатом эк-

спериментов; вследствие высокого престижа; находиться в тени; слишком мало, чтобы показать; следует интерпретировать на основании; дополняет

• Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами из текста или по своему усмотрению.

1. The first quantitative studies of the light nature began in.... 2. The first theory of light accepted by most scientists was.... 3. Newton proved experimentally.... 4. The corpuscular theory was abandoned in the 19th century in favour of.... 5. Young proved experimentally that.... 6. Young's double-slit experiment provided.... 7. In Young's experiment point slits provide.... 8. Young observed... in his experiment. 9. We usually do not observe diffraction of light because.... 10. Later researches have shown that we must interpret light as....

Reading 33B

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