Imagine you are presiding at some conference or meeting. Introduce the speaker to the audience. Use the phrases of the above given texts.

Read and translate the dialogues. Rewrite them in the Indirect Speech.

a)

A.: Who is to chair the meeting today?

B.: Doctor Barton, he is a great authority in his field.

A.: Oh, yes, he knows his job from A to Z.

B.: Besides, he always makes some constructive suggestions. A pleasure to deal with him.

A.: I hope the meeting doesn’t stretch out too long.

B.: Don’t expect it’ll be over soon. We have a wide range of problems to discuss at the top level.

b)

Mike Bannet (a British scientist): I say, Bill. Do you know who is engaged in the research problem?

Bill Mason (a scientist from the USA): You mean of those present? It’s Professor Hewitt. He is one of the leading specialists in Marine Law.

M. Bennet: Do you happen to know him well?

B. Mason: Fairly well. I used to meet him at some scientific gatherings more than once.

M. Bennet: I have a favour to ask of you. I’d like to meet him. Could you arrange it?

B. Mason: I guess I can. Though he’s pretty filled-up I’m afraid. Well, with luck I’ll introduce you to him.

M. Bennet: It’ll be splendid. I have quite a few questions to ask him. So, I’ll be waiting for you at the auditorium during the coffee break.

4. Read and translate the text:

The Chairman and his duties

The success of the meeting depends a great deal on the Chairman. The Chairman shall direct the debates, maintain order, close the debates when necessary, put questions to the vote and announce the result of the vote. The Chairman's address to the audience should be much shorter than any of the speeches that follow.

When the meeting is opened, the first matter for the Chairman is to read the agenda and to explain briefly the work to be done. Anyone who wants to take the floor should ask the Chairman beforehand or by simply raising his hand after the Chairman opens discussion. The Chairman may re­quire every speaker to keep to the point, to avoid repetition and digression. Should the Chairman rise while a member is speaking, the latter must stop and take his seat if asked so.

Lately a new practice has been widely introduced for scientific gatherings with numerous participants: the papers are divided between sections and generalized by a principal Speaker for each section with the discussion following after­wards.

 

5. Answer the following questions:

1. What are the Chairman's duties at the Conference?

2. What do you do if you want to take the floor?

3. What should the speaker do if the Chairman rises while he is speak­ing?

4. How should a lady be addressed if she is the Chair­man?

5. What kind of a new procedure has been introduced lately for scientific gatherings with numerous participants?

6. What does the success of the meeting depend on?

6. Read, translate and retell the text:

The art of public speaking

What is a good style of speaking? It's the right word in the right place. Speakers may certainly choose any style to address the audience, but it is usual for English-speaking people to begin in moderate tone, pronouncing every word slowly and distinctly to attract attention.

Experienced speakers use many little stories, humorous comparisons and proverbs to make their listeners “see the point clearly”. As good as speaking is an art with two aspects – technical and intellectual – we must mention that this technique is masters in Britain since school time. Students of Britain and American colleges are specially trained for public speaking. They are members of debating clubs and club meetings. Students’ debating teams participate in intercollege debating contests. It is highly advisable to exercise one’s speech beforehand, to avoid embarrassment and confusion. For no amount of enthusiasm or knowledge can make up (compensate) for lack of speaking technique.

 

7. Agree or disagree with the statements. Work in pairs, use the following replies:

As a matter of fact; What really matters is…; On the one hand; On the other hand; In the first place; In this connection it’s necessary to say that …; I’d like to add that …; I suppose/believe; As far as I know…

1. All good speakers have their own style and manner of addressing the audience. 2. To attract the attention of the audience one should always begin in a very loud voice. 3. Experienced speakers begin their speech in a well-modulated voice, pronouncing every word clearly and distinctly. 4. Public speaker is an art which should be mastered and practiced since school time. 5. It’s highly advisable to exercise your speech beforehand using a tape-recorder. 6. Very few speakers can speak from memory, without consulting their notes. 7. Enthusiasm and good knowledge of the subject can make up for lack of speaking technique. 8. The personality of a speaker is of great importance for the success of the speech he is making. 9. The art of speaking is an inborn talent and can’t be taught or acquired with practice.

 

8. Tell about experienced speaker you’ve happened to hear at some public (scientific) gathering.

 

9. Read, translate and remember the following rules. Give your own advises for public speaker:

1. Plan your speech carefully. Think about what you want to achieve: to inform, persuade, train or entertain your audience.

2. Decide which are most relevant, appropriate to your audience and to your objectives. Carry out any research that is necessary.

3. Try to develop your key points in an interesting and varied way, drawing on relevant examples, figures.

4. If you have a lot of complex information to explain, think about using some charts, diagrams, graphs.

5. Try not to speak too fast during the first couple of minutes – this is the time you establish your rapport with the audience and first impressions are very important.

6. Try to be enthusiastic – your interest in the subject matter will carry your audience along.

7. Use short words and sentences that you are comfortable with. There is no benefit in using difficult language.

 

Unit 6. Ecological problems. Environmental protection.

 

Topical vocabulary

nature protection защита природы

destruction/pollution of environment разрушение/загрязнение

окружающей среды

natural riches природные богатства

human interference вмешательство человека

to increase возрастать

by-products побочные продукты

waste of enterprises отбросы производства

предприятий

power-station электростанция

to contaminate/pollute загрязнять

to poison отравлять, заражать

to cause damage причинять вред

to dry up высыхать

disaster несчастье

damage вред

concern забота

security безопасность

to protect nature охранять природу

to take measures принимать меры

to take care (of) заботиться

acid rain кислотный дождь

to forecast прогнозировать

to breathe harmful substances дышать вредными веществами

environmental pollution загрязнение окружающей среды

research centre научно-исследовательский центр

careless interaction небрежное взаимодействие

upset oxygen balance нарушать кислородный балансе

upset nature’s equilibrium нарушать природное равновесие

prevent nuclear explosion предотвращать ядерный взрыв

save rare animals/plants спасать редких животных/

растения

consequence of earthquake последствие землетрясения

to ignore natural laws игнорировать законы природы

discharge of dust and gas выброс пыли и газа

poisoning of the soil, water, air отравление почвы, воды, воздуха

face extinction на грани вымирания

healthy biological habitat здоровая среда обитания

to reach a critical level достигнуть критического уровня

 

1. Read and translate the text:

Pollution of environment

For thousands of years people lived in harmony with environment. Nature has served Man, it seemed that natural reaches were unlimited. In the 20-th century with the rapid growth of science and technology human achievements in conquering nature became so great that man’s activities began to produce an increasingly negative effect on the biosphere.

Large cities with thousand of smoky industrial enterprises appear all over the world today. The by-products of their activity pollute the environment. We have upset nature sensitive equilibrium discharging harmful substances into the air, polluting rivers and oceans with industrial waste, contaminating the countryside with rubbish.

Every year world industry contaminates the atmosphere with about 1000 million tons of dust and other harmful substances. Many cities suffer from smog. Vast forests are cut and burnt in fire. Their disappearance upsets the oxygen balance. As a result some rare species of animals, birds, fish and plants disappear forever. According to the International Union for the Protection of Nature 76 species of animals have disappeared from the planet in the last 60 years. 132 mammal and 26 bird species face extinction nowadays.

It is generally agreed that the destruction of tropical forest has a major impact on the world climate. There are many consequences of damaging the environment: acid rain, water shortage resulting from abuse of arable lands in agriculture, damage to water and soils, damage to wildlife. The destruction of nature gradually led to the loss of the most essential elements of existence - a healthy biological habitat. Environmental pollution increases the cases of disease, raises the cost of medical services and reduces the life-span of a man.

People’s consumer attitude to the environment breaks natural balance. The pollution of air and world’s ocean, destruction the ozone layer is the result of man’s careless interaction with nature, a sign of ecological crises. If we want our children to live in same world we live in, or in a healthier world, we must learn to protect the water, the air and the earth from pollution.

 

2. Retell the text using the following plan:

1) Why did the negative effect on the biosphere increase in the 20-th century?

2) How does nature suffer from pollution?

Harmful substances pollute

air rivers, oceans countryside

(smog) (industrial waste) (rubbish)

 

3) What is the result of upsetting the oxygen balance?

Forests disappear the oxygen balance is set up species of animals,

birds, fish and plants disappear forever.

4) What are the consequences of pollution the environment?

- acid rains

- water shortage

- abuse of arable lands

- damage to water, soil, wildlife

5) How is the life of people affected?

- the cases of disease increase

- the cost of medical services rises

- the life-span of a man reduced

 

3. Read and translate the text. Make the plan and retell the text using it.

Nature protection

By now the pollution and poisoning of soil, water and air has reached a critical level. The discharge of dust and gas into the atmosphere returns to the Earth in the form of acid rain and affects crop, the quality of forests, the amount of fish. To this we can add the rise of chemical, radioactivity, noise and other types of pollution.

We all have a responsibility to take care of nature, but perhaps those who are in a position to do more about it: governments and factory managers and car-manufactures, chemical companies. They are obliged to remove factories and plants from cities, use modern technologies, redesign and modify purifying systems for cleaning and trapping harmful substances.

Environmental protection is a universal concern. That is why serious measures to create a system of ecological security should be taken. Some progress has been already made in this direction. As many as 159 countries - members of the UNO – have set up environmental protection agencies. Numerous conferences have been held by these agencies to discuss questions of ecologically poor regions. The international Organisation Greenpeace is also doing much to preserve the environment.

It is important that everyone is aware of the problems of pollution, that we continue to find alternatives to the products that harm the environment, use clean energy, such as wind, solar and wave power, which do not emit greenhouse gases. Every individual should do what he can to safe nature because we have to protect it for the sake of the future generations and the world.

4. Complete the sentences using the following words:

Environment; natural balance; harmful substances; the cases of disease; ecological security; to protect; a healthy biological habitat; medical services; the destruction; life-span; pollution and poisoning; the atmosphere.

1) Environmental pollution increases….., raises the cost of…. and reduces the…. of a man.

2)By now …. of soil, water and air has reached a critical level.

3) We have upset nature sensitive equilibrium discharging …. into the air.

4) The destruction of nature gradually led to the loss of the most essential elements of existence - …..

5) For thousands of years people lived in harmony with …..

6) …. of tropical forest has a major impact on the world climate.

7) People should learn …. the nature.

8) People’s consumer attitude to the environment breaks …..

9) Every year world industry contaminates …. with about 1000 million tons of dust and other harmful substances.

10) Serious measures to create a system of …. should be taken.

5. Match English and Russian equivalents:

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