EXERCISE 2 Translate the following sentences from Russian into English in writing.

1. Из всех недавно пробуренных скважин, 40% скважин имеют промышленное значение.

2. Процесс разведки нефти и газа связан с большим риском.

3. Районы, предположительно содержащие углеводород, подвергаются гравиразведке и магнитной разведке.

4. Такие характеристики как: материнская порода, миграция, ловушка, покрышка, коллектор необходимы для того, чтобы перспективная площадка была результативной.

5. На образование углеводородов указывают природные проявления нефти и газа.

6. Нефтяные и газовые месторождения и их протяжённость помогают обнаружить сложные технологии.

EXERCISE 3 Read and translate the text " How to Extract Oil".

How to Extract Oil

Discovering new reserves of oil is only the beginning of the story. It's then the job of a new team of economists, scientists and engineers to decide whether - and how - to go into large-scale commercial production. Once oil or gas have been discovered, it has to be established how much is there, how much can be recovered, what its quality is and how the oil and gas can be transported safely to a refinery or terminal. In other words, is the find economically viable? If so, further wells will have to be drilled and production facilities established.

The recovery factor - the amount of oil that can be economically extracted compared with the total amount estimated to be in the ground- varies widely. Twenty years ago a recovery factor of about 30 per cent was normal. Today the average is about 45 per cent. Improved technology is likely to increase this further.

Crude oil is found in underground pockets or traps. Gas and water are generally found in the reservoir too - usually under pressure. This pressure is sometimes sufficient to force the oil to the surface of the well unaided and excess pressure may cause problems.

In the early stages of production an oilfield may have freely flowing wells, but as oil is extracted the pressure decreases and pumping may become necessary. Alternatively, it may be possible to increase the pressure by injecting further gas or water into the edges of the reservoir.

In other cases, the pressure is inadequate from the beginning and pumps at the bottom of wells have to be used. The fluid extracted from the well usually contains oil, gas and water. It has to be processed so that the crude oil and gas can be transported by pipeline or tanker.

Crude oil is a natural substance whose composition varies. Even in the same oilfield, where oil is obtained from different depths, it can vary greatly in composition and appearance. It may be an almost colourless liquid or a sluggish, black substance, so heavy that it cannot be pumped at atmospheric temperatures. Generally, however, crude oils look rather like thin, brown treacle.

There is no single solution to the problem of getting oil out. Production and transport methods will depend on where the oil is found, and in particular, whether it has been found under the land or under the sea. Obviously, it is a lot harder and more expensive to drill for oil beneath the sea than on land, which is one reason why the majority of the oil that we use is produced onshore.

There are several different types of platform that can be used, depending on the conditions. Usually, the legs of the platform must extend at least 30 metres above the surface of the sea, keeping all equipment well clear of the largest waves. For smaller offshore discoveries it is not usually economic to install a platform. In some cases, floating or underwater production systems controlled remotely have been developed.

Oil is generally produced in places far away from where it is used: in deserts, frozen wastes, jungles or far offshore. A pipeline hundreds of miles long or super-tanker - or both - may be the only way of getting the oil to the refinery where it will be turned into a useable product.

To reach the edges of the reservoir, wells are commonly drilled at an angle. It is now possible drill vertically downwards and then outwards horizontally. This can save a great deal of money, as several wells can be drilled from a single, point and oil extracted from thin seams of rock.

EXERCISE 4 Give the Russian equivalents to the following words.

Composition, drill vertically, economically viable, edges of a reservoir, frozen wastes, freely flowing wells, recovery factor, pipeline, production, underground pockets, underwater production systems, useable product

EXERCISE 5 Find the definitions to the key words.

The definitions:

A) recover, extract

B) the amount of oil that can be economically extracted.

C) quantity, quality and safety transportation of oil to a refinery.

D ) means of oil transportation

E ) a porous and permeable underground formation containing natural accumulation of producible hydrocarbons.

F) a plant where crude oil is separated and transformed into marketable products.

G ) underground reservoir that prevents the escape of oil contained in it.

The key words:

Pipeline

Trap

Reservoir

Recovery factor

Refinery

Produce

Economically viable

EXERCISE 5 Read and translate the text, using the words after the text.

JOINT USAGE OF S-WAVES AND P-WAVES

In the method of reflected waves seismic exploration efficiency significantly increases when S-waves and P-waves are used jointly. Knowing speed of propagation for both types of waves provides for more reliable identification of deposition properties and composition, including such an important solution as determining nature of fluids filling rock pores. Such data bring seismic exploration to the frontline of searching for oil and gas, i.e. the final task of seismic exploration for hydrocarbons.

When directly searching for oil and gas just kinematical data, i.e. data on wave arrival times are not sufficient, and dynamic factors start to play the key role – shape and intensity of received waves, nature of wave shape change depending upon the wave trace in the medium. The most important now is to initiate elastic waves. Not only the source power but also a possibility to control parameters of generated by it oscillations becomes critical. This provides for conditions to determine such parameters of actual medium as absorption ratio.

Joint usage of S-waves and P-waves and determination of the medium absorption properties allow seismic exploration putting more and more complicated tasks not only when searching for oil and gas but also many others, including exploration of ore deposits.

SEISMIC NOISES

Seismic operations are known to be performed not in a lab but in the “field”. The “field” means clean field, taiga, desert, tundra, mountains or sea. All of them are filled with sounds, oscillations in the air and in the soil. How this circumstance results in seismic operations is easy to understand, if we take into account, that displacement of the soil on which seismographs are installed makes them very sensitive when a useful wave comes closer to the surface. Sources of such irregular interferences or noises, as a rule are weak, but being located close to seismic receivers, they can disguise arrival of even very intensive useful waves. Therefore, another problem arises – how to deal with noises and irregular waves. Suppressing to the needed extent these or those interferences, we will just come to the beginning of the acquisition process obtaining data on subsurface structure. However even at this stage of processing observation materials we have to use some kind of actual medium model. Otherwise we will never be able to distinguish the required useful signals.

The words to be memorized :

1. seismic exploration – сейсморазведка

2. reflection method –метод отраженных волн (MOB)

3. seismic noise –сейсмические помехи

4. arrivaltime– время вступления (волны)

5. Interference – помехи

6. Noise – шум

7. Absorption –адсорбция, адсорбционный

8. Hydrocarbons –углеводороды

9. Distinguish –различать

10. Propagation –распространение

11. Frontline –линия фронта

12. Absorption ratio– коэффициент поглощения

13. Elastic waves –упругие волны

14. Traveltime– время пробега (волны)

15. Receiver – сейсмоприемник

16. Reflection – отражение

17. Refraction –рефракция

18. Diffraction –дифракция

19. Anisotropic mediums – анизотропные среды

20. Multi-component mediums –многокомпонентные среды

21. Boundary –граница

22. Dissipation –разложение

23. Thickness –мощность

 

⇐ Предыдущая12345678910Следующая ⇒

Поделиться:

Популярное:

1. B. Transform the following sentences from active into passive voice.
2. Distinctive linguistic features of the major functional styles of English
3. English Literature in the Beginning of the 19th Century
4. English Literature in the Second Half of the 19th century
5. Ex. 2. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases.
6. Ex. 6. Give your reasons as to why the rules of the Sequence of Tenses are not observed in the following sentences.
7. Ex.1.Find in the text equivalents to the following words and word combinations.
8. Ex.1.Suggest the Russian for the following word combinations.
9. Ex.11 Complete the sentences
10. Ex.3 Match the following words to their definitions.
11. Ex.3. Translate the sentences from Russian into English.
12. Ex.3.Guess the meaning of the words and word combinations in italics and translate the whole sentence.