Герундий в функции обстоятельства
В функции обстоятельства герундий всегда употребляется в сочетании с предлогом. Перевод предложений с герундием диктуется контекстом, но наиболее часто встречающиеся предлоги и варианты их перевода предлагаются ниже:
а) После предлогов on (upon); after герундий часто переводится деепричастием прошедшего времени или предлогом с существительным; после before и in - обычно придаточным предложением, деепричастием:
After making the statement the Chancellor said that he was not going to reconsider his decision. - Сделав это заявление, министр финансов сказал, что он не намерен пересматривать свое решение.
In trying to devise ways to improve the efficiency of production the company managers displayed real ingenuity. - Когда менеджеры компании пытались найти способы повышения эффективности производства, они проявили подлинную изобретательность ( Пытаясь найти …)
On arriving the Prime Minister announced he managed to secure new international loans. - По прибытии премьер-министр сообщил, что ему удалось добиться получения новых международных займов.
б) Аналогичным образом контекст определяет выбор средства перевода (инфинитив, придаточное предложение, деепричастие или сочетание предлога с существительным) герундия со следующими предлогами:
| besides
| - кроме того, что
|
| instead of
| - вместо того, чтобы
|
| apart from
| - кроме, не говоря уже
|
| in case of, in the event of
| - в случае если
|
| subject to
| - при условии
|
| by, in
| - путем, при помощи
|
| owing to
| - из-за, вследствие
|
| for fear of
| - из опасения
|
| without
| без, без того чтобы
|
Примечание:
Предлог without часто также переводится отрицательной формой деепричастия.
They promised not to undertake any actions without consulting their partners. - Они пообещали не предпринимать никаких действий, не согласовав их со своими партнерами.
5.2 Герундий в функции определения, дополнения, подлежащего и составного сказуемого не вызывает особых трудностей при переводе.
The Foreign Secretary has been insisting on the importance of negotiating on limited practical questions. - Министр иностранных дел все время настаивает на необходимости ведения переговоров по ограниченному кругу практических вопросов.
The Prime Minister avoided mentioning it for fear of being criticized. - Премьер-министр избегал упоминания об этом из опасения, что его подвергнут критике.
Solving Britain's economic difficulties, said the Prime Minister, is a question not so much of political doctrine as practical judgement. - Разрешение экономических трудностей Великобритании, сказал премьер-министр, это вопрос не столько политической доктрины, сколько практической целесообразности.
Примечание.
а) Сочетание there is no c герундием часто переводится безличным предложением.
There is no denying that future growth of inflation may be averted by this move. - Нельзя отрицать , что этот шаг может помочь избежать дальнейшего роста инфляции.
б) После выражения far from герундий переводится: не только не…; но…; вместо того чтобы (+инфинитив)…; отнюдь не (+деепричастие)…
Far from averting the threat of inflation, this surrender will only bring about still tougher action later. - Отнюдь не устраняя самой угрозы инфляции, эта уступка (это отступление) лишь приведет к еще более жестким мерам в будущем.
Герундиальный комплекс
Герундиальный комплекс (сочетание герундия с существительными, притяжательными и личными местоимениями или группой слов) часто переводится с помощью вводных слов: то, что…; тот факт, что…; (с тем) чтобы…; после того как…; что…и др.
We look forward to much attention being given to this question. - Мы рассчитываем на то, что этому вопросу будет уделено большое внимание.
Примечание. Часто подобные формы герундиального комплекса путают с причастием, что ведет к искажению смысла. Только контекстуальный анализ поможет сделать верный выбор.
Jobs and living standards depend on the industrial capacity of the nation being used to the full. - Занятость и уровень жизни зависят от того, насколько полно используются производственные мощности страны.
Если предположить, что being used является причастием в функции определения, то следовало бы перевести это предложение следующим образом: " …зависят от производственных мощностей страны, которые сейчас используются в полном объеме" , что, очевидно, лишено смысла.
Translate the following sentences:
| 1.
| The Belgium Prime Minister offered his resignation to the King in Brussels yesterday after failing to reconcile a Cabinet split over tough new economic measures.
|
| 2.
| In proclaiming its economic plan this autumn, the Government must convince the country that it has the will and the means to redeploy labour efficiently if industry will cooperate.
|
| 3.
| Mr. N. in a comment last night said the Government was making " a grave mistake in not taking the opportunity of explaining their economic policy to the country and submitting it to public criticism and comment".
|
| 4.
| Brussels - Britain put itself firmly at odds with the rest of the European Union Tuesday by blocking fishing agreements with third countries.
|
| 5.
| The economists argued that " there is no basis in economic theory or supporting evidence for the government's belief that by deflating demand it will bring inflation permanently under control and thereby induce an automatic recovery in output and employment".
|
| 6.
| Neither the federal government nor the nation as a whole needs to be reminded of the necessity of saving and conserving energy, especially by finding substitutes for oil. The message has been forcefully driven home by declining deliveries from Iran and Iraq.
|
| 7.
| By not losingsight of the long-term objectives they made themselves masters and not servants or victims of economic forces operating in the world.
|
| 8.
| White House official said in advance the President had decided for now to encourage Japan to limit exports on its own, but planned no specific request. Both sides said they hope to settle the issue without resortingto " protectionism".
|
| 9.
| They argue that the oil incomes of such countries as Saudi Arabia, which is likely to earn more than $ 120 billion this year, are already far in excess of what they can channel into their economies without risking more inflation and without aggravating the social tensions resulting from modernization.
|
| 10.
| They had established it without waiting for an international treaty to be concluded.
|
| 11.
| The three-point program, instead of preventing decentralization of Canada, instead of being a means of uniting the country, was dividing it.
|
| 12.
| Mexico City - After years of taking Latin America for granted, the United States is now finding that much of the region no longer shares its view of the world.
|
| 13.
| The American program provided for a number of alternative sources of synthetic fuels, including not only coal-to-oil processes, but ways of converting coal to gas as well as extracting liquid fuel from oil shale.
|
| 14.
| Oil companies are barred by agreement with the government from making any public statements of their revenues or the amount of oil they are exporting.
|
| 15.
| There are countries which would be ready to sign agreements with the developing nations for training some of their people over the next five, ten years.
|
| 16.
| It is nonsense for its supporters to claim that the present policy is a success. It has succeeded in increasing the number of out of work, and in reducing production.
|
| 17.
| But his scenario lies far beyond the limits of any past experience in the United States or any other industrial country. Getting inflation down is necessary, but it is harmful for politicians to suggest that it will be costless.
|
| 18.
| Far from doing anything to reduce the number of jobless, the Government is planning to throw more out of work with its rail and pit closures.
|
| 19.
| The drive toward monopoly in the British Press is no different in essence from the same development in all other major industries. Far from hindering this development in all other major industries, the Government is actually encouraging it.
|
| 20.
| Foreign exchange analysts, despite all the fanfare and pep talk about the United States reasserting its leading role as a bastion of free enterprise, remain extremely skeptical that the dollar's strength can be sustained without the support of high interest rates.
|
| 21.
| " There is no question therefore of the door being firmly closed against any increase of pay for civil services before July 1 next", he declared.
|
| 22.
| In and outside Parliament, using all means at their disposal, they intend to organize their considerable resources in an effort to prevent the dominant sector of the industry becoming State-owned.
|
| 23.
| It is not the critics of the Minister of Economy who are cynical. That is a word which could be more accurately applied to a Minister who says he is for prices being kept down, and then supports a Budget which puts them up.
|
| 24.
| They gathered to discuss the injustices of foreign trade as they affect the chances of the poor countries ever becoming less poor.
|
| 25.
| The whole system was nothing but an alarm system designed to go off in case of raw materials being illegally removed or utilized.
|
Причастие
Популярное:
