Lesson Thirteen (pp. 176-194)

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Phonetics

Ex. I (learn by heart) p. 184.

Texts

A Student’s Day. Dialogue.

1. Прослушайте тексты в записи и сделайте интонационную разметку текстов (Phonetic Notes p. 183). Ex. III p. 185.

Ex. II p. 184 поможет Вам отработать наиболее сложные в звуковом и интонационном отношении места текстов.

2. Потренируйтесь читать тексты за диктором (несколько раз).

3. Прочитайте тексты без записи, обращая внимание на звуки и интонацию.

4. Выучите тексты наизусть.

5. Переведите тексты, используя Vocabulary Notes (p. 182-183).

6. Выучитe слова и выражения из Vocabulary Notes (p. 182-183 читать, писать, знать перевод), Topical Vocabulary (p. 183 читать, писать, знать перевод).

7. Закрепление лексического материала – ex. XII p. 187-188, ex. XIX p. 190-191 (in written form).

Speech practice

1. Ex. V p. 185, ex. IX p. 187 (orally).

2. Ex. XVI, XVII, XVIII p. 190 (orally).

3. Ex. XXI p. 192-193 (part I orally, part II retell).

4. Ex. XXIII, XXIV, XXV p. 193 (orally).

Обязательное задание

1. Текст “Morning and Evening” (учебник В.Д. Аракина) p. 389 (лингафонный курс № 14, запись есть на почте группы) – listen, read, translate and learn by heart.

2. Текст “My Bedroom” (учебник В.Д. Аракина) p. 450 (лингафонный курс № 13, запись есть на почте группы) – listen, read, translate and learn by heart.

3. Текст “About Myself” (учебник В.Д. Аракина) p. 391 (read, translate and retell). Этот текст можно использовать при составлении монологического высказывания по теме “My Daily Programme”.

4. Подготовьте монологическое высказывание по теме “My Daily Programme”

5. Подготовьте свой диалог по теме “ My Daily Programme ”.

Grammar Lesson 13

Rule 1. The Present Perfect Tense (the present perfect simple)

e.g. Mrs. Brown has laid the table in the usual way and has put the right number of knives, forks and glasses.

The formation

The Present Perfect tense is formed by means of the auxiliary verb have (in the present tense) and Participle II of the notional verb.

I have done it We have done it

You have done it You have done it

He(she, it) has done it They have done it

e.g. He s eaten two pizzas and most of a cold chicken.

It's the worst year we've had for a long time.

I don't think you've met each other before.

In the interrogative form the auxiliary verb is placed before the subject.

Have I done it?

Have you done it?

Has she (he, it) done it?

Have we done it?

Have you done it?

Have they done it?

e.g. Have you been there?

Why have you taken that one?

Who has taken it? – I have.

In the negative form the negative particle not is placed after the auxiliary verb.

I have not done it.

You have not done it.

We have not done it.

You have not done it.

He (she, it) has not done it.

They have not done it.

The contracted forms are: I've worked, I haven’t worked...

He’s worked, He hasn’t worked

The interrogative-negative forms are:

Have you not done it? (Haven’t you done it? )

Has he not done it? (Hasn’t he done it? )

The use

W.S. Allen " Living English Structure" p.83

'The Present Perfect is probably the commonest tense in the English language, but it is the one the student of English usually finds the most difficult to learn.'

The three perfect tenses (present, past and future) express the completion or " perfection" of an action by a given time; not an act done at a given time. There are several meanings for the Present Perfect.

1. The first meaning is called resultative. It expresses a completed or perfected action connected with the present through its result. The Present Perfect in this case is translated into Russian by a past tense, (слово – подпорка: уже)

e.g. He's lost his watch. (and still hasn't found it)

I've opened the window. (the window is open now)

'Has Ben come yet? ' - 'Yes, and he's already started to make trouble.'

They've finished their tea.

How happy you've made me.

In this case the Present Perfect is frequently used with the adverbs already, just, yet, recently, lately and adverbials denoting the period of time which is not over: today, this week (month, year), for the last two days (weeks, etc.), in the last two years, of late years.

e.g. The postman's already been.

The waitress has just served the soup.

I've had a cold for the last week.

We've lived here for the last year.

2. The second meaning is called durative. The Present Perfect expresses an action which began in the past, has continued up to the present moment and is still going on. In this case either the starting point of the action is indicated or the whole period of duration. Since is used to denote the starting point, for is used to denote the whole period of duration. The Present Perfect in this case is rendered in Russian by the present tense.

e.g. I've lived here for 10 years. (and I still live here) (живу)

I've lived here since 1990. (and I still live here) (живу)

3. The Present Perfect denotes reference to an indefinite time before the moment of speaking. In this case the following indefinite time adverbs are used: ever, never, already, before, yet, so far, always, often. They mean at some / any time up to now.

e g. I've never been to New York.

She's never apologized in her life.

I've never tasted papaya before.

For me you have always had an irresistible fascination.

I have worked with children before.

I've always been able to play games well.

There has never been anybody like you.

I've often met her.

How often have you been in love in your life?

I'm sure we've met before.

Paris is a city I've always wanted to visit.

4. The Present Perfect is used to say that something has happened several times up to the present.

e.g. I've watched him on TV several times.

I've asked him to dinner several times.

5. The Present Perfect is used in adverbial clauses of time after the conjunctions when, till (until), before, after, as soon as to denote an action completed before a definite moment in the future.

e.g. I'm not going till you have answered me.

Don’t read the text until you have finished learning the rules.

Send me the form when you’ve filled it in.

Don’t buy any more meat until you have spoken to the mistress about it.

You are not going home until you’ve finished that report.

Notes:

1. Compare the Present Perfect and the Past Indefinite:

" He has worked in the lab for ten years " means that he is still working in the lab. " He worked in the lab for ten years" means that now he works somewhere else.

2. The Present Perfect is not used if we state a definite time in the past. That's why in questions with When we use the past indefinite.

c.f. Has he come back? When did he come?

3. In the subordinate clauses after since the verb is usually in the Past Indefinite.

e.g. He’s been very busy since he came back to town.

4. With such adverbial modifiers as today, this week etc. both the Present Perfect and the Past Indefinite are used.

e.g. I have told you three times this week that she is coming home for a year. I want your sister, the woman who gave me money today.

5. The Present Perfect is not used in the following cases:

a) Что вы сказали? - What did you say?

b)Я не понял. - I didn’t quite catch.

c) Я не слышал вашего вопроса. - I didn't hear your question. I didn’t quite hear what you said.

d) Где вы купили эту книгу? - Where did you buy this hook?

e) Теперь я понял. - Now I understand.

f) Вы поняли? - Do you understand?

g) Я слышал, Мэри в Москве. -I hear that Mary is in Moscow

h) Я забыл, где он живёт. – I forget where he lives.

Я забыл название книги. -I forget the title of the book.

c.f. I have forgotten to ring her up. (a certain action)

Rule 2. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense

(the present perfect progressive)

The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Present Perfect and Participle I of the notional verb.

e.g. The video industry has been developing rapidly.

I have been working hard.

I've been keeping the bread in the top cupboard- is that OK?

In the interrogative form the first auxiliary verb is placed before the subject.

e.g. Sorry I'm late. Have you been waiting long?

In the negative form the negative particle not is placed after the first auxiliary verb.

e.g. I have not been waiting long.

The use

There are 2 meanings for the Present Perfect Continuous: Inclusive and Exclusive.

1. The Present Perfect Continuous Inclusive expresses an action which began in the past, has been going up to the present and is still going on. It is often used with since, for.

e.g I 've been waiting here for half an hour, (жду - настоящее время)

He's been sleeping since four о 'clock It's time to wake him up.

They have been living in France for the last year.

2. The Present Perfect Continuous Exclusive expresses an action which has just finished, and which have present results.

e.g. I must have a bath. I've been gardening all afternoon. (работал - прошедшее время)

I'm tired because I've been working too much.

I often get a headache when I've been working on the computer.

You look hot. - Yes, I've been running.

'Why are your lips black? ' - 'I've been helping Mummy, Daddy.' - 'That's a good girl.'

Her eyes are red. It's clear she's been crying.

Note: We use the Present Perfect Continuous in place of the simple Present Perfect when we want to emphasize that something has been in progress throughout a period:

Instead of saying: I've typed all day we can say, for emphasis: I've been typing all day. This may mean I’m still typing оr I've just recently stopped.

Some verbs like learn, lie, live, rain, sit, sleep, stand, study, wait, work naturally suggest continuity. We can use them in the simple Present Perfect tense:

I’ve worked here since 1987.

But we most often use them in the Present Perfect Continuous:

e.g. I've been working here since 1987.

He's been phoning every night for a month.

Rule 3. Articles

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