Ex. 10. Complete the sentences with an adjective from the list.

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1. Statistically, it is ___ to travel by air than to drive a car. 2. Signaling systems on high-speed railways are ___ than signal devices on usual lines. 3. Indian Railway is one of ___ and ___ rail networks in the world that carries more than sixteen million passengers daily. 4. Diesel and electric locos are ___ and ___ than steam locos. 5. The engine trouble was ___ than we expected. 6. The Konkan Railway in India crosses 2, 134 bridges and viaducts. This rail line has ___ viaduct in Asia (its height is 64m) and ___ railway tunnel in India (its length is 6.5km). 7. ___ metro system in the world is built in St.Petersburg: some stations and tunnels lie 100-120 meters below the surface. 8. The Moscow-St. Petersburg railway is ___ and ___ mainline in our country. 9. Broken stone (щебёнка) is ___ material for ballast. 10. The first locomotive called “Rocket” was much___ and ___ than modern locomotives. 11. ___ trains in the world carry such freight as iron ore and coal. 12. ___ passenger cars, about 5 m long and 2 m wide, were practically stagecoaches with railroad wheels. Soon ___ cars with six wheels instead of four were introduced.

a) the deepest b) the oldest c) the biggest d) the busiest e) the tallest f) the longest g) the heaviest h) the earliest i) the most famous j) the most suitable k) smaller l) lighter m) safer n) cleaner o) larger p) moreefficient q) morecomplex r) more serious

Ex. 11. Read the sentences and translate them, paying attention to the modal verbs must, should, can, may.

1. Drivers of express and fast trains must have a rest after 3 hours of work.

2. The tickets should not be thrown away as conductors may check them during the trip.

3. What can you do while traveling by train? You can read a novel or do a crossword puzzle, you can stare out of the window or talk to your traveling companion, you just can sit back and listen to the clicking of the carriage over the rails.

4. This ticket may only be used by the person who has bought it.

5. In Metro, when the passengers get on the escalator, they should stand on the right so that people who hurry can run by on the left.

6. All trains must be regularly serviced, so that passengers can be sure that they are traveling in safety.

7. The inside body of the passenger car should be finished with materials that are easily washed.

8. Passengers may pay the subway fare with tokens or they may buy a pass for a specific period of time.

9. Additional carriages can be coupled (прицеплять) to the train as needed.

10. Several locomotives must be used to draw such a long and heavy container train.

11. A common carrier (компания грузопассажирских перевозок) may remove a passenger from its service for the refusal to pay a fare.

12. You should check all your electrical equipment regularly.

Ex. 12. Match the two parts of the sentences.

1. The Trans-Europe expresses are equipped with interurban telephones… 2. A wagon must be cleaned before… 3. Train tickets can be booked now over the Internet or mobile phones… 4. You should be at the airport… 5. In Hungary, students and children between the age of 6 and 14… 6. Passengers should keep their tickets… 7. Tobacco cannot be advertised… 8. Special cars must be used for transporting… 9. Passengers shouldn’t walk across the railway lines… 10. Stephenson's first steam locomotive could draw… a) there is a footbridge at the end of the platform. b) may get train tickets 50% cheaper. c) though this method carries an additional surcharge. d) on public transport. e) oil and other liquid goods. f) a small train of loaded cars at a speed of 13 mph. g) an hour before departure. h) till the end of the trip. i) over which the traveler can contact office or home. j) it will be used for another run.

Ex. 13. Complete the sentences with a modal verb.

1. Passengers ___ check their tickets after buying to be sure that it is the correct ticket.

2. In Hungary, children under 6 years and seniors over 65 years from EU countries ___ travel by rail without charge.

3. On this section of the line, the trains’ speed ___ be limited to 40 mph.

4. ___ you show me the nearest way to the station?

5. Baggage ___ not be left unattended in the terminal building.

6. Passengers ___ go by subway all day long for the same fare if they only change trains but don’t go out of the station.

7. You ___ call the station to enquire about train times.

8. Trains ___ run according to the timetable.

9. As Finland has the same railway gauge (ширина колеи) as Russia, high-speed trains ___ cross the border without stopping.

10. Such long and heavy container trains ___ be powered by several locos.

Ex. 14. Read the sentences and translate them, paying attention to the equivalents of the modal verbs. If possible, replace the equivalents by the appropriate modal verbs.

To have to

1. The attention of the railway authorities of all countries has to be focused on the development of high-speed passenger and freight service.

2. As the computer is still under guarantee, I will not have to pay for the repairs.

3. While building the railway in Siberia, the workers had to overcome (преодолеть) many difficulties.

4. Passengers traveling from Moscow to Vladivostok have to move the hands of their watches several times because the Trans-Siberian Mainline crosses several time zones.

5. Dining cars first appeared in the late 1870s. Until this time, the trains had to stop for meals at restaurants along the way.

6. There’s a direct train to Leeds. It may stop at other stations but you do not have to change trains.

7. As there were some defects in the train power supply system, the train had to be removed from service.

8. Switches are necessary where a train has to be moved from one track to another.

9. I will have to pay 50 rubles extra for my luggage because it is overweight.

10. In Japan, passengers have to go through a gate (пропускной пункт) to enter the platform area. Passengers have to show their tickets to a station clerk at the gate and they will also have to show their tickets at a ticket gate after they deboard a train and exit the platform area.

To be to

1. This section of the track is to be reconstructed.

2. We were to leave for England on Saturday, but because of the delay with our visas we had to book tickets for Monday.

3. All the materials used for the railway car refurbishment are to comply with (соответствовать) fire safety standards.

4. In England, the speed of the first cars was not to exceed 4 mph.

5. Modern railways are to be completely automated to provide high-speed transportation.

6. At the Metro terminus (конечная станция), the driver is to move to the other end of the trainset.

To be able to

1. If the train comes in time, I will be able to watch the football match.

2. The first passenger trains didn’t travel very far, but they were able to transport more passengers over longer distances than any horse-powered wagons.

3. At the large terminal, passengers are able to book hotel or transport, to buy tickets for sporting and cultural events, to telephone or send mail to anywhere in the world, to hold a business meeting, to obtain information of interest and so on.

4. The new British train will be able to develop a very high speed, as it is equipped with more powerful engines.

5. For more than a hundred years, railways were able to maintain their dominant position in the field of transportation.

To be allowed to

1. If the signal is red, the train isn’t allowed to continue its running.

2. At this small station, passengers will not be allowed to get off the car because the train will stop for 2 minutes only.

3. You are allowed to carry 20kgs of baggage unless indicated otherwise on your ticket.

4. According to the customs (таможня) regulations, a passenger wasn’t allowed to carry more than ten packs of cigarettes.

5. In some companies, the staff is not allowed to use the Internet for personal purpose during business hours.

Ex. 15. Read the sentences, replacing the modal verbs with their equivalents.

1. Passengers must show their tickets when they go on the train.

2. You may take any of these instruments; I do not need them now.

3. The car, which you could see at the exhibition, will be used on international railway lines.

4. This railway line must be converted from diesel to electric traction next year.

5. Passengers may have up to three pieces of hand luggage.

6. Thanks to wide sliding doors in Metro cars, passengers can get on and off the train quickly.

7. As trains are becoming heavier and longer, more powerful locos must be used.

8. We could not repair the car ourselves and had to take it to the auto-service station.

9. On weekdays, cars may not enter the centre of the city.

10. If you buy train tickets in advance (заранее), you must pay some extra money.

11. Steam locomotives could not haul very heavy trains at a high speed.

12. Such freight as dry chemicals, grain, sugar or mineral fertilizers(удобрения) must be transported in covered hoppers.

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