Consider these expressions typical for court disputes on remedies and make up sentences with them.

1. reasonable attorneys’ fees - плата адвокатам в разумных пределах

2. costs of alternative dispute resolution - расходы на альтернативные методы разрешения споров

3. unless it is adjudicated - пока судом не будет вынесено решение

4. willful misconduct of an indemnified party - намеренное неправильное поведение пострадавшей стороны

5. indemnification obligation shall be reduced - обязательства по возмещению ущерба будут уменьшены

Exercise 6.

Translate these contract names and choose one to compose it in English.

Employment Agreement	Services Agreement
Confidentiality Agreement	Joint Venture Agreement
Custody Agreement	Prenuptial Agreement
Merger Agreement	Construction Agreement
Shareholders Agreement	Copyright License Agreement
Agency Agreement	Franchise Agreement
Purchasing Agreement	Lease Agreement
Sales Representative Agreement	Sale Contract
Retainer Agreement	Assignment of Copyright

UNIT 5

Lead in

Before reading the text please answer the following questions:

1. What English and American newspapers do you know?

2. What difficulties do we usually face when reading newspapers in English?

3. Is it important for a lawyer to read news and political articles?

Reading the press

Reading newspapers is important for more than the obvious reason of keeping up on local, national and international current events. Aside from keeping current, reading the newspaper can prepare you for the legal business world. Reading a business centred paper, like the Wall Street Journal, or latest legal industry news on thelawyer.com as one of the leading websites for the entire legal professionals can be quite beneficial. The knowledge you would gain from these readings could help you make sound and profitable investments in the Stock Market and could help you decide between which companies to apply to or accept a legal job offer for.

Keeping current will also help make you sound educated in a professional setting. This could be especially useful in a job interview if you are interviewing with a company that's been in the news for any reason.

So what makes a non-English speaking reader lose courage and get confused in the process of the newspaper skimming?

Non-native speakers of English often have great difficulty in understanding newspaper headlines and vocabulary. The words tabloids use are shorter and snappier, they catch the eye, use up less space, these words are more emotive and help sell newspapers and make the circulation bigger.

Headlines are often written in a special, abbreviated style and sometimes it is difficult to decipher them. Short words save space, thus they are very common in newspaper headlines.

When translating headlines from English into Russian please be aware that:

1. Articles in the headlines are often omitted, for example:
MURDER CONVICTIONS FACE SUPREME COURT SCRUTINY

ПРОВЕРКА ВЕРХОВНЫМ СУДОМ ОБВИНИТЕЛЬНЫХ ПРИГОВОРОВ ЗА УБИЙСТВО (not the Supreme Court)

Note:
The article in a headline is not omitted if its absence can lead to a misunderstanding

or when it is a part of a fixed collocation, for example:
NAKED TRUTH ABOUT THE ARM OF THE LAW

ВСЯ ПРАВДА О ДЛИННОЙ РУКЕ ЗАКОНА (the arm of the law is a fixed collocation)

NEW BILL MAKES CYBERATTACKS AN OFFENCE

СОГЛАСНО НОВОМУ ЗАКОНОПРОЕКТУ, КОМПЬЮТЕРНЫЕ АТАКИ ЯВЛЯЮТСЯ ПРАВОНАРУШЕНИЕМ

(Absence of the article before offence can fundamentally change the meaning).

2. Pay special attention to the use of the verb “to be”:

a) It is typical to use an infinitive construction:

MURDER CONVICTIONS TO FACE SUPREME COURT SCRUTINY

JAPANESE COURT TO RULE ON BABIES THAT DO NOT EXIST IN LAW

СУД В ЯПОНИИ ВЫНЕС РЕШЕНИЕ ПО ВОПРОСУ НЕ СУЩЕСТВУЮЩИХ ПО ДОКУМЕНТАМ ДЕТЕЙ

b) It can be omitted:

UK LAW FIRMS ASKED TO DO MORE WORK FOR FREE

ЮРИДИЧЕСКИЕ ФИРМЫ В ВЕЛИКОБРИТАНИИ ПРОСЯТ ВЫПОЛНЯТЬ БОЛЬШЕ РАБОТЫ НА БЕЗВОЗДМЕЗДНОЙ ОСНОВЕ

AGREEMENT SIGNED

СОГЛАШЕНИЕ ПОДПИСАНО

3. Headlines often contain the reduction, for example:

BRITISH MPs IN MOSCOW
ПРИЕЗД В МОСКВУ ЧЛЕНОВ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ПАРЛАМЕНТА

FOI APPEALS TAKING YEARS TO PROCESS

АППЕЛЯЦИИ ПО ЗАКОНУ О СВОБОДЕ СЛОВА РАССМАТРИВАЮТСЯ ГОДАМИ

(FOI – Freedom of Information, маркировка документов, публикуемых во исполнение закона о свободе информации)

Special paper vocabulary is full of cliché s, set collocations and idioms.Translation of these lexical units is a very difficult task. By virtue of its semantic wealth and phraseological brightness they play a very important role. It gives expressiveness and originality to the speech or to the newspaper language, e.g.:

to cover up one’s traces – замести следы
to do time – сидеть в тюрьме
to go straight – действовать законным путем
s pirit of the law – дух закона

When translating phraseology, use all your imagery to find the correct meaning. And since the literal translation is impossible, it is necessary to pick up appropriate expression in the Russian language. In the absence of an identical image, you must search for an approximate match.

Please remember the term “ news ”- новость, новости is always singular:

What IS the news?

The same refers to the terms “ information ”- информация, сообщение, cведения and evidence – доказательства, улика:

" Can you give me some information? "
" Where did you get that evidence? "
And the terms “ police ” – полиция, “ media ” – масс-медиа, СМИ (pl of the noun “medium”), “ wages” – заработная плата are always plural:

“The British media stre ss_. ..”

“Police are supposed to enforce laws.”

“Many teenagers dream of the legal profession because a lawyer’s wages are rather high.”

Perhaps, in the practice of translation there is no such a " deceptive" kind of vocabulary as pseudo-international terms. Theorists of translation named them “false interpreters’ friends” – ложные друзья переводчика. They include words that match the form in Russian and English, but are not identical in their meanings, e.g.:

1. Prospect вид, панорама, перспектива

виды, планы на будущее

предполагаемый покупатель, клиент, подписчик

проспект (улица) avenue

проспект (книги, издания) prospectus

2. list список, перечень, реестр

duty list – расписание дежурств

list price – цена по прейскуранту

лист (дерева) leaf

лист (материал) sheet, plate

3. contribution пожертвование, взнос

вклад

сотрудничество (в журнале, газете)

статья для газеты, журнала

содействие

налог

контрибуция indemnity

4. data (datum) данные

сведения, факты

дата date

5. manufacture производство, изготовление

обработка

процесс изготовления

изделия, продукт

мануфактура textiles

6. intelligence ум, рассудок, интеллект

сведения, информация

разведка

интеллигенция intellectuals

7. family семья, род

содружество

фамилия surname, last name

8. nature природа, мир, вселенная

сущность, основное свойство, характер

род, сорт, класс

натура (характер человека) human nature

In general, reading an English-language paper will help you to practice more, to learn about the issues that are important to speakers of this language, to learn new legal and political vocabulary as well as engage deeper in the foreign culture.

EXERCISES

Exercise 1.

Translate the following newspaper headlines from English into Russian:

MAJOR FLOODING HITS THE ATLANTIC COAST

US HITS EC WITH TRADE SANCTIONS

CONGRESS BANS NEW CHEMICAL

POWER CRISIS: GOVERNMENT TO ACT

AFRICAN PRESIDENT ACTS TO GAG PRESS

POLICE GUN DOWN TERRORISTS

PM HAILS PEACE PLAN

LEAD IN RESORT MURDER CASE

PM FURIOUS OVER TAX PLAN LEAKS

LIFE FOR SERIAL MURDERER

INFANT DIES: MOBS ATTACK HOSPITAL
MOB LEADERS HELD

MISSING TEENAGER RIDDLE: TWO MEN HELD

REFEREE’S DECISION SPARKS RIOT

EXILED PRESIDENT VOWS TO RETURN

Exercise 2.

Translate the following sentences taken from the newspapers:

1. With the Government doing its utmost to keep wages down, and with price increases due to Market membership coming on top of price increases arising from Government policy, the standard of living in this country would be given an extremely serious setback.

2. With unemployment being now a crisis issue in many areas, the Labour movement is stepping up “right to work” campaign.

3. Tory policy was also resulting in continuously rising prices, the reduction in the food subsidies in particular having caused a sharp rises in the price of food.

4. Almost all councils are putting up their rents, the reason being the heavy burden of interests for housing.

5. Estimated unemployment figures at the end of January were 416, 000, some 66, 000 more than at the same date last year, according to Ministry of Labour figures issued yesterday.

6. Korea with a new law intended to choke off Kim Jong Un’s nuclear and missile programmes, and to punish those who assist them.

7. A man convicted of murder after egging on a friend to stab a former policeman this week launched a Supreme Court challenge to the controversial law of “joint enterprise”.

Exercise 3.

Study the idioms in bold and translate the following sentences:

1. Every country must know as a rule of thumb that negotiations is a beeline to peace.

2. The President’s statement was an eye opener for everyone.

3. Whenever he delivers a speech everybody thinks that he has a foot in his mouth.

4. If the politicians consider this problem a piece of cake they will soon have to face the music.

5. The problem was discussed many times and in the long run the agreement was signed.

6. This candidate is evidently on a roll, but let’s wait a bit.

7. It is not wise to use a hit-or-miss approach to this problem as it’s about the victim’s life.

8. The government is ready to spend its bottom dollar for military needs.

9. No one can go to pieces during talks, no matter how difficult it is.

10. The gang fled from the scene of the crime with the police in hot pursuit.

Exercise 4.

Translate the following sentences from Russian into English:

1. Российские и международные новости и события в сфере политики, экономики, науки и техники, культуры и спорта освещаются в каждом номере газеты «Аргументы и факты».

2. Доказательства – это любые фактические данные по уголовному делу, на основе которых в определенном законом порядке суд устанавливает было ли совершено преступление.

3. Возможно ли почерпнуть данную информацию о государственном устройстве США из источников, указанных в перечне?

4. Масс-медиа часто оказывает давление на подозреваемого еще до того, как его признают виновным.

5. Моя зарплата достаточно высокая, но, поскольку существует закон о налогообложении физических лиц, я теряю некоторый процент прибыли.

6. Полиция прибыла на место преступления достаточно быстро, но поймать преступника по горячим следам ей не удалось.

Exercise 5.

Read the following article and answer the questions:

JOINT RUSSIAN-INDIAN DECLARATION

The Russian Federation and the Republic of India aware of their responsibility for the promotion of international peace and noting with concern the deterioration of the present-day international situation, reiterating their common commitment to the development of cooperation between nations in accordance with the principles of peaceful coexistence, determined to carry on persistent struggle for peace and international security, national independence of peoples, against all manifestations of neo-colonialism and racism, and for lofty ideals of mankind recorded in the Charter of the United Nations, declare their firm intention in accordance with the Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Cooperation between Russia and India, to continue strengthening and deepening Russian-Indian friendly and mutually beneficial cooperation in the interests of the peoples of the two countries and the cause of international peace and security.

The Russian Federation and India note with profound satisfaction that the relations between them which have been fruitfully developing for decades in the atmosphere of friendship and trust, provide an eloquent example of practical implementation of the principles of peaceful coexistence between states. These relations are developing to the mutual benefit of the peoples of both countries on the basis of equality and mutual respect, strict observance of sovereignty and non-interference in each other’s affairs.

The Russian Federation and India recognize that their relations of mutual understanding, confidence and all-round cooperation are of major significance for peace and stability in Asia and in the world. They reaffirm their determination to continue developing these relations and thus to effectively promote the improvement of the international situation.

Russia and India firmly believe that the most important objective facing mankind is the strengthening of peace and the prevention of a new world war and they will do their utmost in contributing towards the lofty end.

Russia and India reaffirmed their conviction that inter-state relations should develop on the basis of the fundamental and universally recognized principles such as renunciation of the threat or use of force, respect for sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity, inviolability of borders and non-interference in each other’s internal affairs.

1. What’s the main topic of the mentioned declaration?

2. What are the basic terms of the relations between Russia and India according to the text?

3. What is the most important objective of the designed document?

4. What is the basis for inter-state relations according to the Russian-Indian joint declaration?

Exercise 6.

Translate the following sentences paying attention to the “false interpreters’ friends”:

1. The draft resolution was sponsored in the General Assembly by the Afro-Asian nations.

2. Russian – Bulgarian commercial relations are promoted through a regular exchange of industrial goods.

3. According to UNESCO data, there are over 800 million people in the world who cannot read or write.

4. The discussion of measures for stopping the spread of nuclear weapons will take place early next week.

5. Scientists can make a valuable contribution to solving the problems of world disarmament.

6. During the first decade of independent development, the Nigerian people concentrated mostly on strengthening political stability in the country.

7. The small nations demanded that the world conference be held next year.

Exercise 7.

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