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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
Adjectives and Adverbs coinciding in form ⇐ ПредыдущаяСтр 9 из 9
В английском языке есть много прилагательных и наречий, которые полностью совпадают по форме. Например:
NB! Oт прилагательных, заканчивающихся на –ly (например, cowardly, friendly, kindly, lively, lonely, manly, sisterly, kingly), нельзя образовать наречия с суффиксом –ly. Вместо этого используются предложные обороты со словами fashion, mannerилиway:
· He is cowardly fellow. – He behaved in a cowardly way.
NB! Некоторые наречия имеют две формы, одна из которых заканчивается на –ly, а другая нет. Иногда они обе могут использоваться без разницы в значении, при этом форма, заканчивающаяся на –ly, используется чаще в официальном стиле:
· Walk slow! (informal) - Walk slowly! (formal) К таким наречиям относятся cheap(ly), clean(ly), clear(ly), dear(ly), fine(ly), loud(ly), slow(ly), thin(ly), quick(ly), quiet(ly).
В других случаях наречия с суффиксом –ly и без суффикса –ly различаются по значению. Сравните:
 Good является прилагательным, а well – наречием: · It was a good concert. The musicians played well. Однако well также является прилагательным со значением “healthy”: · I had a bad headache yesterday but I'm well today.
Exercise 1. Identify the italicized words as adjectives or adverbs.
1. I buy Time Magazine weekly whereas he subscribes to it on a yearly basis. 2. I couldn't get the book down from the top shelf because it was so high. 3. If you want to find the post office, go straight down the high street and you'll see it on your left. 4. Tom constantly arrives late for work. 5. The late Prime Minister was a collector of antiques. 6. The walls were so thin you could hear the next-door neighbours. 7. He worked hard all day to finish painting the house. 8. She bought this rug cheap from the market. 9. He kicked the ball high into the air.
Exercise 2. Agree with your partner. Change the adjectives into adverbs or adverbial phrases in the following sentences according to the scheme:
1. The music was very loud. – The band played far too_______. 2. That was a silly thing to do. – You acted _______. 3. The orchestra gave a lively performance. – They performed ______. 4. She's a slow runner. – She runs______. 5. The singers gave a bad performance. – They performed______. 6. She can't control her motherly feelings. – Even though he's 40, she looks after him______. 7. She's a lovely teacher. – She handles young children______. 8. She delivered a careful speech. – She spoke______. 9. He looks pale and sickly. – He always greets me______. 10. You don't have to be so unfriendly! – You needn't look at me______. Exercise 3. Underline the correct adverb in each of these sentences.
1. I work hard/ hardly during the term to pass my exams. 2. I earn hard/ hardly enough money to pay my bills. 3. I’ve been receiving a lot of junk mail late/lately. 4. The postman brings my mail so late/lately I rarely see it before I go to work. 5. I’m sure my parents think very high/highly of me. 6. I want to succeed in my profession and aim high/highly. 7. I don’t think I’m treated just/justly by other people. 8. I’ve just/justly been offered a job in Minsk. 9. I never go too near/nearly the edge of the platform. 10. Once I near/nearly fell off the edge of the platform.
· How many of these sentences are true for you? Find out which of these sentences are true for your partner. Exercise 4. Underline the correct item.
1. Lately / Late there has been a rise in the price of vegetables; they are not near / nearly as cheap as they used to be. 2. I can hard / hardly believe that he has gone. Surely / Sure he wouldn't have left without me! 3. It is wide / widely believed among scientists that we will short / shortly run out of natural resources. 4. James is very high / highly thought of at the office because he works so hardly / hard; that's why he full/fully deserves promotion. 5. You wrong / wrongly accused him of stealing the pen without hearing his explanation first - now he is deep / deeply offended. 6. He managed to get to Lisbon easily / easy by flying there direct / directly. 7. It is not wide / widely known that students can get medication free / freely. 8. She was prettily / pretty embarrassed when she realised that she had arrived lastly / last at the party. 9. He hard / hardly ever studies, yet he always produces a high / highly standard of work. 10. I fully / full understand your concern.
Exercise 5. Fill in each space with an appropriate adjective or adverb.
1. If she tries …hard…, she may succeed in breaking the world record. 2. I was so shocked I could.............. speak. 3. The teacher gave us a very..............task to do and we managed it quite well. 4. The road isn't.............. enough for the lorry to get through. 5. The dentist asked her to open her mouth.............. 6. The name of the suspect is.............. known in town - nearly everyone knows who it is. 7. She did very.............. in the test. 8. Her results were so.............. that she got into Cambridge University. 9. Don't drive so.............., slow down! 10. He drove in the.............. lane on the motorway because he was in a hurry. 11. If you answer.............., cross it out and write it again. 12. She gave me the.............. address and I got lost. 13. They sat very..............to each other to keep warm. 14. He had a very..............voice which you could hear a mile away. 15. Feel.............. to ask me any questions you like. 16. It hasn't rained much..............; the last time was two months ago.
Exercise 6. Fill in each space with the correct adverb based on a word in the list. Some words do not need to be changed. Use one word twice.
Catch that thief! There have been a number of burglaries in our neighbourhood.............. (1). We are not sure who is to blame but it is.............. (2) believed that the burglaries are.............. (3) the work of one gang. The police have been very............. (4) to act and they still know very.............. (5) for certain. The public, rightly or.............. (6), blame the police for not acting more.............. (7). Most people do not think very.............. (8) of the local police and indeed so.............. (9) they have arrested only one suspect. They say they need more evidence before they can take the matter..............(10). Whenever they are called in to investigate a burglary, it takes them so.............. (11) to get to the scene of the crime that it is always too.............. (12) to catch the culprits.
Exercise 7. Choose the right word in each sentence.
1) -- Don’t worry, sweetheart! You’ll see, things will turn out right/rightly in the end. 2) -- Take my advice and approach Mr. Johnson direct/directly and not through is secretary. 3) – To be honest with you, Marge, I was deep/deeply offended by what my boyfriend had said. 4) – Turn sharp/sharply left just past the station. 5) – As Mom right/rightly says, you have to learn to keep your mouth shut! 6) – Gentlemen, let me assure you that I’ve been following his career close/closely and I think high/highly of his ability as an architect. 7) – You should go on a diet and start jogging. Run slow/slowly and don’t hold your breath. 8) – I strong/strongly recommend you this cake, Ma’am. It’s our specialty. 9) – Mr. O’Neil’s wife was direct/directly involved in the recent financial scandal at the Town Hall, Reuters reported. 10) – I don’t want to quarrel with you. I don’t believe that quarrels bring a couple closer/more closely together.
Exercise 8. Six of these sentences contain mistakes. Correct them.
How to be happy – Rules: Rule N1. Enjoy your life full. Rule N2. Live each day joyfully. Rule N3. Help others kindly. Rule N4. Love your family deep. Rule N5. Do one good thing daily. Rule N6. Think high of yourself. Rule N7. Praise performance well done. Rule N8. Aim highly. Rule N9. Exercise frequently. Rule N10. Never act cowardly. Rule N11. Think quick, act slow. Rule N12. Take things easily. Rule N13. Examine problems closely.
Exercise 9. Choose the right adverb in brackets.
1. The birds were flying (high, highly) and low. 2. He was (high, highly) intelligent. 3. He had found out that Saw-bridge's family had lived (close, closely) to mine. 4. Philip, smoking a cheap cigar, observed Clutton (close, closely). 5. Meanwhile Martin's own reward was coming (near, nearly). 6. We were (near, nearly) smashed up on the shore several times. 7. I'm sure you know how (deep, deeply) I sympathize with you. 8. With her beautiful expressive eyes she looked (deep, deeply) into his. 9. During his last year at St Luke's Philip had to work (hard, hardly). 10. I need (hard, hardly) say that I agree with you. 11. Suddenly she stopped (short, shortly), and disengaged herself from her companion. 12. He was joined (short, shortly) by a stewardess. 13. " Open your eyes (wide, widely), " he ordered gently and examined each eye in turn in the bright pencil of light. 16. This word is (wide, widely) used in spoken English. 14. His heart beat so that he could (hard, hardly) breathe. 15. He drank long and (deep, deeply). 16. He was (deep, deeply) moved. 17. She suddenly felt that he was (wide, widely) awake. 18. The doctor answered him (short, shortly).
TEST TASK I. Correct mistakes in the sentences below. Some of the sentences are correct. 1. She walked quickly to her car. 2. He played excellent. 3. I saw her dance lively. 4. He introduced her to a friendly man. 5. Is that film any good? 6. Open the window widely, please. 7. I bought my last car really cheap. 8. It was an enormous boring lecture. 9. The office was unusually noisy. 10. I’m leaving short for the United States.
TASK II. Form the appropriate adverb from the adjective in brackets.
1. Don’t speak so … The baby is sleeping. (loud) 2. They are... religious people. (deep) 3. Everything is going quite …(good) 4. This is a... complex law. (high) 5. Ann smiled at me … (friendly) 6. Her dress was cut... in front. (low) 7. The review is... critical. (high) 8. The door won’t open. Pull … (hard) 9. Tom did … work. (good) 10. Cut those vegetables …, will you? (fine) 11. We... know each other. (hard) 12. Please sit …, children. (quiet) 13. Eric runs very … (fast) 14. Give my best wishes to your parents. I hope they are … (good) 15. He was … run over by a car. (near)
TASK III. Translate into English:
1. Он едва ли в состоянии работать сегодня. 2. - Ты уверен, что все правильно услышал? - Абсолютно. 3. Помни слова: «Готовь быстро - ешь медленно». 4. Лучше поздно, чем никогда. 5. Мой брат — высокообразованный человек. 6. Относись к этому легко. 7. Не говорите так быстро, я вас не понимаю. 8. Вчера шел сильный дождь, а сегодня снегопад. 9. Он упорно старается преуспеть. Но он едва ли знает, с чего начать. 10. Самолет летел высоко, мы едва могли его видеть. 11. Он был глубоко тронут ее комплиментом. 12. Они живет довольно близко. 13. Вы пришли слишком поздно. 14. Хорошо быть с друзьями. 15. Хорошо подумай, прежде чем принять решение. 16. Я обычно встаю рано.
Unit 6. Numerals A. Cardinal numerals B. Ordinal numerals C. Fractional Numerals
Ч и с л и т е л ь н о е – часть речи, которая обозначает количество предметов, число и порядок предметов при счёте. Числительные делятся на к о л и ч е с т в е н н ы е (Cardinal numerals) и п о р я д к о в ы (Ordinal numerals). A. Cardinalnumerals Количественные числительные обозначают количество предметов и отвечают на вопрос How many? Сколько? · How many books do you have? – I have three books. Количественные числительные от 1 до 12 - п р о с т ы е. Они не имеют специальных окончаний: 1- one 5- five 9- nine 2- two 6- six 10- ten 3- three 7- seven 11- eleven 4- four 8- eight 12- twelve
П р о и з в о д н ы е количественные числительные от 13 до 19 образуются прибавлением суффикса –teen к соответствующим названиям единиц: · four-fourteen. Некоторые различия в написании имеются у числительных 13, 15 и 18: · three-thirteen, five - fifteen, eight - eighteen. NB! Числительные от 13 до 19 имеют два ударения: · seventeen [, sevn'ti: n]. Количественные числительные, обозначающие десятки от 20 до 90, образуются прибавлением суффикса –ty к соответствующим названиям единиц: 20- twenty 50- fifty 80- eighty 30- thirty 60- sixty 90- ninety 40- fourty 70- seventy NB! One hundred и one thousand в английском языке являются существительными.
Числительные, обозначающие десятки, имеют ударение на первом слоге: · 30 – thirty. Между десятками и следующими за ними единицами на письме ставится дефис: · twenty-one. Между сотнями и десятками или, если нет десятков, между сотнями и единицами всегда ставится союз and: · 358 - three hundred and fifty-eight. Числительные hundred, thousand и million не принимают окончания –s, когда перед ними стоит другое числительное: · two hundred, three thousand, four million. Разряды целых чисел в английском языке разделяются запятой (в отличие от русского языка, где ничего не ставится). · 7, 250 (в русском - 7250) · 1, 380, 000 (в русском - 1380000). Exercise 1. Write in words.
NB! 1. Русский родительный падеж существительных после количественных числительных не следует переводить существительным с предлогом of: · двести солдат – two hundred soldiers; · три тысячи людей – three thousand people. 2. Русское существительное в единственном числе после составных числительных, оканчивающихся на один(одна, одно) следует переводить на английский язык существительным во множественном числе: · двадцать один день – twenty one days; · триста пятьдесят одна книга – three hundred and fifty-one books. 3. Сочетания два моих брата, шесть ваших книг, трое его друзей переводятся на английский язык · two of my brothers · six of your books · three of his friends. Exercise 2. Translate into English.
1. Пятьдесят килограммов. 2. Триста автомобилей. 3. Шестьдесят один грамм. 4. Два миллиона тонн. 5. Сотни ящиков. 6. Тысячи книг. 7. Двести восемьдесят один доллар. 8. Три тысячи рублей. 9. Шесть ваших книг. 10. Трое моих друзей.
MONEY Де н е ж н ы е с у м м ы в Англии обозначаются следующим образом: Английская денежная единица pound фунт или pound sterling фунт стерлингов обозначается сокращенно знаком £ (от латинского слова libra фунт), стоящим перед числом: £ 1 (читается: one pound или one pound sterling). Денежная единица shilling шиллинг (1/20 фунта) обозначается сокращенно буквой s., стоящей после числа: 1s.(читается: one shilling). При обозначении количества пенсов словами числительное со словом pence пишется слитно: twopence, threepence, sevenpence, elevenpence.
Exercise1. Read text 1.
In 1971 Britain adopted a decimal currency system in which one pound (£ 1) is worth one hundred pence (100 p). Under the new system banknotes remained unchanged at values of l, £ 5, £ 10 and £ 20, but a new set of coins was introduced. There are three 'silver' (cupro-nickel) and three copper coins. The 'silver' coins are worth fifty pence (50 p), ten pence (10 p) and five pence (5 p), and the copper ones are worth two pence (2 p), one penny (1 p) and a halfpenny (1/2 p). The old sixpence (now worth 2 ½ p) was retained but will disappear soon. When people talk about money under the value of a pound, they normally use the abbreviation p rather -than the full word pence. The expression new pence was used for a time after decimalization but is rare now. When pence is used, it is normal for it to have the full vowel [pens] rather than the short vowel and it is written as a separate word. E.g. seven pence. It is common for both p and pence to be omitted altogether. Here is an example of the three alternatives: I'll have a whisky and soda, please. - That'll be twenty-five, sir. That'll be twenty-five p, sir. That'll be twenty-five pence, sir. The most likely is twenty-five p (no full stop after p in writing). The abbreviation p is also normal with 1 and with ½, e.g.: That'll be one p (1 p) Have you got the extra half p (½ p)? However, the words penny and halfpenny still pronounced ['heipni] are also used. In adjectival phrases the abbreviation p is normal and the phrase would be written with a hyphen, e.g.: A five - p (5p) ticket. A four-and-a-half-p (4 ½ ) stamp. Here are some examples of prices: £ 13.67 = thirteen (pounds), sixty-seven (p). £ 1.25 = one (pound), twenty-five (p). 65 p = sixty-five p. Or sixty-five pence. 2 ½ p = two-and-a-half p, or two-and-a-half pence. Exercise 2. Write down in words:
Exercise 3. Read text 2.
The British currency is a pound sterling. In each pound there are 100 pence. Pounds are indicated by the symbol £ before the amount. Pence are indicated by the letter 'p! . Five pounds is written therefore as £ 5, fifty pence as 50 p. If one wants to combine the two, the 'p' is dropped. For example, nine pounds and fifty seven pence is written as £ 9.57. British currency uses both notes and coins: the one pound piece (£ 1), the fifty pence piece (50 p), the twenty pence piece (20 p), the ten pence piece (10 p), the five pence piece (5 p), the two pence piece (2 p), the one pence piece (1 p). Each coin has the date it was minted stamped on one side. There are five denominations of notes. The lowest note in value is the £ 5 note, the highest is the £ 100 note. In between these there are the £ 10, 20 and £ 50 notes. Every note has a serial number to show when it was issued and a watermark to prevent forgeries.
Exercise 4. Answer the following questions.
1. What is the British currency? 2. How many pence are there in a pound? 3. What is the symbol of a pound? 4. How is the pence indicated? 5. How many denominations of notes are there?
Exercise 5. Retell the text above. Write down the denominations of paper notes and coins in words. Name Russian paper notes and coins available today.
PHONE NUMBERS В Англии каждая цифра номера называется отдельно: · 1235- one two three five. Цифра 0 читается [ou]. Когда первые две или последние две цифры номера телефона одинаковые, употребляется слово double двойной: · 6634 – double six three four; · 3466 – three four double six · 6666 - double six double six. Когда же средние две цифры одинаковые, слово double не употребляется: · 3446- three four four six. · Номера 1000, 2000, 3000 и т.д. читаются: оne thousand, two thousand, three thousand. Each digit is spoken separately, i.e. no figure above nine is used. In US usage “zero” (and sometimes “nought”) may replace “oh” or “zero”. The figures are usually grouped rhythmically in pairs (pairing from the right). If the two digits of a pair are the same, it is usually spoken as “double three” etc. An exception is the GB emergency call 999 which is always ”nine nine nine”. In numbers which include a code number, the code is to be separated by a pause: · 01-629 8344- “oh” one //”six”two nine /eight three/ double four.
Exercise 6. Look and say.
TIME Exercise 6. Ask about the time.
1. It is six o’clock. (6.00) 2. It is ten minutes to seven. (6.50) 3. It is five minutes to six. (5.55) 4. It is twenty minutes past nine. (9.20) 5. It is twenty five minutes past twelve. (12.25)
Say what time it is:
Exercise 7. Look and say.
A. Ordinalnumerals Порядковые числительные обозначают порядок предметов при счёте:
· - Which book are you reading? - I m reading the first book. Порядковые числительные, за исключением первых трёх (the first, the second, the third) образуются от соответствующих количественных числительных прибавлением суффикса –th: the fourth, the sixth, the seventh. При этом в числительных five и twelve буквы ve меняются на f - the fifth, the twelfth. В числительных, обозначающих десятки, конечная буква y меняется на ie: twenty - the twenties и т.д.
NB! При образовании с о с т а в н ы х порядковых числительных последний разряд выражается порядковым числительным, а предшествующие разряды количественными числительными (как русском языке): · the twenty-first-двадцать первый. NB! При обозначении номеров глав, страниц, параграфов, частей книг и т.п. порядковые числительные часто заменяются количественными числительными, следующими за существительными, к которым они относятся, в отличие от русского языка, в котором в подобных случаях обычно употребляются порядковые числительные. Существительные в этих случаях употребляются без артикля: · The first part= part one= первая часть · The twenty-first page= page twenty-one= двадцать первая страница.
DATES При чтении четырёхзначных чисел, обозначающих годы, сначала читаются две первые цифры, а затем две последние: · 1992- Nineteen ninety-two · 1999- Nineteen ninety-nine · 1900- Nineteen hundred. Слово year после обозначения года не употребляется, но иногда употребляется перед ним: · In the year nineteen fifteen. Даты пишутся так: 2 nd Jan., или Jan.2nd, и читаются: · The second of January · January the second. Exercise1. Write down in English.
C. FractionalNumerals В п р о с т ы х дробях числитель выражается количественным числительным, а знаменатель- порядковым числительным: ⅓ - one third. Когда числитель больше единицы, знаменатель принимает окончание –s: 2/5 - two fifths. В д е с я т и ч н ы х дробях целое число отделяется от дроби точкой (в русском целое число отделяется от дроби запятой). NB! При чтении десятичных дробей каждая цифра читается отдельно. Точка, отделяющая целое число от дроби, читается point. Нуль читается nought. Если целое число равно нулю, то оно часто не читается: · 0.25- nought point two five или point two five. NB! Существительное следующее за десятичной дробью, стоит в единственном числе, когда целое число равно нулю: · 0.25 ton (читается: nought point two five of a ton). В других случаях существительное стоит во множественном чиcле: · 1.25 ton (читается: one point two five tones). П р о ц е н т ы обозначаются следующим образом: 2% или 2 per cent, 2 p.c. (читается: two per cent.). Exercise1. Write down in English.
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Student A: Student B: 
Student A: Student B: 
Work with a partner. Decide who says each of theses phrases and whom they address. Describe the situation.
