Group the following words into motivated / non-motivated and define the type of motivation.

Buzz, cock-a-doodle-do, chirp, cry, ding-dong, discuss, hiss, grunt, mew, speak, talk, twitter, write, beaver, blackboard, driver, hammer, gardener, ladder, lecturer, sunrise, workaholic.

7. Compare the type of motivation in the correlative lexical items:

 

English	Belarusian	Russian
bluebell	званочак	колокольчик
holiday	свята	праздник
marriage	вяселле	свадьба
Match	запалка	спичка
new moon	маладзiк	новолуние
rainbow	вяселка	радуга
ring	пярсценак	кольцо
snowdrop	пралеска	подснежник
thistle	чартапалох	чертополох

Additional exercises:

Define the type of motivation in the following lexical units.

Bedroom, crash, payment, cuckoo, chicken, singer, nobleman, backbencher, boom, tulip, fox, announcement, department, store, the eye of a needle, fox (a sly person), on the other hand, Milky Way.

Analyze the following lexical units according to their structure. Speak about bound morphemes and free morphemes.

1. reservation

2. de-restrict

3. airline

4. lengthen

5. light-minded

6. counterculture

7. specialise

8. pleasure

9. workaholic

10. bottle-opener

Supplementary material

 

Affixes

1.1. Prefixes

1.1.1. Prefixes of Germanic Origin Which Still Exist as Separate Words

 

Prefix	Form of the independent word	Etymology	Examples (Examples in Column I include the prefixed words, while in the examples given in Column II the prefixes have fused with the stem of the word and no longer are felt as prefixes)
			I	II
after-	after	OB	afternoon, afterthought, after-crop
all-	all	OE	always, almost	alone, also
by-	by	OE	byroad, byway, bypath, byword
fore-	before	OE	forearm, forebode, forefather, foresee, foretell, forecast, forerun	forehead
forth-	forth	OE	forthcoming, forthright
in-	in	OE	insight, inmate, inlet
mis-	miss (n. and v. in the sense of " failing to do smth." )	OE	miscarry, misbelieve, misbehave, misdeed, miscall	mistake
off-	off	OE	offal, offspring, offshoot
on-	on	OE	onset, onslaught
out-	out	OE	outlet, outcast, outside (forms verbs with the meaning of " exceeding", " excelling", " surpassing" ): outract, outdare, outsleep, outwalk
over-	over	OE	overtake, overturn, overlook, overflow, overcoat, overall
under-	under	OE	undergrowth, underbred, underlet, undertake, undernourish, underfed	understand
up-	up	OE	upshot, upstairs, uplift
with-	with	OE	withstand, withdraw

1.1.2. Prefixes of Romanic Origin

Prefix	Meaning or function	Examples
		I	II
ab-	Signifies " from", " away", separation, or departure.	Abnormal	abuse, absent, abstain
ad-	Expresses adherence or addition, proximity, or merely intensification.	admixture, admix
ante-, anti-	Denotes " preceding", " in front of" or " prior to".	antechamber	anticipate
bis-, bi-, bin-	Means " twice", " two".	bicarbonate, bicentenary	bicycle, biscuit, binocular
circum-, circu-	Adverbially signifies " around", " about", " on all sides".		Circumfuse, circumrotation, circumstance, circuit
con-, co-	1. Means " with", " together".	confraternity, confrontation, configuration, cooperate, cotidal, cosignatory	condition, conduct
	2. Corresponds to the Russian co.	correlative (соотносительный)
contra-, counter-	Means " against", " contrary", " in opposition".	contradistinction, conradistinguish, counterrevolutionary, counterattack	contradict, countermand
de- The prefix de- has sometimes a meaning opposite to the meaning of a(d)-, e. g. descend - ascend, or of in-, en-, e. g. decrease — increase, decamp — encamp, etc.	Means: 1)" down";		descend, degrade, decrease, depose
2) separation.		depart, decamp, deduce, deduct
Signifies reversing or undoing of an action.	demerit, deodorize, demobilize	deplete
dis-	Denotes: 1) separation or parting from; 2) reversal, undoing, negation or depriving.	dismember, disown, disunion, disaffection	distract, disperse, dismiss, disease
duo-	Means " two".	duodecimal	duodenum
ex-	Denotes: 1) " formerly but not now"; 2) " out of"; 3) " beyond".	ex-minister, ex-king, ex-president; export, exhale; exceed	express
extra-	Forms adjectives denoting " beyond", " outside of", " outside the scope of".	extraordinary, extraspecial (edition), extracerebral, extra-nuclear, extra-parental	extravagant
in-	Means " not", " non-", " un-".	infirm, incapable, inactive, inaccurate, inability
il-	An assimilated form of in- (" not" ) and of in- (" in" ).	illiterate, illogical, illumine	illicit, illegible, illegitimate
ir-	An assimilated form of in-.	irrational, irregular, irresponsive, irrespective, irresolute	irrigate, irruption
en- (em-is used before b, p, or m)	Signifies " in", " into"; forms verbs; sometimes the prefix adds a mere intensive force.	enclose, enact, encircle, enlarge, enliven, embank	enchant, employ, embargo
inter-	Means " together", " between", " among".	interlace, interglow, interjacent, international
intro-	Signifies " to", " into", " within", " inward".		introduce, introspection, introversion
mis-	Means " amiss", " wrong", " ill", " wrongly".	misadventure, mischance	mischief, miscreant
non-	Means " not", " un-", " in-".	nondescript, non-party, non-stop (flight)	nonsense
op-	Means " against".		oppress, opposition
per-	Signifies: 1) " throughout" (in space or time); 2) " away", or " over"; 3) " completely", " thoroughly", " perfectly".		perspicuous, perennial, persuade, perturb, perfect
post-	Means " after", " subsequent", " later".	postdate, postwar	postpone, postscript
pre-	Denotes priority.	prearrange, preallotment, pre-war, pre-revolutionary	prepare, predict
re-	Means: 1) " again";	reread, rewrite, renew, recollect, reform, recreate
2) " back".		restore, retrace, return, retreat
retro-	Means " back", " backward".	retroversion, retroaction, retrogradation	retrospective
sub-	Signifies: 1) " under", " below", " beneath";	subcellar, subterranean, submarine, subcu­taneous, subdivision
2) " next lower than", " subordinate to", " inferior in rank".	subjudge, subcommittee, subdeputy, subdivision, subdean, subeditor	submit
super-	Signifies " above", " over".	supernatural, superdread	superlative, superman,
trans-	Means " over", " through", " across", " beyond".	Trans-Atlantic, transcontinental, transplant	transmit, transfer
ultra-	Means " beyond", " excessively", " ex­ceedingly", " beyond what", " uncommon".	ultrramarine, ultramodern, ultraradical, ultraliberal, ultraviolet
vice- (vis-)	Means " instead of", " in place of" (cf. the Russian вице-)	vice-president, viscount, vice-governor

1.1.3. Prefixes of Germanic Origin

 

Prefix	Meaning or function	Examples
		I	II
a-, an-	1. In OE " a" (meaning " of" ).	arise
	2. In OE " of" (orig. meaning " off" ).	adown
	3. In OE " and-".		answer
	4. In OE " ge-".		aware, afford
	5. In OE " on-".		awaken, ashamed
be-	OE — be. In Mod. E. forms: 1) verbs with a reinforcing sense of " about" or " over", or with a meaning of " all around", " all over";	beclasp, bedash, bescreen, bewrap
	2) transitive verbs with the force of " to affect" or " by means of";	bedew, beflag, begem
3) verbs with the sense of " thoroughly", " completely", " violently", " repeatedly";	bedazzle, bemuddle, besmear
4) verbs with the sense of " away", " from";	bereave
5) transitive verbs implying action done for, to, at, by, over, against;	becrawl, begroan, beleap
	6) verbs (from adjectives or nouns) with the force of " to make" or " to cause to be";	becripple, befool
	7) verbs with the sense of " to name".	bebrother, belady
for-	Used with verbs to indicate prohibition, exclusion, failure, neglect.	forsay
	May also be used with intensive force denoting " completely", " overwhelmingly".	forbruise, forride
un-	1. Signifies " not".	unwilling, unbearable, unable
	2. Shows the reversal of an action.	tie — untie, bind — unbind, do — undo

1.1.4. Prefixes of Greek Origin

Prefix	Meaning or function	Examples
		I	II
a-	Means " not", " un-", " non-".	Atheist, atheism	apathy, anonymous
amphi-	Signifies " about", " on both sides", " of both kinds".	amphitheatre	amphibious
anti-, ant-	Signifies " opposite", " against", " instead".	antitype, antithesis, antiaircraft, antarctic
dis-, di-	Means " twice", " double".	dissyllable	diphthong
poly-	Means " many" or " much".	polysyllable, polytheist	polyglot

2. Suffixes

2.1. Noun Suffixes of Germanic Origin

Table A

(In Table A those suffixes are included which were used in OE both as independent words and suffixes)

Suffix	Source	Function	Examples
			I	II
-dom	OE — dom-" judgement"; Mod. E. -dom	Forms nouns with the meaning: 1) " dignity", " office", " dominion", " realm" or " jurisdiction";	kingdom, dukedom, earldom, martyrdom, squiredom, Christiandom
		2) " state", " condition", or " fact of being".	freedom, wisdom, boredom
-hood	OE — had-" slate", " degree"	Noun-forming suffix denoting in general state, condition, quality, character.	manhood, boyhood, childhood, motherhood
-ship	OE — scipe " shape"	Denotes: 1) state, condition or quality; 2) office, dignity or profession.	friendship; clerkship, authorship

Table B

(In Table B those suffixes are included which have always been used as suffixes)

 

Suffix	Meaning or function	Examples
		I	II
-en	Means " to make", " to render".	quicken, whiten
-er	Forms: 1) nouns from verbs denoting the agent;	rider, miner, worker, teacher
	2) nouns from nouns or adjectives of place, denoting resident of, one living in;	Londoner, islander, New Zealander
-er	3) nouns from nouns, with the sense of " one who has to do with", esp. as a matter of trade, profession, etc.	tinner, cutter, heater, embosser
-ier, -yer	Noun suffix equivalent to -eer.	gondolier, cashier, grenadier, lawyer	cavalier
-ing	Suffix denoting " belonging to", " of the kind", " descended from".		atheling shilling
-ing	Forms nouns from verbs. It means: I) " act", " fact", " art of doing";	reading, learning, feeling, teaching, hearing, boating
	2) " that which does" or " that which results from", " accompanies".	covering, sweepings, mooring
-ling	Conveys a diminutive or a depreciatory force.	firstling, duckling, seedling, nestling, hireling, underling, princeling
-ness	Forms nouns denoting state, condition, quality or degree.	goodness, carelessness, forgiveness, darkness	witness, wilderness
-ster	Originally denoted the female agent. In Mod. E. the suffix is joined to nouns and, more rarely, to adjectives, the notion of agency tending to be lost, and the suffix often having a depreciatory meaning.	songster, roadster, gangster, oldster, youngster, dabster, rhymester	spinster
-th	Forms nouns of state or quality from adjectives.	breadth, length, width, strength	birth
-ie, -y	Forms diminutives.	birdie, auntie, laddie, lassie, granny, Billy, aunty, Johnny
-y	Noun suffix denoting result of action.	augury, perjury

2.2. Noun Suffixes of Romanic Origin

Suffix	Source	Function	Examples
			I	II
-ade	L -ata; F. -ade	Forms nouns indicating: an action done, or the product of an action or process on raw material	colonnade, blockade, lemonade	brigade
-age	L. -aticum; OE -age	Suffix used to form nouns denoting: 1) act or process;	passage, marriage, pilotage
		2) collection, aggregate, or sum total of things in, or arising from;	postage, average, shrinkage, mileage
		3) when added to the verbs, it expresses the action;	breakage, leakage
		4) a person.	hostage	savage
-an, -ian	L. -anus, -aneus	Forms primarily adjectives which, however, are often used substantively, with the senses of " belonging to", " following a system or doctrine".	guardian, republican, librarian, grammarian	dean
	Fr. -ain, en	Inhabitant of a place.	Oxonian, Leningradian
-ence, -ance	L -antiam, -entiam; F. -ance	Forms nouns of action as in OE, and nouns indicating state or quality as in L.	guidance, hindrance, arrogance, obedience
-ancy, -ency	L. -antia	Forms nouns denoting quality or state.	brilliancy, vacancy, emergency, constituency
-ant, -ent	L. -antem, -entem;	Suffix used to form: 1) adjectives;	errant, defiant
	F. - ant	2) nouns denoting a person or thing acting as an agent.	student, claimant	merchant, pedant, servant
-ar	L. -aris, -are	Signifies " belonging to", " pertaining to", " like", " of the nature of".	nuclear, consular
-ard, -art	Low. L. -ardus; OE -ard, -art	Forms derivative nouns which have an intensive, often contemptuous force.	drunkard, braggart	coward
-er	OE -ier	Forms nouns denoting a person or thing connected with.	archer, practitioner, officer, carpenter, grocer	butler
-eer, -o(u)r	L. -or; Anglo-French -our	Denotes agency.	charioteer, cannoneer
		Denotes state or quality.	fervo(u)r, error
-ate, -at	L. -attim, -ate	Forms nouns denoting chemical terms.	chlorate, hydrate, nitrate
		Denotes function or person.	mandate, legate, consulate, magistrate, advocate, diplomat	Magnate, curate
-cy	L. -cia, -tia	Forms nouns indicating state, condition, office.	idiocy, bankruptcy, diplomacy	curacy
ее, -eу, -у	L. -atus, -ata; F. -e, -ее	Denotes the object of an action, the one to whom an action is done or on whom a right is conferred.	devotee, absentee, refugee, grandee, trustee, assignee, grantee	clergy, jury, bailee, attorney, ally
-ess	L. -issa; F. -esse	Forms feminine derivatives.	poetess, lioness, countess, goddess, adventuress, murderess
-let	F. l.+et	Forms nouns with a diminutive sense.	leaflet, brooklet, cloudlet, booklet	hamlet
-ice	L. -itius, -itia, -itium; F. -ice	Denotes act, quality, condition.	service, justice
-ine, -in	L. -inus, -ina; F. -ine	Forms nouns indicating imitations, derivative products.	arsine, chlorine	bulletin
-ion	L. -ionem; F. -ion	Forms abstract nouns.		union, opinion session, legion
-ive	L. -ivus	Signifies: 1) having a nature or quality of (a thing);	affirmative
		2) given or tending to.	conclusive
-ence	L. -entia	Forms abstract nouns signifying action, state, quality or degree.	existence
-ment	L. -mentum; F. -ment	Forms nouns chiefly from verbs and means: 1) state, quality or condition;	amazement
		2) action;	abridgement
3) process, continuance, manner.	government, concealment, payment, judgement, development
-топу	L. -monium; F. -monie	Suffix in nouns denoting resulting thing or abstract condition.	ceremony	testimony, patrimony, matrimony
-or	L. -or	Agent or person.	actor, warrior, professor	doctor, emperor
-our, -eur, -eer	L. -ator; Anglo-French -our	Forms nouns indicating: 1) agent or person;	Engineer	amateur, pioneer
		2) quality or state.	grandeur, behaviour, hauteur	favour
-ory	L. -orius; F. -oire	Forms nouns denoting: 1) agent or person; 2) place.		signatory, dormitory
-ry, -ery	F. -rie, -erie	Forms nouns denoting a general collective sense, a state or condition.	machinery, slavery, trickery, husbandry, poetry	fairy
-tion	F. -tion	Forms nouns from verbs and denotes action, state, and concrete instance or result.	revolution, resolution, organization	dictation
-tude	L. -tudo; F. -tude	Forms nouns and is equivalent to -ness.	longitude, promptitude	attitude, fortitude, magnitude, gratitude
-ty	L. -tas, -itas; F. -te	Forms abstract nouns of quality, state, condition.	fraternity, liberty, cruelty, poverty, frailty
-ure	L. -ura; F. -ure	Forms nouns indicating act, process, being; or result (of an act), state; rank.		culture, furniture, picture, seizure, (public) figure

2.3. Noun Suffixes of Greek Origin

Suffix	Source	Function	Examples
			I	II
-asm	Gk. -asm	Forms abstract nouns.		enthusiasm
-ast	Gk. -aster	Forms agent nouns denoting " one who does or makes the practice of", " one who adheres to".		enthusiast, gymnast
-ic, -ics	Gk. -ik, -os; L. -ic, -us; F. -ique	Forms adjectives with the senses " after the manner of", " of the nature of", " pertaining to";		cynic, sceptic, cleric
		" art or science".	phonetics, mathematics, physics	logic, music
-ine	Gk. -ine; F. -ine	Forms feminine names.	heroine
-ism	Gk. -ismos, L. -ismus	Forms nouns of action naming the process, the completed action, or its result; forms the name of a system or theory or practice, etc.	communism, socialism, atheism, Marxism, Leninism
-ist	Gk. -istes, -ite; L. -ista	Forms nouns denoting a person who practices some method or art or who adheres to, or advocates a given doctrine, system, cause.	communist, socialist, dramatist	artist
-ite	L. -ita	Forms adjectives and nouns with the senses " connected with" or " belonging to", " a native or citizen of",	Muscovite
		" one of a party", " sympathizer", " follower".	Leninite
-oid	Gk. -o, -eides	Means " like", " in the form of".	Metalloid, anthropoid
-y	Gk. -ia	Forms abstract nouns.	academy
-ia	L. -ia	Forms nouns, chiefly Modern Latin terms of pathology and botany.	Dyspepsia, hydrophobic

2.4. Adjective Suffixes of Germanic Origin

Suffix	Source	Function	Examples
			I	II
-fold	OE -feald	Used with numerals to form adjectives and adverbs, denoting multiplication or increase in a geometrical ratio, the doubling, tripling, etc.	twofold, threefold, fourfold, manifold
-ful	OE -ful	Denotes " full of", " abounding in".	Thankful, hopeful, powerful, dreadful
-less	OE -leas	Denotes (with nouns) " without", " destitute of", " not having", " free from".	thankless, hopeless, powerless, senseless, worthless
-ish	Germanic -isc	Means: 1) similar to;	greyish, reddish, whitish, foolish
		2) adds a depreciatory colouring.	childish, womanish, girlish
-like	OE -lie	Means " like that" (or " those of" ); " having the characteristic of".	businesslike, warlike, tigerlike (ferocity), lifelike
-ly	Germanic -lie	Means: 1) " like in appearance, manner or nature", " characteristic of";	womanly, manly
		2) " rather";	cleanly, sickly, poorly, weakly
		3) " every".	weekly, daily, monthly
-some	OE -sum	Means " similar to" or " almost the same as".	troublesome, irksome, tiresome	handsome
-ward	OE -weard	Denotes direction or course.	downward, wayward, sideward
-y	0E -ig	Means " characterized by", " having", " full of".	mighty, crafty, angry

2.5. Adjective Suffixes of Romanic Origin

Suffix	Source	Function	Examples
			I	II
-able	F. -able; L. -abilem	Forms adjectives from verbs.	eatable, fashionable, manageable, saleable
-al	L. -alis F. -al, -el	Forms adjectives having the senses " of the kind of", " pertaining to".	comical, dramatical, poetical, logical	-
-an, -ean	L. -anus; F. -ain, -en	Means " belonging or pertaining to".	Roman, European, Pythagorean
-ату	L. -aris; F. -aire	Forms adjectives with the senses " pertaining to", " of the kind or nature of".		necessary contrary, ordinary
-ese	L. -ensis; F. -eis	Signifies " of", " pertaining to", or " originating in" (a certain place or country),	Japanese, Chinese
-esque	It. -esco	Denotes " in the manner or style of", " like".	picturesque	arabesque grotesque
-ic	L. -icus	Signifies " of", " pertaining to", " of the nature of", " belonging to".	Celtic, domestic
-ine	L. -inus; F. -ine	Forms adjectives with the senses " of", " like", " pertaining to", " characterized by".	infantine
-ive	L. -iv, -us; F.-if	Forms adjectives with the senses " having a tendency to", " having the nature, character or quality of", or " given to some action", etc.	talkative	native
-ous	L. -os, -us, -a, -um	Forms adjectives denoting " characterized by", " of the nature of", " abounding in", " full of".	glorious, perilous, joyous, piteous, virtuous	obvious, serious, vicious

2.6. Verb Suffixes

Suffix	Source	Function	Examples
			I	II
-en	OE -en	Has the sense of " to make", " to make into" or " to make like".	brighten, blacken, lengthen, darken
-ate	L. -atus	Forms causative verbs.	agitate, graduate, vaccinate	aggravate
-fy	L. -ficare; F. -fier	Forms verbs with the senses " to make", " to produce", " to bring to a certain state", " to make a specified thing", etc.	terrify, magnify, intensify
-ize, -ise	Gk. -iz; L. -izare	Forms verbs denoting " to make", " to conform to", " to charge", etc.	organize, generalize, apologize

2.7. Adverb Suffixes

Suffix	Source	Function	Examples
			I	II
-ly	OE -lice	Forms adverbs from adjectives.	badly, deadly, newly
-ward(s)	OE -weard	Signifies direction.	backward(s), forward(s), homeward(s)
-long	OE -long	Signifies manner of action.	headlong, sidelong
-wise	OE -wise	Denotes " way", " manner", " respect".	otherwise, crosswise, clockwise

Условные сокращения

F. — French — французский язык

G. — German — немецкий язык

Gk. — Greek — греческий язык

L. — Latin — латинский язык

Mod.E. — Modern English — современный английский язык

OE — Old English — староанглийский язык

Sp. — Spanish — испанский язык

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1. A. Listen to the following remarks of Peter’s. All the sentences are mixed up. Put them in the order they appear in the recording. Use the grid below.
2. Analyze the etymological composition of the following lexemes. Can we consider them hybrids? Why?
3. AND SEMANTIC MOTIVATION OF WORDS
4. Are All English Words Really English?
5. Categorization and naming. Lexical naming units. Lexicalization. Ways of lexical naming. Motivation. Demotivation. Remotivation. Folk etymology
6. Circle the appropriate form of the words to complete the sentence.
7. COLLOQUIAL WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS
8. Complete the following dialogue. Use your active vocabulary.
9. Complete the following sentences, using the phraseological units given in the list below. Translate them into Russian.
10. Complete the table. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below with the words from the table according to the context.
11. Consult the dictionary for giving other words as examples with the prefixes given in the list.
12. Define parts of speech of the underlined words. Translate the sentences.