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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
Серебро менее ковкое, чем золото.⇐ ПредыдущаяСтр 12 из 12
After superlatives we use preposition “in” with places. For example: She is one of the nicest girls in the class. Она – одна из самых приятных девочек в классе.
If “most” is used in the meaning of “very” the definite article is not used before this superlative. The party you gave last night was most interesting. Ваша вчерашняя вечеринка была очень интересной. Other words that are used to show contrast are: although, but, however, in contrast, on the other hand, even though, nevertheless, on the contrary, yet, in spite of, despite.
Such words as similarly, likewise, in the same way, moreover, also, furthermore, besides are used for the comparison of similar items.
Exercise 2. In the text find the cases of comparing (or contrasting). Explain the formation of the degrees of comparison. Exercise 3. Using the table given below circle the answer that best completes the statement.
Metal Melting Point Boiling Point Copper 1083 2595 Silver 960 2212 Gold 1063 2966
1. Compared to the other metals on the table copper has... melting point. a) the highest b) equal 2.... copper the melting point of silver is not very high. a) unlike b) similar to 3. The boiling point of silver is... one. a) identical b) the lowest 4.... to its melting point, the boiling point of gold is much higher. a) compared to b) comparable Exercise 4. Make up sentences of your own using the following phrases:
a meter longer; two times larger; twice bigger; compared to... it is much heavier; in contrast to... it is more interesting.
Exercise 5. Use the right degrees of comparison. Insert definite articles wherenever necessary.
Exercise 6. Here are some idioms of comparison. Translate them into Russian and use in the sentences of your own.
Text 2 Pre - reading task. What great names in the history of metallurgy do you know?
Some of the Great Names in the History of Metallurgy Anosov, Pavel Petrovich (1799 - 1851), a Russian metallurgist. Entered the St.Petersburg Mining Corps of Cadets at the age of 11. Graduated with honours in 1817 and was appointed to a minor post at the Zlatoust Crown Works. Promoted to Supervisor of the Zlatoust Arms Factory in 1819, to its Superintendent in 1824, and its Manager in 1829. From 1831 on, Mining Chief of the Zlatoust Works. From 1847 until his death, Chief of the Altai Works. Anosov won world renown for his writings on the manufacture of iron and his re-discovery of the secret of damaskene lost in the Middle Ages. He explained the effect of the chemical composition, structure and treatment of steel on its properties. His findings formed the basis for the science of quality steels. Anosov summed up his studies in his now classical treatise, ‘On Damaskene’ (1841), immediately translated into German and French. Anosov was the first to use the microscope in studies into the structure of steel (1831), thus laying the foundation for the microscopic analysis of metals. Anosov was elected a corresponding member of the Kazan University (1844) and an honorary member of the Kharkov University (1846).
Bessemer, Sir Henry (1813 - 1898), a British civil engineer and inventor, elected to the London Royal Society in 1879. Patented over a hundred inventions in various fields of technology. Those most important were the needle die for postal stamps and the word-casting machine in 1838, the sugar cane press in 1849, and the centrifugal pump in 1850. While working on ways and means of improving the quality of a heavy artillery shell in 1854, he felt the need for a better steel-making process. In 1856 he patented a vessel for converting molten pig iron into steel. The process which took place in a vessel was named after him and revolutionized the iron and steel industry. In 1860, he patented a converter in which air is blown through the bottom and trunnions. He also advanced the idea of rolling steel without having to cast it into ingots.
Huntsman, Benjamin (1704 - 1776), a British metallurgist. Rediscovered around 1740 the crucible process of steel-making known to the ancients in India, Persia, Syria, and elsewhere but later lost to civilization. The crucible process produced strong steel.
Task 2 Comprehension Check
Exercise 1. Here are some answers to some questions about the text. Work out the questions. 1. Pavel Anosov was 18 when he graduated from the Mining Corps of Cadets. 2. For a long time he was Mining Chief of the Zlatoust Works. 3. In his works he explained the effect of chemical composition of steel on its properties. 4. Bessemer patented over a hundred inventions in various fields of technology. 5. It was Bessemer who advanced the idea of rolling steel without casting it into ingots.
Exercise 2. Read the text carefully and agree or disagree with the statements given below.
1. Anosov was a famous Russian painter. 2. Pavel Anosov re-discovered the secret of damaskene. 3. The secret of damaskene was lost in ancient time. 4. Henry Bessemer was an eletrician. 5. Bessemer had relatively few inventions. 6. Benjamin Huntsman is a well-known British metallurgist of the 18th century. 7. He re-discovered the process of making strong steel. Exercise 3. Look through the text and find words which mean opposite of:
Such words are called antonyms.
Exercise 4. Put the jumbled sentences in the right order to get an organized text.
1. From the walls George Peregrine’s grandparents, painted by well-known painters, looked down upon husband and wife. 2. The Peregrines were having breakfast. 3. Though they were alone and the table was long, they sat at the opposite ends of it. 4. All this happened two or three years before the war. 5. They didn’t speak much to each other. 6. She looked at her letters. 7. The son brought in the morning post. 8. He opened The Times and began to read it. 9. George noticed that his wife hadn’t opened the letters. 10. They finished breakfast and rose from the table.
Oral Practice Meeting People. Formulas of Introduction. Polite Phrases. Greetings. Leaving Hi! Bye-bye Hello! Bye How do you do? Good-bye (Good) morning/afternoon/evening Have a nice day How are you? So long Nice/Glad to meet you Remember me to... Haven’t seen you for ages Fancy meeting you here
GratitudeReplies to expressions of gratitude Thank you (very much) Not at all Thanks a lot Don’t mention it Thank you for (+ ing) You are welcome Much obliged My pleasure
IntroductionsReplies Meet my friend, her name is... Nice to meet you Let me introduce my friend to you. Glad to meet you Exercise 1. Make up short dialogues using the patterns.
1. introducing strangers to each other. 2. expressing gratitude for smth 3. greeting and leaving each other. Exercise 2. Learn the conversation by heart. Make a conversation of your own using the patterns. At a meeting Ben: Well, good morning. Before we start our meeting, let us introduce ourselves. My name is Ben Green. I’m from Melbourn. I’m a civil engineer and work for a firm. I’m thirty-two years old, married, with two children. I’m going in for tennis and football. That’s I think. all about me. Who’s the next? Susan: I’m Susan Murphy. I live in York and work as a teacher of English. I’m single. When I have free time I like gardening. Peter: And my name is Peter O’Brien. I’m a computer programmer in IBM. I’m 29 years old, divorced, no children. I’m interested in books and dogs. Ben: Sorry, Peter, and where are you from? Peter: Oh, yes. I’m Irish and live in Belfast.
Unit 3 Text 1 Iron in the Middle Ages Iron came to Britain long before the reign of William the Conqueror. There is evidence that the forging of iron was the chief trade of the city of Glousester. Yet iron continued to be scarce in England. For some hundred years after the Norman Conquest considerable quantities of iron and steel were exported to Britain by Germany and other continental countries. The merchants who brought metals were known as “German merchants of the Steelyard”. The great quantities of iron and steel were sold at the Steel Yard in London. According to the Act of Parliament no iron was to be carried out of the country. Some iron was manufactured in England in the reign of Henry III, but much was still imported from Germany and later from Spain. During the reign of Edward I (1239 - 1307) there were seventy-two hearths in the Forest of Dean - a source of iron ore. By the time of Edward III (1312 - 1377) the chief centres were Kent and Sussex. That iron was still of great value is shown by an inventory of the king’s possessions, in which his iron pots, pans, and other household utensils are classed as jewels and valuables. No sensational developments in the manufacture of iron and steel had taken place; the local smiths converted the raw ore into wrought iron by means of charcoal obtained by burning timber from the forest round about and worked up this iron into the required shapes. In the 14th century the direct extraction of wrought iron from the ore was gradually displaced by first carbonizing the metal, so turning it into cast iron. This displacement method has continued steadily up to the present day. During the 14th and 15th centuries England continued to import iron and steel from the continent. The growing importance of the industry gave its owners a political influence that grew steadily from that day to this. Improvements in the manufacture of iron had taken place during this period, and the ironmasters succeded in getting Parliament to make laws prohibiting the importation into England of any iron or steel goods already made there. In 1483, for example, an Act was passed prohibiting the importation of knives, tailors’ shears, scissors and irons, grid-irons, stock-locks, keys, hingers, spurs, bits, stittups, buckles for shoes, iron wire, iron candlesticks, grates and many other such objects. Minor advances in the art of making iron continued up to the times of Elizabeth I and James I. Production increased, especially in Sussex. By this time the blast furnace had established itself for the smelting of iron. It continued slowly to rise higher and increase in diameter. The immediate problem confronting the iron manufacturer of the 16th century was the growing shortage of wood from which to make charcoal.
Task 1 Phonetic Exercise Practise after the speaker and learn to pronounce the words given below.
reign /rein/; conqueror /’konk'r'/; Glousester /’gloust'/; manufacture / m'nju’fжktò '/; hearth /ha: q /; value /’vж lju: /; utensils /ju: ’tensilz/; valuables /’vжlju'blz/; wrought /ro: t/; import /im’po: t/; prohibit /pr'‘hibit/; knives /naivz/; key /ki: /; spur /sp': /; diameter /dai’' mi: t'/.
Task 2. Lexical Exercises Exercise 1. Find the English equivalents for the words and word - combinations given below. Use them in the sentences of your own.
большое количество железа и стали; импортировать из; источник железной руды; высоко цениться; преобразовывать; обработанное железо; древесный уголь; постоянно расти; запрещать; опись; ценные вещи; обжигать (коксовать); решетка (сетка); скоба; диаметр; непосредственные проблемы, стоящие перед. Exercise 2. Match the English words and word-combinations given below with their Russian equivalents.
1. long before 1. большое количество 2. to continue steadily up to the 2. во время правления present day 3. растущая важность 3. in the reign of 4. преуспеть в ч-л 4. to displace gradually by 5. доменная печь 5. the growing importance 6. задолго до 6. to succeed in 7. продолжаться без изменений 7. the great quantaties of до настоящего времени 8. blast furnace 8. постепенно заменить ч-л
Exercise 3. Answer the following questions
1. When did iron first come to Britain? 2. Was it imported from Germany? 3. What shows that iron was of great value in Medieval Britain? 4. What displaced the direct extraction of wrought iron? 5. Why did the owners of metal industry get a political influence? 6. Did Parliament play an important role in the development of metal industry?
Exercise 4. Complete the following statements by choosing the answer which you think fits best. Why are the other answers unsuitable?
1. That iron was of great importance is shown by an inventory of king’s possessions because: a) things made of iron were classed as jewels and valuables. b) King Edward III wrote about their value himself. c) things made of iron could be used only by the king. 2. The owners of metal industry got a political influence because: a) they had much money. b) the industry grew in importance. c) people wanted so. 3. The importation into England of any iron or steel goods was prohibited by Parliament because: a) it was necessary to develop native industry. b) the native production stopped. c) England didn’t need them. 4. The immediate problem confronting the iron manufacturer was: a) the lack of skills in steel-making. b) the growing shortage of wood. c) the establishment of the blast furnaces.
Exercise 5. Give a written Russian translation of the following passages.
1. The chemical process for extracting a metal from its ore is called smelting. Iron ore is heated with limestone and coke, which is mostly made up of carbon. Coke and limestone remove the unwanted parts of the iron ore to leave almost pure iron, which still contains some carbon. Steel is made by removing more carbon and adding other metals. 2. Gold is much softer than copper, so it is easier to hammer into shape. It is not very strong. A gold knife might look very fine but would not have been much use for skinning a bear, so from early times gold became the metal for ornaments. Copper is much harder; it would have been much more difficult for early man to shape; but the finished article was more durable. 3. These metal-workers were masters of the ancient craft of gold-beating, a process by which gold is beaten between skins until it is reduced to a very thin sheet. The Egyptians could produce sheets only one five-thousandth of an inch thick, and used them for gilding wooden statues and for other decorative purposes.
Task 3. Focus on Grammar Plurals
Singular Plural
1) advice, information, knowledge, 1) all garmets and instruments, news, baggage, luggage, furniture, consisting of two parts: rubbish, (air)craft, quid, mumps trousers, glasses, binoculars This news is very important. His trousers look nice. 2) names of sciences: mathematics, 2) other words in -ics acoustics, physics, linguistics hysterics, mathematics (as a Acoustics is a branch of physics. school subject) 3)Expressions of quantity and sums Mathematics are not my best of money are usually regarded as subject. units and take a singular verb: 3)wages, police, clothes, cattle 25 dollars is much money for him. The police are after him. 4) premises, quaters (accomodation) These premises are not bad.
Words which have Greek or Latin forms make their plurals according to the rules of these languages: datum - data; phenomenon - phenomena; axis - axes Now there is a tendency with common Greek or Latin words to make the plural according to the rules of the English language: dogma - dogmas; formula - formulas But formulae is used in scientific English.
Exercise 1. Choose the correct form of the verb.
1. Athletics... his hobby. (to be) 2. The news... awaiting him at home. (to be) 3. Mathematics... an exact science. (to be) 4. My luggage... of a bag and ranch of philosophy. (to be) 12. Physics... never been my best subject. (to have) 13. The new furniture you’ve just bought... very comfortable. (to be) 14. Her glasses... been broken. (to have)
Exercise 2. Write the plural for each of the following nouns.
potato, mother-in-law, memorandum, criterion, Frenchman, lady, child, wolf, fish, calf, glass, deer, pyjamas, donkey, torch, box, handkerchief, foot, boot, sheep, mouse, ox, tooth, army, phenomenon.
Exercise 3. Make the verbs agree
1. There (was/were) many people in the room. 2. Mathematics (is/are) not my best subject. 3. Look at my trousers. (They/It) (is/are) dirty. 4. Your scissors (need/needs) sharpening. 5. (This/These) new pair of jeans (is/are) very smart. 6. You (was/were) at their party yesterday.Please, tell us a few words about it. 7. Anyone who (have/has) a head for figures (is/are) welcome to work at this Institute. 8. The full armour and a Damascus sword (complete/completes) his private collection. 9. About two million dollars (has/have) been made at the last auction. 10. Neither of them (know/knows) this rule. 11. Either he or his sister (is/are) coming tomorrow night. 12. More than twenty aircraft (was/were) destroyed in the raid. 13. Mass media (is/are) not very popular nowadays. 14. She is one of the best engineers that (have/has) ever graduated from this faculty. 15. The news of his arrival (have/has) spread very quickly. 16. Dynamics (is/are) a branch of mechanics. Exercise 3. Read the poem and pay attention to the plurals. Write these words both in the singular and the plural.
Why English is so hard We’ll begin with a box, and the plural is boxes; But the plural of ox should be oxen, not oxes, Then one fowl is goose, but two are called geese; Yet the plural of moose should never be meese. You may find a lone mouse or a whole lot of mice. But the plural of house is houses not hice. If the plural of man is always called men, Why shouldn’t the plural of pen be called pen? The cow in the plural may be cows or kine, But the plural of vow is vows not vine. And I speak of a foot, and you show me your feet, But I give you a boot - would a pair be called beet? If one is a tooth and a whole set are teeth, Why shouldn’t the plural of booth be called beeth? If the singular is this and the plural is these, Should the plural of kiss be nicknamed kese? Then one may be that, and three may be those, Yet, the plural of hat would never be hose. We speak of a brother and also of brethren, But though we say mother, we never say methren. The masculine pronouns are he, his and him. But imagine the feminine she, shis and shim! So our English, I think you’ll agree, Is the trickiest language you ever did see.
Expressing the Present 1. The Present Simple is used to report actions in general, or actions that happen repeatedly. The earth goes round the sun. I get up at 7 o’clock every morning.
2. The Present Continuous is used to describe the actions which are happening at the time of speaking. She is in Britain now, she is studying English. Where is he? He is playing tennis. На русский язык Present Continuous переводится глаголом настоящего времени несовершенного вида. Some verbs are not used in Continuous Tense: want, know, belong, understand, see, love, hate, forget, seem, remember, like, need.
Exercise 4. Translate the sentences into Russian.Comment on the use of tenses.
Exercise 5. Put the verb into the Present Indefinite or the Present Continuous.
1. He... (to work) on a new book now. 2. What is the weather like? It... (to rain) a little. 3. The concert... (to start) at 7.30. 4. Tom... (to want) to visit him but he... (to play) volleyball now. 5. Water... (to boil) at 100 degrees Celcius. 6. This machine... (not to work). It broke down this morning. 7. That machine... (not to work). It broke down a year ago. 8. You can borrow my pen. I... (not to need) it now. 9. She is an engineer but she... (to sit) with her baby at the moment. 10. This coat... (to belong) to me. 11. We usually... (to work) in our garden at weekends. 12. I... (not to drive) but my father... (to teach) me now. 13. I... (to want) to go there right now. 14. Listen to him. Do you understand what language he... ( to speak)? Exercise 6. Correct the sentences in which the Present Simple and the Present Continuous are misused.
1. I am thinking you are wrong. 2. Why didn’t you go to the country yesterday? It was raining hard. 3. Are you believing me? 4. Why don’t you want to join us? I am finishing the book I must give back tomorrow. 5. The moon is going round the earth. 6. Where is Mother? She is working in the garden. 7. I am usually going to work by bus. 8. Every day I am training at 9. Are you happy? I’m very happy. I am going to get married. 10. She is leaving for Paris tomorrow morning. 11. No one knows that Miss Piper is studying mathematics. 12. At present Doctor Atkinson is working on a very serious paper which he is going to deliver at a symposium in Glasgow next week. 13. He is always explaining simple facts. 14. Miss Piper knows practical mathematics - she can add, substract, multiply and divide. Exercise 7. Read the dialogue given below, paying attention to expressing the Present. Make up a dialogue of your own, using the model.
A - Good morning, Sir. B - Good morning. A - Is the manager in? B - Yes, he is, but he is engaged at the moment, I’m afraid. Please, sit down and wait a minute. A - OK. But is he really busy? What is he doing? Isn’t he expecting me? B - He is talking to a visitor from Germany just now. They are discussing a contract.
Text 2 Pre - reading task 1. What do you know about the Vikings? 2. When did they come to Britain? 3. Why were they successful fighters? 4. How did they harden the metal? 5. Describe the process of building up the blades.
The Coming of the Vikings After the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 AD, there was little progress in the working of metals for many years. Iron-smelting, tin and lead mining, and the general metal-working developed by the Romans in occupied countries almost ceased. What metal-work was still carried on was of poor quality. Then, about 800 AD, a new power entered northern Europe - the Vikings. These men from the north, Norsemen, were great seafarers and fighters. They owed much of their success to their skill with metal. Their swords were much longer and stronger than those used by the Romans, and with these they won their battles. In those days it was difficult to make good swords because of the lack of furnaces hot enough to melt iron sufficiently to treat it with carbon and turn it into steel. All that could be done was to heat the iron in charcoal, which is rich in carbon. Some carbon from the charcoal found its way into the metal and hardened it on the surface, like the crust on a loaf. The swordmakers built up their blades by taking a number of thin strips, which had been hardened on their surfaces, and twisting them together in various patterns. The metal was then reheated and hammered (forged) until it became a solid piece with hardened strips running right through the blade. As well as making blade strong, this method also created an interesting wavy patterns on the metal.
Task 2. Comprehension Check Exercise 1. Here are the answers to some questions about the text. Work out the questions.
1) The Roman Empire fell in 476 AD. 2) The Romans were skilled in iron-making, tin and lead mining, and the general metal- working. 3) No, there was little progress in the working of metals after the fall of the Roman Empire. 4) The Vikings owed much of their military success to their skill with metals. 5) It was difficult for the Vikings to make swords because of the lack of good furnaces. 6) Yes, the Vikings had their own method of making swords. 7) They heated the iron in charcoal. 8) Yes, this method also created an interesting wavy pattern on the metal.
Exercise 2. Read the text again and agree or disagree with the statements given below.
1. Between the fall of the Roman Empire and the Vikings invasion there was much progress in the working of metals. 2.The Vikings’ swords were much longer and stronger than those used by the Romans. 3. In those days men possessed good equipment to melt iron sufficiently. 4. The Vikings could turn iron into steel. 5. The Vikings didn’t use reheating and hammering in the process of sword making.
Exercise 3. Look through the text and find the synonyms to the words given below.
decline; advance; stop; outstanding; construct; expertness; mastery; deficiency; achievement; model. Exercise 4. Translate the following idioms into Russian. Use them in the sentences of your own. a) To have too many irons in the fire. Заниматься многими делами одновременно. b) To iron out differences. Сглаживать различия. c) Strike while the iron is hot Куй железо пока горячо. d) To rule with an iron hand Править железной рукой e) Iron will Железная воля f) Hammer in Втолковывать, вдалбливать
Exercise 5. Arrange the jumbled sentences into the organized text.
1. This was a new method of discovering truth by experiment. 2. One event of his life particularly interested Edison, a great inventor and scientist. 3. One day he invited a number of professors and students to meet him in one of the squares of Pisa where there was a very high tower. 4. It was this method which Edison used throughout his life. 5. Gallileo didn’t believe the scientists of the time that a heavy weight dropped from a height more quickly than a light weight. 6. He went to the top of the tower and dropped two iron balls with different weight. 7. They struck the ground at the same time. 8. Thomas Edison loved to tell the story of Galileo, a great Italian scientist of the 17th century.
Oral Practice
Making an appointment. Telephone calls.
Patterns
Telephone Calls
Exercise 1. Learn the dialogues by heart and make up similar dialogues of your own using the patterns.
1.Peter: Could I make an appointment with Mr.Brown? Secretary: Certainly. What day would suit you? Peter: Monday or Tuesday. Secretary: Let me see. Oh, Monday is busy, I’m afraid. Will Tuesday 2 o’clock be all right with you? Peter: Thank you very much.
2.Peter: May I speak to Susan, please? Susan: Speaking. Peter: This is Peter O’Brien. Can I see you tomorrow? I’d like to invite you to the theatre. Susan: Thank you. I’d love to go there with you. Peter: So, see you at 6 sharp at the entrance. Susan: Fixed, then. I’m looking forward to meeting you.
3.Ben: Is that Mr. Hardy’s office? Secretary: Yes. Ben: My name is Ben Green. I’ve got an appointment with Mr.Holt for tonight but something urgent has turned up. Could you put our meeting off till Wednesday night? Secretary: Hold the line, please. I’ll pass the information on to him... Oh, yes, Mr.Holt can meet you on Wednesday same time.
Exercise 2. You have an appointment with Mr.Brown, so:
- introduce yourself - explain that you have an appointment with him - explain the purpose of your visit - accept or decline the offers (for example, you have another appointment) - explain that you need to confirm your return flight for tomorrow evening
Exercise 3. What would you say if somebody is phoning your brother but:
1. he is not in 2. he is in the next room 3. he is coming only tomorrow 4. he cannot answer the call immediately because he is busy
Exercise 4. Practise making arrangements.
Unit 4
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