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Exercise 2. Learn the dialogues by heart and make up similar dialogues of your own.

Peter: Excuse me please, could you help me?

Shop-assistant: Yes, of course. What can I do for you?

Peter: Could I have a pint of milk and a pound of that cheese?

Shop assistant: You mean Stilton?

Peter: Yes, I like this cheese. It is very special.

II.

Shop assistant: Good morning. Can I help you?

Susan: Oh, yes. I’d like to buy some beef.

Shop assistant: Yes, how much would you like?

Susan: Two pounds.

Shop assistant: Anything else?

Susan: Yes, have you got garlic dressing?

Shop assistant: I’m sorry, we don’t have any dressings. Go to the grocery

in Crover Street.

Susan: How much is the beef, please?

Shop assistant: It is 3 pounds 45 p.

Exercise 3. Write your shopping list. Go round the class and try to buy

the items from other students.

Exercise 4. Match the two halves of each proverb correctly. Find the Russian equivalents for these proverbs. What situations will you use them in?

Half a loaf is … and eat it.

One man’s meat is another man’s… in the eating.

Don’t put all your eggs… poison.

You can’t have your cake… in the eating

The proof of the pudding… in one basket.

Unit 2

Text 1

More Progress in Steel Production

Iron coming from a blast furnace is called pig-iron, and still contains many impurities which have to be removed before it can be converted into steel. During the Industrial Revolution the demand for steel was so great that better and quicker methods of producing it became necessary. A big step forward was made with the invention of the ‘Bessemer Converter’.

Henry Bessemer (1813 - 1898) was a British civil engineer and inventor. He was elected to the London Royal Society in 1879. During his life-time he patented over a hundred inventions in various fields of technology.

Henry Bessemer’s idea was that the impurities would be burned away if air was blown through molten pig-iron.

An experimental vessel to contain 7 cwts of molten pig-iron was set up in Bessemer’s factory. Air pipes led into the bottom of the vessel, and when the air was turned on, huge flames and showers of sparks shot out of the mouth of the converter, followed by spurts of molten metal and slag. Bessemer and his workers could only retreat and hope for the best. They could not turn off the air because the air-valve had been placed too near to the converter. However, after ten minutes the eruption subsided and it was found that the iron was free of impurities.

The new process was widely adopted, and converters were built which could purify several tons of pig-iron in half-an-hour - an enormous improvement on previous methods. The Bessemer ‘blow’, with flames shooting high into the air, is one of the most dramatic sights in steel manufacture.

Other methods followed, the Siemens ‘open hearth’ furnaces were slower than the Bessemer converter but gave better control. “Electric arc’ furnaces were introduced later.

Two metals, manganese and chromium, discovered in 1774, were to play an important role in steel manufacture. Small quantities of manganese in steel adds greatly to its strength. Chromium is used in the manufacture of stainless steel.

Task 1.

Phonetic Exercise

Practise after the speaker and learn to pronounce the words given below.

forward /’fo: w'd/; engineer / enji’ni'/; royal /’roj'l/; society /s'‘sai'ti/;

patent /’peit'nt/; technology /tek’nol'ji/; experimental /eks peri’ment' l/; spurt /sp': t/; subside / s' b’said/; manganese / m'ng'‘ni: z/; chromium /’kroumj' m/.

Task 2.

Lexical Exercises

Exercise 1. Find the English equivalents for the words and word- combinations. Use them in the sentences of your own.

чугун (штыковой чугун); содержать примеси; удалять примеси; превращать в сталь; потребность в стали; инженер-строитель; выжечь; запантетовать; шлак; вантуз; модернизация ранее существующих методов; марганец; хром; увеличивать прочность; играть важную роль в производстве стали.

Exercise 2. Match the English words and word-combinations given below

with their Russian equivalents.

1. to produce steel 1. наиболее величественное зрелище

2. to make a big step forward 2. электродуговая печь

3. air pipes 3. производить сталь

4. in various fields of technology 4. надеяться на лучшее

5. to hope for the best 5. выключать

6. to adopt widely 6. вентиляционные трубы

7. to turn off 7. мартеновская печь

8. the most dramatic sight 8. сделать большой шаг вперед

9. electric arc furnace 9. принять повсеместно

10. open hearth furnace 10. в различныx областях техники

Exercise 3. Answer the following questions.

1. What differs pig-iron from steel? 2. Who made the revolution in steel industry? 3. What was the main idea of Bessemer’s experiment? 4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of open hearth furnaces over Bessemer’s converter? 5. How can we increase the strength of steel? 6. What is chromium used for?

Exercise 4. In the text there are some verbs which in combination with

prepositions acquire another meaning:

to set up - устанавливать, утверждать

to turn on - включать

to turn off - выключать

Such combinations are called verbal collocations. Translate the following verbal collocations into Russian and complete the sentences given below using them.

to set smth off; to set in; to set out; to turn someone down;

to turn smth in; to turn someone on; to turn out

1. Let’s... early tomorrow. It’ll take us long to get to Stratford. 2. We’ve had... his proposal. It’ll be too expensive to make use of it. 3. His lectures... to be very interesting. 4. It’s been very cold the last few days. I think the winter... already. 5. Rock music really... me. 6. Bill is a hard-working student. He... two essays every week. 7. He... to work on the project several days ago.

Exercise 5. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence.

Explain your choice.

1. The... of steel at Robertsbridge began in 1565.

a) production b) output c) manufacture

2. The importance of Bessemer’s discovery was that... pig iron was transformed into steel within some thirty minutes.

a) molten b) liquid c) hard

3. In the end of the 18th century... of metals improved greatly with the help of new methods.

a) quantity b) quality c) number

4. One of the properties of metals is their specific...

a) shining b) luster c) glitter

5. All metals except mercury are... substances.

a) hard b) tough c) heavy

6. Converters can... several tons of pig iron in a short period of time.

a) clean b) clear c) purify

7. Impurities must be removed before pig iron can be... into steel.

a) converted b) transformed c) made

8. Chromium was... in 1774.

a) opened b) found c) discovered

Exercise 6. Give a written translation of the following passage.

The technique of making steel had not fallen into oblivion. In Anglo-Saxon literature many references are made to steel and also to ‘steeling’. Conversion of soft wrought iron into steel by cementation continued to be practised. The technique seems to have been improved by the Danes locally to satisfy the demands of small economic units.

The conquering Normans were greatly impressed by the industrial efficiency they found in England. German skilled workers were accustomed to reside in England because of the high level the Anglo- Saxon had attained in metal - making. For example, knives made in England, were valued much in France during the Middle Ages.

Task 3.

Focus on Grammar

Expressing the Past

Different tenses are used to report past actions. The simple past tense is the most frequently used in scientific writing. It denotes an action, which took part a long time ago and is completed; or to express past habits.

The first man appeared about 1, 5 million years ago.

When I was a child, I liked ice-cream.

The Past Continuous Tense is used:

a) to describe an activity in progress at a time in the past.

What were you doing yesterday at 5?

When she entered the room, he was speaking on the phone.

b) to express the future in the past.

He was in a hurry. He was leaving for London at 3 and he

did not want to be late.

The Past Perfect Tense is used to express an action that happened before a definite time in the past.

When I came he had already left for the station.

He had completed his work before the conference.

When using different tenses in the same sentence, different ideas can be expressed.

When we came she made some coffee.(first we came and then she

made the coffee)

When we came she was making some coffee. (she was in the process

of making coffee when we came)

When we came she had made some coffee. (the coffee was ready when

we came)

The Past Perfect Continuous is used when the action began before the time of speaking in the past and continued up to that time:

He was very tired because he had been working for three hours.

Exercise 1. Choose the correct past tense.

1. Few inventions... (to make) such a tremendous difference to everyday life as the internal combustion engine. 2. In 1906 a well-known sportsman Charles Rolls... (to go) into partnership with Henry Royce, an engineer. Together they... (to build) the Rolls-Royce motor car. 3. I... (to work) hard on my project when suddenly I... (to hear) a door bell. 4. I couldn’t recognize him, he... (to change) a lot. 5. Tom... (to look) badly yesterday, he... (to be) ill for a long time. 6. We needed money so we... (to sell) some of our things. 7. Another man-made satellite... (to go) just into orbit. 8. When the manufacture of wire, which... (to be) the principal object of the new enterprise stopped, production... (to be) limited to the manufacture of steel. 9. In spite of the frequent internal wars and Viking invasions which... (to earn) the Anglo-Saxon era the name of the Dark Ages in English history. definite economic progress... (to take) place in the same period. 10. As a boy Dr.Clark never... (to take) any interest in chemistry. 11. He... (to be) professor of theoretical physics at Leeds University already when I entered it. 12. The manufacture of steel at Robertsbridge... (to begin) early in December 1565. 13. While Mother... (to cook) dinner, we... (to clean) the living-room. 14. I saw her at the party. She... (to wear) a very nice dress, her eyes... (to shine). 15. Her eyes were red. I think she... (to cry). 16. The Chinese... (to invent) gun-powder. 17. When I (to open) the door I (to find) him under the sofa. He (to look for) the keys for a quarter of an hour.

Exercise 2. Translate into Russian. Comment on the use of the tenses.

1. Air pollution has become a major problem in our cities. 2. By 1957 Russia had launched the first sputnik. 3. Abraham Darby died in 1717 and his son, Abraham Darby II, took over his ironworks. 4. By law, all metal found in occupied countries belonged to Rome. 5. We have just briefly enumerated some of the features of iron. 6. By the time of the Great Exhibition of London in 1851, the metallurgical world had already experienced a great advance in technical progress. 7. In recent years there has been a great increase in the application of this method. 8. The last hundred years has seen many innovations in the ancient art of casting. 9. I’m afraid I haven’t seen you for a long time. 10. She was waiting for me when I arrived. 11. When I came in they were discussing the advantages of new technology.

Exercise 3. Correct the sentences in which the tenses are misused.

1. They completed all the preparations by five o’clock.

2. Please, tell me where you were going to yesterday at 3 o’clock..

3. I had written to you several days ago. I wanted to know more about the entrance exams.

4. She had returned from Chicago yesterday.

5. When she came back she found out that somebody had broken the front door. 6. What did you do at this time yesterday? I was skating.

7. Have you been waiting for me for along time? Yes, I have waited for you since 2 o’clock.

8. I returned home, shook the water off my raincoat and hang it up.

9. Everything had been ready by 2. So when I came the hostess was having a rest before the guests arrived.

10. He found the place even more beautiful than he expected.

11. We could not start the experiment before we had obtained the necessary data..

12. The use of metals had marked one of the greatest stages in the evolution of man.

13. At the same time they were discussing the results of the experiment.

14. The treatment of steel is now an elaborate science.

15. The use of vacuum methods in metallurgy considerably increased since the mid-fifties.

Text 2

Pre - reading task

1. What do you know about London?

2. Look through the text and say what new facts about London you have

known from it.

London

“The city that has everything” probably sums up London’s appeal best of all. It is a tale of two cities: one began as a Roman settlement over 2000 years ago and formed the basis of the City of London - the business heart of the great capital. The other grew up around the abbey which Edward the Confessor founded in 1050: it became the centre of government known as Westminster. Though both these cities have grown and prospered and have lived together for 1000 years they have never made up their minds to become legally married.

The City of London maintains its independence in many ways. For instance, before the Queen may enter the city she must stop at Temple Bar and ask permission of the Lord Mayor of London who, symbolically, surrends the sword of State to her. It is only a formality but it emphasizes the City’s status. It is also a good example of British devotion to their traditions.

The Houses of Parliament make a beautiful view across the Thames. They were built between 1840 and 1860 to replace those destroyed in a disastrous fire in 1834. The Victoria Tower is on the left, the Clock Tower (popularly known as Big Ben) is on the right. Westminster Hall, adjacent to the Houses of Parliament, is the only remaining building of the Palace of Westminster. Here King Charles I was sentenced to death.

The City’s greatest monument is St.Paul’s Cathedral built by Sir Christopher Wren in 17 - 18 centuries. It took him about 35 years to complete his work. The predecessor of the Cathedral was destroyed in the Fire of London (1666). Wren’s tomb in the crypt bears the famous inscription: ” Reader, if you would seek his monument, look around you.”

The Tower of London does not oficially belong to the City, though it stood there for almost 900 years. The White Tower which is part of the present Tower of London, is the earliest surviving building in the City.

Quite an unexpected feature of London is the number, variety and the beauty of the parks. St.James Park was laid out by John Nash as a front garden for Buckingham Palace, but it is open for everyone. Hyde Park is less of a private garden and more of an open space. It is famous for the Serpentine - a beautiful pond, and Speaker’s Corner where anybody can make a speech at weekends. Kensington Gardens adjoins Hyde Park. In both these parks one can find a place where the birds’ singing is the only sound to be heard.

Of course the incredible collection of art treasures and historical objects to be found in the city is the main London attraction. Everybody knows about the National Gallery situated in the north of Trafalgar Square which exhibits all schools of European painting from the 13th to the 19th centuries. The National Portrait Gallery adjoins the National Gallery and exhibits the portraits of British monarchs, statesmen, heroes and other well-known people. The British Museum has a priceless collection of art objects from the Orient. The famous British Museum Library has a unique collection of rare books and manuscripts. The Tate Gallery is the National gallery of British art. It was given to the nation by a rich sugar merchant Sir Henry Tate. Another donation to the people of Great Britain was made by Sir Richard Wallace’s widow in 1897. It contains a fine display of pottery, carved wooden sculptures, miniatures and paintings.

London was probably best characterized by Dr. Johnson who said, “When a man is tired of London he is tired of life; for there is in London all that life can afford.”

Task 2

Comprehension Check

Exercise 1. Agree or disagree with the following statements.

1. London was founded by the Normans about 1000 years ago.

2. The City is the commercial heart of London and it is an autonomous district.

3. The Houses of Parliament were burnt down in the fire of 1834.

4. St.Paul’s Cathedral wasn’t touched by the Fire of London.

5. One cannot say that London is a green city.

6. The National Portrait Gallery is situated in Chelsea and exhibits the portraits of many well-known British people as well as foreigners.

Exercise 2. From the choices given choose one word or phrase which

could be substituted for the underlined word or phrase

without changing its meaning.

1. Moscow grew up around the Kremlin.

a) developed b) enlarged

2. The famous Coventry Cathedral was badly destroyed during World

War II.

a) damaged b) ruined

3. The British Museum has an incredible collection of old books and manuscripts.

a) wonderful b) true

4. The Tretyakov Art Gallery contains a unique collection of Russian painting.

a)comprises b) constitutes

5. The variety of museums make London a real attraction for tourists.

a) kind b) diversity

6. In our days all parks of London are opened to everybody.

a) recently b) nowadays

7. The space of the Kew Gardens is huge.

a) accomodation b) area

Exercise 3. Using additional material make up a report on some

places of interest of London.

Exercise 4. Arrange the jumbled text into the right order.

Lincoln

1. An important building programme was undertaken shortly after the Norman Conquest (1066). The famous Lincoln Cathedral and the Castle were built in 1068 - 1072. The city still has several fine examples of Norman buildings, including the famous Jew’s House in Steep Hill, one of Britain’s best known 12th-century houses.

2. Lincoln is a city of great historical interest and importance. Even before the Romans came to Lincoln and set up a military garrison in AD 48 the site of the city was occupied and known as Lindon - hill fort by the pool.

3. During the Middle Ages Lincoln’s prosperity was based on the wool trade. The development of Lincoln as an industrial centre began in the mid-nineteenth century. The local products are many and varied and include excavators, cranes and drills, diesel engines for all applications, turbines, boilers and pumping equipment, electronic components, etc.

4. The Romans made Lincoln one of the finest cities in Britain. Their elaborate stone-built sewerage system was unique. After the Romans left, the Anglo-Saxons robbed their buildings, and the development of the city started only with the Viking invasion in the 8the century when Lincoln became an important trading centre.

Exercise 5. Listen to the lecture on London Art Galleries and

answer the questions.

Oral Practice

Asking the way

Patterns

Questions Answers

1. Excuse me, can you tell me the 1. Certainly, ...

way to...?

2. Sorry, can you tell me how 2. Sure, ...

to get to...?

3. Excuse me, can you tell me 3. With pleasure/ Yes, of course.

where... is?

4. Sorry, I’m afraid, I’ve lost 4. - Sorry, I don’t know.

my way. Can/Could you - I have no idea, I’m afraid.

help me? I need to get to... - I’m a stranger here myself.

Directions

Turn left/right

Go/Walk straight on

Take the first/second/etc. road on the left/right

Take the first/second/etc. turning on the left/right

Turn right/left after the zebra crossing

Go over the bridge

Go past the post office/bank/cinema

Prepositions

above ð near ð O

between ð O ð next to ð O

among ð O ð opposite |O ð |

in front of ð

Exercise 1. Learn the dialogues by heart, and make up similar

dialogues of your own, using the patterns.

A. - Excuse me, could you help me?

B. - Yes, of course. What is it?

A. - I want to catch a 17 bus and I’m trying to find the bus stop.

B. - Go straight on and turn left after the zebra crossing. The bus

stop is just at the corner.

II.

A. - Sorry, can you tell me how to get to Oxford Street?

B. - Certainly, you’d better walk there because the traffic is very

heavy. Take the first turning on the right. Go past the Centre

Point and turn left. Oxford Street is just over there. It’ll take

you about 10 minutes to get there.

III.

A. - Excuse me, can you tell me where the nearest post office is?

B. - I have no idea. I’m afraid. I’m a stranger here myself.

Exercise 2. How would you say what you want in these situations?

1. You are in the country and your car breaks down. You must find a telephone. Someone walks past...

2. Sylvia is going to a friend’s house. The friend told her to catch a 10 bus, but she doesn’t know where the bus stop is. She decides to ask someone.

3. You are a stranger in London and you have lost your way to the British Museum.

Exercise 3. Give directions from A to B in these pictures:

1. 2.