FOR - TO - INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTION.

(После предлога For идет существительное или местоимение в объектном падеже - me, him, her, us, them, you, it – которое обозначает субъекта действия, а далее идет Инфинитив, выражающий само действие)

В предложении эта конструкция может выполнять роль 1) подлежащего:

It is important for you to be patient. Тебе важно быть терпеливым.

( Перевод начинаем с конца )

2) обстоятельства: He stepped aside for me to pass. Он отошел в сторону, чтобы дать мне дорогу.

3) определения: The first thing for him to do is to report everything to the chief.Первое, что он должен сделать – это сообщить обо всем шефу.

4) части сказуемого: It is for her to decide. Решать должна она.

Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык.

 

1) It is desirable for you to know all the details of the project.

2) He waited for the letters to be typed.

3) There is only one thing for you to do.

4) For the experiment to be successful we had to work hard.

5) No efforts are large enough for the research to be completed.

6) For the policy to be a success much preliminary survey had to be done.

7) We are waiting for the jury to announce their verdict.

8) It will take many decades for the things to get settled.

9) For the sides to come to an agreement requires joint efforts of both parties.

10) It will be expedient for them to postpone their visit.

11) It will be convenient for all of us to have our meeting on Wednesday.

12) It is time for business to push politicians for a final agreement on Russia's bid to join the World Trade Organization.

13) It is important for the country's prestige to have its president's residence

in such a historic place as the Kremlin.

 

 

THE OBJECTIVE INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTION

( Эта конструкция выполняет в предложении роль дополнения. Она состоит из субъекта действия – выраженного существительным или местоимением в объектном падеже – и действия, выраженного инфинитивом )

Следует после:

1) глаголов, выражающих желание или какое-либо чувство:

I want you to stay. Я хочу, чтобы вы остались.

2) глаголов, выражающих физическое восприятие ( в этом случае инфинитив идет без частицы “to” ):

Everybody heard him say it. Все слышали, как он сказал это.

3) глаголов, выражающих просьбу, совет, разрешение, а также побуждение к действию:

What will you advise me to do under the circumstances? Что вы посоветуете мне делать в данной ситуации?

После глаголов “ make”, “let”, “have” следует инфинитив без частицы “to”

They made me repeat my story. I’ll have the secretary call up the embassy.Они заставили меня повторить мой рассказ. Я прикажу секретарю позвонить в посольство.

При переводе с русского языка на английский нельзя опускать субъекта действия:

Он попросил не вмешиваться. Не asked us not to interfere.

Если субъект неважен ( или неизвестен), употребляется инфинитив в пассивной форме:

The boss ordered the notice to be put up immediately. Шеф приказал немедленно повесить это объявление.

4) после глаголов, выражающих мыслительную деятельность ( expect, think, consider, believe, suppose, find, regard, etc. ) They expect the President to arrive tomorrow. Ожидают, что Президент прибудет завтра.

5) некоторых глаголов, требующих предложного дополнения ( rely on, wait for, etc):

May I rely on you to help me? Я могу рассчитывать, что вы поможете мне?

 

Translate the following sentences:

 

1) We can make things work.

2) They expect their President to act with courage, dignity and the highest ethical standards.

3) Most people would like the price level to be stable.

4) About 15 minutes later they saw the plane land.

5) They found much of the land to be fertile and the climate suitable for some crops.

6) When they wrote their Constitution the Founders did not intend the Presidency to be the major source of leadership in the USA.

7) He likes to hear his staff argue on various issues.

8) The government considers the treaty to be very important.

9) We believe the reform to provide benefits for the economy.

10) This will allow a company to buy new equipment.

11) Food stamps will enable many homeless people to get some nutrition.

12) They made him confess the crimes he had never committed.

13) Experience has shown this to be far from the true situation.

14) Computers enable work to be dome much quickly.

15) Most people expect the government to play a significant role in promoting steady economic growth.

 

 

THE SUBJECTIVE-WITH-THE INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTION

В этой конструкции субъект действия – выраженный существительным или личным местоимением – и действие, выраженное инфинитивом разделены:

конструкцией с 1) глаголами, выражающими физическое восприятие – в пассивной форме: He was seen to talk to the man more than twice. Видели, как он не раз разговаривал с этим человеком.

2) принуждение: He was made to apologize. Его заставили извиниться.

3) предположение, ожидание, осведомленность, чужое мнение:

The delegation is believed to have left Vienna last night. Полагают, что вчера вечером делегация покинула Вену.

А также глаголами: seem, appear, prove, turn out:

The man turned out to be a culprit. Как оказалось, этот человек был преступником. (Человек оказался преступником)

Или выражениями: be likely, be sure, be unlikely, etc.

The talks are likely to be fruitful. Вероятно, переговоры окажутся плодотворными.

При переводе на русский язык следует, как правило, начинать с фразы, разделяющей субъекта и действие.

Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения.

 

1) The President is believed to be in London now.

2) She is supposed to be an experienced manager.

3) The computer is believed to save a lot of time.

4) The material loss was estimated to be more than 1 mil dollars.

5) This system is considered to be the result of long and thorough consideration.

6) These phenomena are believed to be interdependent.

7) The negotiations are reported to be well under way.

8) The man is said to be a good psychologist.

9) The head of the company is held to be responsible for the conflict.

10) The delegation is reported to have arrived in the capital already.

11) Moral perfection is considered to be one of the ideals of mankind.

12) He is known to have taken part in the actions.

13) Some organizations are likely to emphasize personality and management style as significant characteristics.

14) Some employees are not judged to possess the skills required for the higher-level positions.

15) Organizers appeared to have learned their lesson this year.

 

 

PARTICIPLE.

Participle I имеет суффикс –ing и выражает действие, совершаемое предметом

Participle II представляет собой III форму глагола ( у правильных глаголов имеет окончание – ed) и выражает действие, совершенное по отношению к предмету (пассивная форма)

Причастие обладает свойствами глагола, прилагательного и наречия.

Глагольные свойства причастия выражаются в том, что оно имеет залог и видо-временные

характеристики. Оно, так же как и глагол, может требовать дополнение: (He sat at his desk writing something), и определяться наречием: Supported unanimously, the project was approved.

Причастие, также как и прилагательное и наречие, может выступать:

1) определением:

World public opinion is concerned about the rising level of pollution.

2) частью сказуемого: The table is laid.

3) обстоятельством ( часто в сочетании с союзами when, while, if, with ):

While working on my report I read a number of articles. If treated by a good specialist, the sick man may recover.

 

Forms

 

	Active		Passive
Indefinite	Reading Reading the document, she kept thinking about her family.	Читая Читая документ, она продолжала думать о своей семье.	Being read Being read, the letter could ruin his reputation.	Письмо, будучи прочитанным, могло разрушить его репутацию.
	The girl, readingthe document, is my sister.	Девочка, читающаядокумент, моя сестра.	The document being read is very important.	Документ, который читают, чрезвычайно важен.
Perfect	Having read Having read the document, she burst into tears.	Прочитав документ, она разрыдалась.	Having been read Having been read, the document should be destroyed.	Будучи прочитанным. После того как его прочитали Документ, после того как его прочитали, должен быть уничтожен.
Past	-----------------	--------------------	Read The book read produced a powerful impression on her.	ПрочитаннаяПрочитаннаякнига произвела на нее огромное впечатление

 

Способы перевода на английский язык:

 

Бросающий	Throwing
Бросаемый	Being thrown
Брошенный	Thrown
Бросавший	Who threw
Бросивший	Who has thrown / who had thrown
Бросая	Throwing
Бросив	Having thrown
Будучи бросаемым	Being thrown
Будучи брошенным	Being thrown / having been thrown

 

Определите форму причастия.

 

1) The man speaking to the audience is the Head of the Department.

2) At the entrance you will be met by a man holding a newspaper.

3) The article, being typed now, will be published tomorrow.

4) All the roads leading to the centre of the city were blocked by the police.

5) We got a letter from them saying there will be a delay of delivery.

6) The child was frightened by the approaching militant.

7) The men working on the construction site were in danger.

8) Being unable to help, I tried to find some soothing words for them.

9) Having recognized the danger of terrorist attacks, customs must enforce the border control.

10) Racism and hate crimes are a continuing problem in Russian cities.

11) The agreement calls for monitoring the adopted child in its new environment.

12) The federal government introduced a bill in the State Duma proposing the transfer

of numerous state-owned buildings confiscated from religious organizations by the Bolsheviks back to the original owners.

Выберите нужную форму.

 

1) Waving/ having waved their scarves. the fans ran onto the pitch.

2) Being opened/ opening the letter, she found it contained a cheque.

3) Realizing/having realized his mistake, he apologized.

4) I didn't get tired, having had/ having a good night's sleep.

5) Abandoning/ abandoned by his colleagues, the Minister was forced to resign.

6) Taken/ taking my life in my hands, I decided to leave the place.

7) Being/ been unsure whom to address the letter to, I put " The Manager".

8) This approach will involve more coherent relationship with traders as well as increasing/ increased cooperation at the national, regional and international levels.

9) There must be more effective coordination between the various government agencies

charging/ charged with regulating cross-border trade.

10) Every shipment passes through customs control at least twice, making/ made customs a key factor in the international supply chain.

 

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