Определите тип условных предложений.

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1) If you ask him, he will help you.

2) If we asked him to help would he agree?

3) If she had only kept her promise we might have succeeded.

4) If I only knew the facts, I could make a wise decision.

5) If he changed his opinion, he'd be more successful.

6) You can see the boss provided that he is not too busy.

7) He would go by plane if it was cheaper.

8) I would have bought it if I had had enough money with me.

9) If she hadn't slept late she wouldn't have missed the plane.

10) We'll go for a walk tomorrow unless it rains.

Соедините части предложения в колонке (1- 10) с частями предложения в колонке (A - J)

1) He'll be furious

2) The people will die

3) If she did her job well

4) She would have been enrolled on the course

5) If I understood the question

6) I would have run home

7) As long as you follow the instructions exactly

8) You can hire a car in France

9) You can't enter the country

10) If I found a gun in the street

A) unless they are taken care of.

B) you will be able to cope with the task.

C) I might be able to answer it.

D) as long as you have a driving licence and you are over 23.

E) if he ever finds out the truth.

F) if she had passed her exams.

G) I would take it to the police.

H) unless you have a visa.

I) she would be promoted by the company.

J) if I had known the football match was on TV.

Переведите на русский язык.

1). If I were you, I would take your manager's advice.

2). If an ecologist were asked to justify this belief, he would say that all pesticides are dangerous to all life.

3). If there were no criminals in the world there would be no lawyers.

4). If all the world were just, there would be no need for courts.

5). Surely they would be far more successful with their policy if they were less talking and more doing.

6). If we hadn't studied the issue, we would never have found out the causes of the problem.

7) If I weren't busy, I would do the job.

8) If there hadn't been any historical background, the conflict would have been easier to handle.

9) If the problem weren't so urgent we wouldn't ask you to help.

10) If people weren't so self-concentrated there would be less misery and poverty in the world.

11)Various courses of action might be adopted to save the environment.

One would be to curb the dynamics of industrial development.

12) Anyone but John would have known the news.

13) I would sooner read a catalogue than nothing at all.

14) Without money the tax-collector would come back to his office with an extraordinary collection of objects.

15) I'd be grateful if you kindly send me the necessary information.

Переведите на русский язык.

1) It is important that every delegate arrive on time.

2) It is essential that every child have the same educational opportunities.

3) Scientists consider it very important that pollution be exactly assessed.

4) It is more desirable that he attend the forum.

5) It is necessary that they should realize the gravity of the situation.

6) It is requested that individual work should be paid according

to the employee's contribution in every organization.

7) It is necessary that you should follow the instructions.

8) It is vital that government tackle the problem in the nearest future.

9) It is essential that customs adopt comprehensive compliance improvement strategies

to increase confidence in the information provided by the traders.

10) It is important that all regulatory information be exchanged electronically.

Переведите на русский язык.

1) The members of the committee suggested that the agenda (should) be changed.

2) He suggested that the meeting (should) be held as soon as possible.

3) The diplomats proposed that negotiations (should) start at once.

4) I insisted that they (should) accompany us.

5) The leader of the group proposed that they (should) conduct a research in a nember of organizations.

6) The scientists suggested that the experiments (should) be resumed.

7) A radical reconstruction of economy requires that enterprises be self-financing.

8) The Head of the Federal Customs Service of Russia insisted that customs administrations

(should) institutу a range of changes to systems, procedures and administrative responsibilities.

9) The minister suggested that business executives (should) be looking for ways

to improve productivity and quality.

10) The president said that improvements in the development of managers ( should) be made.

Переведите на английский язык.

1). Если завтра у меня будет время, я напишу отчет.

2) Если бы у меня было время сегодня, я написал бы отчет сегодня.

3) Если бы у меня вчера было время, я бы уже написала отчет.

4) Если бы у нас было больше времени, можно было бы провести более широкое исследование.

5) Если нет вопросов, конференция закончена.

6) Если бы я была на твоем месте, я бы приняла их предложение.

7) Если бы у нас были необходимые приборы, мы могли бы тогда провести уровень загрязнения воды.

8) Жаль, что у нас так мало единомышленников.

9) Жаль, что эти здания снесли.

10) Жаль, что нам раньше не пришло в голову это решение.

Prepositions

1. Will you pay …. cash?

2. Last year our family went … holiday to Thailand.

3. He bought a small house …. the suburbs.

4. There is a lot of traffic … the streets of our city.

5. Tom is sitting … a café.

6. Where is Helen? She is … the café.

7. When we arrived … the airport, the plane had already taken ….

8. The Johns are staying … a large hotel.

9. Our house is … 23 Oxford street.

10. The people were all standing … a queue.

11. Their flat is … the ground floor.

12. I am afraid I’ve got … the wrong bus.

13. There are some notes … the bottom of the page.

14. The most enjoyable day I had when we went.. a trip … boat.

15. My father often travels … business.

16. All my money was … German marks.

17. Fill in the form … pencil first.

18. Must we do the exercise … writing?

19. …. my opinion, you are mistaken.

20. …. my point of view, there must be more instructive programs on our TV.

21. The boss is arriving … the 8 o’clock plane.

22. I bought this blouse … the outskirts of Bangkok.

23. We were so tired that we went directly … the hotel … taxi.

24. There was a lot of smog.. the air.

25. The old man is snoring … the armchair.

26. …. a way that disaster was a blessing.

27. How many days are there … January?

28. What are you doing … the weekend?

29. Classes start … 8.30.

30. We have been here … two months already.

31. We always go out … Friday night.

32. ….Sundays we don’t have to go to the Academy.

33. I’ll meet you … the station.

34. Shall we take a bus or go … foot.

35. Where is Peter? Why, he’s.. home.

36. Would you like to spend a couple of weeks … an island?

37. There was a terrorist attack … the border yesterday.

38. My life is living … the crossroads.

39. I’ve lost my way … the city but … chance I found a helpful policeman. So … the end I got home.

40. The train left … time.

41. We were.. time for the 11 o’clock train.

42. I stayed in Paris … the Christmas holidays.

43. …. she was … holiday, she wrote me a letter.

44. You must finish the project… a week.

45. You can have a break … you have finished your test.

46. Let’s go.. … a walk?

47. My mom told me I should be home ….. 10 o’clock.

48. I found Spanish difficult … the beginning.

49. There is usually a preface … the beginning of a book.

SECTION III

Tests

Контрольная работа № 1.

Var. I

Text

Employee influence policy.

At all levels of an organization, managers must face the task of arranging people, information, activities and technology. In other words, they must define and design work.

Top management plays a very important role in balancing and integrating the interests of many stakeholders of the enterprise: shareholders, employees, customers, suppliers, labor unions, trade associations, governments and so on. Top managers should consider how the interests of various stakeholders differ, how much weight those distinct interests should be given, and the mechanisms by which those various stakeholders can exercise influence over the enterprise.

Employees are major stakeholders in the enterprise, so it is critical for managers to design and administer various mechanisms for employee influence.

All policies, the design and implementation of technology and work systems, the design and administration of compensation, and the design and administration of systems for hiring, promoting, placing, and terminating employees should be examined from the perspective of how much influence employees are given over decisions in these areas. Thus, the employee influence policy area goes well beyond the traditional activities of union-management relations or employee relations or even participative management initiatives that some companies have undertaken. The policy area poses a question much broader than that typically associated with these personnel practices: how to develop a process of mutual influence between two sets of stakeholders – management and employees. Stating the task this way allows the inclusion of worker councils, grievance systems, sensing groups, open-door policies, attitude surveys, ombudsmen, and other due process mechanisms as alternatives or additions to the mix of practices that may be applied in the interest of achieving a mutual influence process appropriate to the strategy of the firm, the values of top management, and the expectations of employees and society. The task of designing and managing a process of mutual influence is primary; the means or the activity is secondary, and is to be judged on the basis of its contribution to this basic Human Resource Management task.

Tasks:

1. Answer the questions:

1) What task do managers face?

2) What do their choices affect?

3) Whose interests should managers balance?

4) Who are major stakeholders in the enterprise?

5) From what perspective should all policies be examined?

6) What question does employee influence policy area pose?

7) What aspects does the employee influence policy include?

2. Insert the prepositions where it is necessary:

1) …all levels…. an organization, managers must face the task …arranging people, information, activities and technology.

2) Management choices ….these arrangements affect…. the quality …the decisions people make, coordination …functions and tasks, the extent …which people’s competencies are utilized.

3) Management choices also affect the extent …which people are committed …organizational goals.

4) Top management plays a very important role …balancing and integrating the interests …many stakeholders …the enterprise.

5) Top managers should consider the mechanisms …which various stakeholders can exercise influence ….the enterprise.

6) It is critical …managers ….design and administer various mechanisms ….employee influence.

7) The employee influence policy area goes well …the traditional activities …union-management relations.

8) The employee influence policy area poses…. a question broader than that typically associated …. personnel practices.

9) A mix …practices may be applied ….the interest …achieving a mutual influence process appropriate …the strategy …the firm, the values …top management, and the expectations …employees and society.

10) The means …designing and managing a process …mutual influence is to be judged …the basis …its contribution …the basic Human Resource Management task.

3. Match the words in column a) with their synonyms in column b).

a) to arrange; to design; to affect; to utilize; goal; to integrate; various; distinct; to exercise; to administer; compensation; participative; grievance; mix; primary

b) to include; diverse; complaint; combination; to organize; to influence; to use; to devise; aim; to dispense; payment; taking part; definite; to exert; fundamental

4. Match the word combinations with their English equivalents in the text:

Задача организации; определить и спланировать работу; необходимые механизмы; покупатели и поставщики; степень, в которой; профсоюзные ассоциации; решения руководства; преданны целям организации; оказывать влияние; выходит за рамки; осуществление рабочих схем; потребности в развитии; определенные интересы; организация компенсации; системы найма, продвижения по службе, размещения и увольнения служащих; нужды удовлетворяются.

5. Translate from Russian into English:

1) Менеджеры высшего звена должны учитывать насколько отличаются интересы разных пайщиков.

2) Менеджмент играет важную роль в объединении и уравновешивании интересов пайщиков клиентов, поставщиков, работников, профсоюзов и профессиональных объединений, правительства.

3) Вся политика – проектирование и осуществление всех рабочих схем, планирование и организация компенсации и так далее должна рассматриваться с точки зрения степени влияния работников предприятия на решения руководства.

4) В области политики задача менеджмента – гораздо шире чем в тех, которые традиционно связаны с работой с персоналом – а именно, уделять главное внимание взаимоотношениям между работодателями и подчиненными.

Var. II

Text.

President Medvedev offers promise of change.

St.Petersburg - President Dmitry Medvedev raced between panels and podiums this weekend to make the case that change in Russia is afoot, promising to reduce taxes and barriers to foreign capital to attract an urgently needed “investment boom”.

“We have changed – first of all because the whole world has changed, ” Medvedev said in his keynote address Friday to a packed hall of Russian and foreign investors at the St.Petersburg International Economic Forum.

Medvedev announced a lower capital gains tax on long-term direct investment starting in 2011 and a huge reduction in the number of strategic companies with restrictions on foreign investment.

Plans to exempt investors from long-term capital gains taxes were first presented by the Finance Ministry in March in hopes of stimulating private equity and venture capital investment. But reports at the time said this would only apply to shares of companies not traded on exchanges.

Strategic industries like energy, aerospace, defense and media have been limited for foreign investment since a 2008 law that requires foreign companies wishing to invest to seek special permission from a commission chaired by Prime Minister Vladimir Putin.

Medvedev said that he had signed a law on Friday morning that reduced the number of strategic enterprises from 208 to 41.

The new law will also reduce the number of so-called federal unitary enterprises from 230 to 159, he said. These enterprises have been criticized as stifling competition and inviting wasteful government spending.

Medvedev said that if conditions remained favorable, corporate taxes would be further reduced in the coming years. He said he had ordered the government to set up a new investment fund focusing on modernization where every ruble in state cash would be supplemented by 3 rubles from the private sector.

The president acknowledged that economic reforms could not be achieved by orders from above. Instead, he said, the government should focus on creating favorable overall conditions. “The state should not tear apples from the tree of economics. What it should do is help to grow our apple orchard, to develop our economic environment, ” he said.

Forum participants reacted positively to the speech.

Former World Bank president James Wolfensohn said that while Medvedev was openly addressing the right problems, the country now needed new approaches to solve its overly heavy dependence on natural resources. The government, he added, should also pay more attention to changing the education system. “If you don’t do that, then your ability to confront the technological challenges becomes much less, ” he said. Medvedev announced a state-sponsored exchange program to send more Russian students to the world’s leading research institutions.

Tasks.

1. Answer the questions:

1) Why should taxes be reduced in Russia?

2) Whom were plans to exempt investors from long-term capital gains taxes presented by?

3) Will it apply to all companies?

4) What industries have been limited for foreign investment? Why?

5) What kind of enterprises are going to be reduced in number?

6) What did the President compare economics to?

7) How did the Forum participants react to Medvedev’ speech?

8) What does our economy depend on according to James Wolfensohn?

9) What other fields of our life should be reformed?

2. Insert the prepositions where it is necessary:

1) Medvedev announced a lower capital gains tax ….long-term direct investment starting …2011 and a huge reduction …the number …strategic companies …restrictions …foreign investment.

2) Plans to exempt investors ….long-term capital gains taxes were first presented …the Finance Ministry …March …hopes …stimulating private equity.

3) Reports ….the time said this would only apply …shares …companies not traded ….exchanges.

4) A law that reduced the number ….strategic enterprises ….208 ….41 had been signed …Friday morning … the President.

5) President Medvedev ordered the government to set ….a new investment fund focusing ….modernization where every ruble ….state cash would be supplemented …. 3 rubles …the private sector.

6) Forum participants reacted positively ….the speech.

3. Match the words in column a) with their synonyms in column b).

a) afoot; to reduce; to attract; boom; keynote address; direct; restrictions; exempt; venture; apply; to require; permission; to chair; to stifle; to focus on; supplement; overall; dependence

b) to relate; underway; reliance; increase; to risk; general; to lessen; to preside; leave; to fascinate; limitations; to concentrate on; main speech; to demand; to add; immediate; to repress

free

4. Match the word combinations with their English equivalents in the text:

Уменьшить налоги; убрать барьеры; способствовать объективному отношению к частному капиталу; стимулировать капиталовложения; налог на увеличение рыночной стоимости капитала; долгосрочные прямые инвестиции; требовать от иностранных кампаний; получить специальное разрешение; возглавляемая премьер-министром; налог на корпорации; душить конкуренцию; сосредоточить усилия на; государственная казна; нуждаться в новых подходах; программа обмена; спонсируемый государством

5. Translate from Russian into English:

1) Министерство Финансов впервые представило свой план освободить инвесторов от налогов с увеличения рыночной стоимости капитала в марте этого года.

2) Премьер Министр России Владимир Путин возглавил комиссию, которая дает разрешение иностранным компаниям вкладывать средства в российские предприятия.

3) Так называемые федеральные унитарные предприятия душат конкуренцию и требуют дополнительных расходов правительства.

4) По мнению бывшего главы Всемирного Банка если российское правительство намерено справиться с предстоящими изменениями в технологиях производства, оно должно изменить систему образования в стране.

Контрольная работа № 2.

Text.

The living trends in the UK economy.

As agriculture and forestry have declined in importance to the UK’s overall economy, so rural society has changed dramatically.

A hundred years ago most villages were peopled by families which had lived there for generations. The majority would have worked on the land, their children would have gone to the village school and there would have been a clear social structure, headed by the biggest local landowner, the vicar and perhaps the doctor.

Things are very different today. Now farming and forestry combined account for at most 11% of the local economy in even the most rural of areas. Nationally it accounts for less than 3% of GDP, and in the areas surrounding big cities its direct impact is negligible. Despite this, land prices remain high, particularly in areas within commuting distance of big employment centres. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the south-east or on the outskirts of major cities like Manchester, Birmingham and Edinburgh.

The reason is that improvements in transport mean it is possible to enjoy the benefits of living in the countryside, while cashing in on higher urban salaries. As incomes continue to rise, many couples with children are particularly likely to make the move, drawn by the attraction of a relatively small pollution – and traffic-free environment, not to mention small rural schools.

Older couples taking early retirement also feature in the general exodus. Between them, these groups have put huge development pressures on many rural areas. The trend is exacerbated by a falling birth-rate and the growing number of people choosing to live alone.

This means that up to 4.4 million new homes will be needed within the next 20 years while the population remains static or even falls.

Although everyone agrees that ideally new homes should be built within cities or on former industrial land, for various reasons this is frequently impractical.

One problem is a shortage of suitable sites in the areas of highest demand and another is the high cost of reclaiming land which is frequently contaminated by past industrial activity. The biggest problem, however, is simply the huge demand for homes in the countryside within easy reach of major towns, particularly in the south-east corner of England. This inevitably means the birth of new villages and towns on what were once green fields.

1. Answer the questions:

1) What fields of the UK economy have declined in importance lately?

2) How has it affected the structure of the rural society?

3) Where are the land prices highest in Great Britain?

4) What parts of the UK population are most attracted by living in the countryside?

5) What happens to the birth-rate in the UK?

6) How many new homes will be needed in the nearest future?

7) Why is the construction of new homes on former industrial land impractical?

8) Why is it difficult to construct new homes within cities?

2. Insert the prepositions where it is necessary.

1) Agriculture and forestry have declined …importance …the UK’s economy.

2) A hundred years ago most villages were peopled ….families which had lived… there ….generations.

3) Farming and forestry combined account … ….most 11% …the local economy …even the most rural …areas.

4) ….this, land prices remain high, particularly ….areas ….commuting distance …big employment centres.

5) Nowhere is this more apparent than …the south-east or …the outskirts ….major cities.

6) Improvements …transport mean it is possible to enjoy… the benefits ….living …the countryside, ….cashing … … higher urban salaries.

7) These groups have put …huge development pressures …many rural areas.

8) … … 4.4 million new homes will be needed …the next 20 years.

9) Ideally new homes should be built …cities or …former industrial land but …various reasons this is frequently impractical.

10) The biggest problem is the huge demand …homes …the countryside …easy reach …major towns.

3. Match the words in column a) with their synonyms in column b).

a) to decline; dramatically; to people; to account for; impact; negligible; apparent; benefits; to cash in; to feature in; exodus; to exacerbate; static; shortage; contaminate; reclaim; once

b) formerly; decrease; be a part of; departure; be estimated as; lack; influence; strongly, radically; stable; aggravate; to populate; pollute; advantages; evident; restore; insignificant; take advantage of

4. Match the word combinations with their English equivalents in the text:

Играть менее важную роль; в течение многих поколений; сельское хозяйство и лесная промышленность вместе; возглавляемая; составлять 5%; прямое воздействие; в пределах езды; центры занятости; пользоваться преимуществами; растущие доходы; не говоря уж; менее загрязненные; уходить на пенсию рано; фигурировать в общей миграции; оказывать влияние на развитие; тенденция обостряется; уровень рождаемости; нехватка подходящих мест для строительства; районы, пользующиеся наибольшим спросом; высокая стоимость; загрязненные промышленными отходами; поблизости

5. Translate from Russian into English:

1) Сто лет назад большая часть населения Великобритании занималась сельским хозяйством, дети ходили в сельские школы и структура общества была четкой и простой: во главе общины стояли крупный землевладелец, местный викарий и иногда доктор.

2) Сейчас цены на землю остаются высокими, особенно в тех областях, которые находятся в пределе нескольких часов езда от больших населенных центров.

3) Причина подобного положения вещей – в том, что современные средства транспорта дают возможность людям наслаждаться благами жизни на природе и в то же время получать более высокую зарплату.

4) По мере того, как доходы людей растут, многие семьи с детьми все чаще переезжают в сельскую местность, где плотность населения ниже, а экология более здоровая, не говоря уж о таких преимуществах как небольшие сельские школы.

5) Люди пожилого возраста также участвуют во всеобщей миграции населения.

Var. II

Text.

A growing class of workaholic Russian freelancers.

No one keeps track of Russia’s exact number of freelancers – the consultants, independent

contractors, temps, part-timers, contingent employees and the self-employed who set their own hours and often work from home. But experts agreed that their number has soared amid the crisis-related layoffs.

Full-time freelancers account for 500, 000 to 600, 000 people in Russia’s 70 million-member work force, triple the figure before the recession hit in late 2008, said Denis Strebkov, a sociologist from the Higher School of Economics.

Russia’s largest online portal for freelance workers, Free.lance.ru, alone boasts more than 600, 000 members, or twice as many as 18 months ago. Twenty-two percent of Russian freelancers work solely as freelancers, while 44 percent continue to hold a full-time job. Other categories of Russian freelancers include students, entrepreneurs and housewives. Fifty-eight percent of all Russian freelancers are young – between 18 and 26 – while only 6 percent are 41 and older. More than half of all freelancers have university degrees.

The most popular industries among freelancers are the IT sector, design and multimedia, followed by work with texts, business consulting and engineering.

For most of them, interest in the work takes precedence over the salary. This puts them in sharp contrast with traditional full-time workers, 96 percent of whom identify their salaries as their top criterion in choosing a workplace. This set of values unites Russians with freelancers from other countries. They show much more initiative at work, tend to be workaholics and care about job stability much less than the average Russian. They set their own schedule and choose the kind of work they would like to do.

But this freedom of work often comes at a cost. The top complaint for freelancers – both Russian and foreign – is the unpredictability of their incomes. Even if a project pays well, salary delays are frequent, and half of all freelancers fear that they will be cheated by their work associates. Freelancers get no work benefits or future pension accumulations, however small. They often run into obstacles when trying to get a loan at a bank, applying for a visa to go abroad or doing anything that requires documented sources of income.

Unlike in the US, where freelancers often act as independent contractors and can easily access all information about the taxes they have to pay, Russian freelancers lag behind on legalizing their work.

Tasks:

1. Answer the questions:

1) Why has the number of freelancers soared recently?

2) How many people have become freelancers in Russia?

3) Do they work part-time or full-time?

4) How old are most freelancers?

5) Are they unqualified people only?

6) What industries are most popular among freelancers?

7) What kind of people are freelancers?

8) What are the advantages and disadvantages of being a freelancer?

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