Измените глагол, сохранив смысл предложения.

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1) You may be wrong.

2) It’s likely that he will lend you the money.

3) I don’t think he will forget your birthday.

4) It might snow.

5) Can I use your telephone?

6) Rubbish may not be left here.

7) I’m afraid you mustn’t enter the room.

8) Where is the manager? - He could be in his office.

9) She ought to pass her exams.

10) I don’t think he is rich.

11) I am sure he is angry.

12) Members of the club can use the swimming pool free of charge.

13) No man is allowed to enter the country without a visa.

14) Can you help me, please?

15) I’ll do the shopping if you like.

16) Shall I help you with your luggage?

17) Shall we go to the cinema?

18) How about going to the park?

1 9) You should stop smoking.

20) I must lose some weight.

Вставьте may, might или be allowed to.

1) You___ go home if you like.

2) As soon as the boy ___ leave the room, he ran out to join his friends outside.

3) The doctor says I am better. I ______ get up for a few hours every day.

4) ________ I bring my sister to the party?

5) He asked if he _______ bring his sister to the party.

6) After they had finished their homework, the children _______ watch TV.

7) He __ join the sports section as soon as he is through his medical examination.

8) Becky’s mother said that everybody ______ take part in the party.

9) If you pass your examinations, you _____ go to the south.

10) _____ I borrow your car, please?

Вставьте may или can.

1) _________ you see anything in the darkness like this?

2) You ___ go when you have finished your compositions.

3) What shall we do if the train is late? It_______ be late, after the terrible snowstorms we’ve had.

4) When _______ you come and see me? Let me see: I ______ not come tomorrow. But you

_______ expect me to come on Sunday.

5) Be careful: you ______ spill the milk if you carry it like that.

6) __________ I come in?

7) Let me look at your notes, I ____ be able to help you.

8) I________ come and see you tomorrow if I have time.

9) Take your umbrella: it ______ rain today.

10) I ________ finish the work tomorrow if no one bothers me any more.

Вставьте can, may или must.

1) You …. smoke here.

2) …. I take your book? – I’m afraid not: I need it.

3) He …. not speak English fluently yet.

4) I have very little time: I … go.

5) They … go to the party tonight as they are very busy.

6) You … read this text. It’s easy enough.

7) At what time … you come to the university?

8) What … you see on this map?

9) He looks happy. He …. Enjoy life.

10) You … practice regularly if you want to speak English well.

Вставьте to have to или to be to.

1) As we had agreed before, we … to meet at two o’clock at the bus stop.

2) If I don’t ring up at before six o’clock, then you … to go to the concert hall alone and wait for me at the entrance.

3) You … to do it alone, without your friends’ help.

4) The meeting … to begin at five o’clock.

5) I …. To help my friends with the project, so I cannot go with you.

6) I … to ask him about it tomorrow – he has already gone.

7) Why didn’t you tell me that I … to get the book from the library?

8) I … to wear glasses as my eyesight is very poor.

9) She … to send the telegram – it was too late to send the letter.

10) Where…. the lecture to take place?

Перефразируйте следующие предложения, используя to be to.

1) The lecture is supposed to begin at 9 o’clock.

2) What am I supposed to do if they come too early?

3) We expect you show the place to them.

4) It was planned that we should wait for them at the entrance.

5) And who will do the task?

6) It was arranged that the cup final would be played tomorrow.

7) It was arranged that the meeting would last for about two hours.

9) Who will meet you at the airport?

10) Where am I supposed to be taken?

Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя глагол need.

1) It is not necessary to go there.

2) Why do you want to do it today?

3) It is not necessary to take the six-thirty bus. We are not in a hurry.

4) There is no reason for you to worry about me.

5) Is it any use our going into all these details now?

6) Why do you want to see it yourself?

7) You don’t have to read the whole book.

8) There is no necessity for calling them: we can send them an e-mail.

9) You don’t have to buy bread – we’ve got enough.

10) It’s no use writing the whole sentence. Just fill in the gap.

Вставьте may, must или need.

1) …. I take this book for a little while?

2) Ann … practice this sound specially but the other students …. not: they pronounce it properly.

3) … I go right now? – Yes, you…

4) … we hand our projects next time? – No, you … not, you … hand them in the end of the term.

5) … John really do this today? – No, he… not, he… do it tomorrow if he likes.

6) You … come at any time, but you …. not come if you don’t want to.

7) You… let this cup fall: it … break.

8) You … park your car only at the parking lot.

9) You … return the book to the library immediately.

10) …. we do the translation at once? – Yes, you … do it once.

Дайте совет, используя глаголы should или ought to.

1) I have gained a lot of weight recently.

2) She can’t speak English.

3) He can’t find the book in the bookshops.

4) She is afraid to fail her exam in political science.

5) He has been working hard and now he’s absolutely worn out.

6) I’ve got a terrible toothache.

7) He’s lost his job.

8) They do not earn much money.

9) The manager cannot come to terms with his employees.

10) My son doesn’t read much.

Используйте глаголы may, might, could, should, ought to, can’t, couldn’t в следующих предложениях.

1) You …. pass the test this time. You’ve been working hard.

2) Where is Jane? She … be at school, but I am not sure.

3) She …. be so old. She ‘s got a small child.

4) The child …. be her grandson.

5) Her face is red. She … be hot.

6) He … be at work – he never works on Sundays.

7) He…. be at his cottage in the country. He is not at home.

8) She…. to win the match. She’s the best tennis player in our country.

9) Where is Mary? She … be here by now!

10) Speak to your mother: she … give you some advice.

Переведите с английского на русский.

1) Some people think that by free education for all one may solve all the problems of society

2) We should find means to provide all qualified staff with jobs.

3) Manual labor ought not be thought dirty or shameful.

4) We must discuss this issue in detail.

5) Every scientist must check the results of his research.

6) The car needs washing.

7) We must do as we are told.

8) The talker should remember that conservation must serve some purpose.

9) We frequently have to use reference books where we can find information we need at the moment.

10) We need not read the textbook from cover to cover.

11) To achieve progress in any subject we must discuss things.

12) It should be borne in mind that some people are afraid of having time to think, so they watch television, because they can think of nothing better to do.

13) When we are introduced to new people we should try to appear friendly.

14) Some parents think that children must be seen, not heard

15) You may wait for him if you like.

16) Might I make a suggestion?

17) What you say might be true. However we want evidence!

18) He looks sad. He must have some problems.

19) This must be the book you want.

20) This must be a mistake. I am not Professor Brown, I am Professor Gray.

21) He shall finish the work he has begun!

22) I see you are having some problems with the text. Shall I help you with it?

23) We have lost all our money. What shall we do now?

24) You shall have an answer by tomorrow.

25) You should observe all these rules!

26) Increased use of electricity may help with the problem of growing transport.

27) It seems clear that we must consider new requirements as soon as we can.

28) Many scientists think that we ought to think about solar energy.

29) The Government should do something to stop inflation.

30) We should reconsider our decision on the matter.

Переведите на русский язык.

1) He must have known the answer long before anyone of us.

2) He must be telling lies. Nothing of this kind has happened.

3) They look bored. The secretary must have been keeping them waiting for a long time.

4) They must be having a hot discussion in the next room. They are making so much noise that I can’t concentrate on my work.

5) He has changed his mind. He must have noticed that we don’t share his opinion.

6)There are light in their windows. John must be still working.

7) The audience is applauding. His speech must have made a strong impression.

8) He couldn’t have broken his promise.

9) Could he have deceived us?

10) They may not have relied on his help.

Переведите на английский.

1) Возможно, он сейчас в университете.

2) Вероятно, он был в университете утром.

3) Они, видимо, уже догадались, что он мало понимает в этом деле.

4) Он, должно быть, вышел.

5) Им не следовало заключать контракт с этими подрядчиками.

6) Тебе незачем было спрашивать об этом. Ты и так знаешь, как я к тебе отношусь.

7) Мне пришлось прочесть массу книг, когда я готовилась к докладу.

8) Вы, наверное, видели этот памятник, когда были в Амстердаме.

9) Не может быть, чтобы вы не слышали об этом.

10) Она, возможно, звонила, но меня вчера не было дома

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH.

Выражения, используемые с глаголами say, tell, ask:

Say	Tell	Ask
Say good morning/ evening etc.; say something; say one’s prayers; say a few words; say so; say no more; say for certain, etc	Tell the truth; tell a lie; tell (sb) the time; tell sb one’s name; tell a story; tell a secret; tell sb the way; tell one from another; tell sb’s fortune; tell sb so, tell the difference	Ask a favour; ask the time; ask a question; ask the price

1. Заполните пропуски глаголами say, tell или ask.

1) First the new boss.... good morning.

2) I was so shocked I didn't know what to...

3) It's not always easy to... the truth.

4) Can you... me the way to the police station?

5) Now you can... questions.

6) I can't... you the secret. It's not mine.

7) You can't... for certain what decision they will come to.

8) Can I... you a favour?

Present Simple	“I study hard”, he said	Past Simple	He said (that) he studiedhard.
Present Continuous	“I am studying hard”, he said.	Past Continuous	He said (that) he was studying hard.
Present Perfect	“I have studied hard”, he said.	Past Perfect	He said (that) he had studied hard.
Present Perfect Continuous	“I have been studying hard”, he said	Past Perfect Continuous	He said (that) he had been studying hard.
Past Simple	“I studied hard”, he said	Past Perfect	He said (that) he had studied hard.
Future forms (will, shall)	“I will study hard”, he said	Future in the Past (Would)	He said (that) he would study hard.
Am, Is, Are going to	“I am going to study hard”, he said.	(was, were) going to	He said (that) he was going to study hard.
Can (способность)	“I can study harder”, he said.	Could, Would Be Able to	He said (that) he could study harder.
Can (вероятность)	“I can do it tomorrow”, he said.	Would be able to	He said (that) he would be able to do it the next day.
May	“I may study harder”, he said.	Might, Could	He said (that) hemight study harder.
Must (долженствование)	“I must study harder”, he said.	Had to	He said (that) hehad to study harder.
Must (вероятность)	“He must be studyingnow”, she said.	Must	She said (that) he must be studying.
Am, Is, Are	“I am to study hard”, he said.	Was, Were	He said (that) he was to study hard.
Do ( в вопр. Опускается)	“Do you study hard enough? ”, she said.	Past Simple	She asked him if he studiedhard enough.
Shall (asking for advice)	“How shall I do it? ” he asked.	Should	He asked how he should do it.
Needn’t	“I needn’t study hard”, he said.	Didn’t need/ Didn’t have to	He said (that) he didn’t need(have) to study hard.
Команды, приказы, просьбы	“Study hard! ” she said to him.	To Infinitive	She urged him to studyhard.
	“Don’t waste your time away! ” she said	Not to Infinitive	She urged him not to wastehis time away.
Глагол говорения	+	-Ing form	She insisted on him/ his studying hard.
This / These	“He’s been studying hard these days”, she said	That / those	She said (that) he had been studying hard thosedays.
Here	“Put the paper over here”, she said.	There	She told him to put the paper over there.
Tonight	“I’m seeing her tonight” she said	That night	She said (that) she was seeing her that night.
Today	“I haven’t seen her today”, she said.	That day	She said (that) she hadn’t seen her that day.
This week / month / year	“I’ve written three essays this week”, he said.	That week / month / year	He said (that) he had written three essays that week.
Now	“He is studying now”, she said.	Then, at that time, at once, immediately	She said (that) he was studying at that time.
Now that	“Now that he is a student he has to study hard”, she said.	Since	She said (that) he had to study hard since he was a student.
Yesterday	He missed a class yesterday.	The Day Before	She said (that) he had missed a class the day before.
Last week/ night/ month/ year	“He stayed up late last night”, she said	The previous week/ night/ month/ year	She said (that) he had stayed up late the previous night.
Tomorrow	“I will see you tomorrow, ” he said.	The following day/ the day after	He said (that) he would see me the day after.
Next week / month/ year	“We won’t see each other next week”, she said.	The following/ next week/ month/ year	She said (that) we wouldn’t see each other the next week.
Two days / months/ years ago	“I saw her two days ago” he said.	Two days/ months/ years before	He said (that) he had seen her two days before.

Примечания:

1. В косвенной речи кавычки убираются.

2. That можно ставить, а можно не ставить утвердительном предложении.

3. Если глагол, вводящий косвенную речь в прошедшей форме, все остальные глагольные формы меняются на формы прошедшего времени тоже. Это правило называется согласованием времен. Однако, формы глагола не меняются, если:

a) глагол говорения в формах настоящего, будущего или в форме Present Perfect Tense.

б) высказывание выражает общие истины, постоянные явления или события

в) если то, что сообщает говорящий, актуально и в момент высказывания

г) если предложение является сложноподчиненным с придаточным времени

д) если предложение в прямой речи в сослагательном наклонении ( Типы 2, 3 или предложение содержит фразу “I/ We/ They wish, she/ he wishes” f) if the reported sentence contains “ would, could, used to, mustn’t, should, might, ought to, had better”

4. Past Perfect и Past Continuous не меняются в косвенной речи.

5. Если говорящий говорит о том, что считается правдой, глагольные формы могут изменяться или не меняться. Если говорящий считает цитируемое высказывание неправдоподобным, времена меняются согласно правило согласования времен.

6. В косвенной речи в вопросах порядок слов ничем не отличается от порядка слов в утвердительном предложении. Вспомогательные глаголы do/does и did в Present Simple и Past Simple в вопросах не используются.

1. Перепишите следующие предложения в прошедшем времени:

1) My uncle says he has just come back from France.

2) He says he has never met them before.

3) She says the situation is getting better.

4) They say the meeting was held in Madrid.

5) The manager says he is going to cut our salaries.

6) Our partners promise they will deliver the goods on time.

7) The reporters say the blue-collar workers have been on strike for three days.

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