Ex.1. Read and summarize the text.

Ex.2. Suggest the Russian equivalents.

different nationalities, run by, untouched by immigration, instead of, to get a better life, to escape natural disasters, religious refugees, were made by Irish workers, unskilled or semi-skilled jobs, from small scattered beginnings, how to shape metal, proud of their craft, passed on their knowledge and experience from father to son, delightful residential suburbs, retain vestiges of the woods, he may perhaps be forgiven for thinking.

Ex.3. Find in the text the opposites to the following.

Familiar nationalities, small areas, from inside, experienced jobs, to lose, to gather, tiny.

Ex.4. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text.

1. In some British cities you can meet … different nationalities.

2. There are large areas … untouched by immigration.

3. Most members of … live in the South-East.

4. In Greater London, they represent … of the population.

5. People have been coming to Britain to get a better life, some to escape …, some as political or …. refugees.

6. The … of immigration was in the 1950s and 1960s.

7. The people of Sheffield are fortunate also in their homes, …. of their widespread city.

8. They still retain vestiges … which grow dose to the hamlet by the Sheaf.

Ex.5. Answer the questions.

Where did most people of Britain come from?

Is Britain a cosmopolitan society, isn’t it?

What ethnic minority do the population in Scotland and Wales belong to?

Why have people been coming to Britain for?

When was the greatest wave of immigration in Britain?

What river flows through the modern city?

Grammar: Direct and Indirect Speech.

• Indirect Speech is formed according to the Rule of Sequence of Tenses. The Verbs most commonly used to introduce the reported speech are: to tell, to say, to add, to notice, to explain, to inform, to remind, etc. Note: to say smth. (to smb); to tell smb.smth.

Tom said, ”My brother is learning to drive.” (The Present Continuous Tense)

Tom said that his brother was learning to rive ( The Past Continuous Tense)

Marat said, “Sometimes I go home by tram.” (The Present Indefinite Tense)

Marat said that sometimes he went home by tram. (The Past Indefinite Tense)

The teacher told John, “You didn’t write exercise two” (The Past Indefinite Tense)

The teacher told John that he hadn’t written exercise two. (The Past Perfect Tense)

Bob Said, “My uncle has just arrived from Paris.” (The Present Perfect Tense)

Bob said that his uncle had just arrived from Paris. (The Past Perfect Tense)

If the reporting verb is in the present, the tenses that follow are usually the same as those used in the original statement.

• An order or request in indirect speech is expressed by the infinitive. The verbs most commonly used to introduce indirect orders are: to tell, to order, to command. Requests are usually introduced by the verb to ask. More emotional forms are: to beg, to implore, to urge.

My teacher said to me: ” Remember these grammar rules! ” My teacher told me to remember these grammar rules.

Ex.6. Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech.

1. Jack told his father, " I hope to pass the examination". 2. Henry said to me, " The teacher is listening to us". 3. Bob said to Tom, " I made no mistakes in the last dictation". 4. I told the policeman, " I saw the thief in the garden". 5. He said, " I have not read many English books". 6. Jack's father said to him, " You have not cleaned your shoes". 7. Mary said, " I do not want to wear my old dress". 8. My mother said to me, " I feel very tired and I have a headache".

Ex. 7.Choose the correct word from those in brackets.

1. My grandmother always... me about her childhood.(says/ tells)

2. “Don’t do that! ” she... them. (said/told)

3. Did she... you where she had put my books? (say/tell)

4. When I was introduced to the actor he... a few words about to me. (said/

told)

5. That little boy is very bad. He... a lot of lies.( says/tells)

6. She... to me she didn’t know what to do. (said/told)

7. He often... things like that. (says/tells)

Ex. 8. Change the following sentences into Direct Speech.

1. My sister said that she had not got a watch. 2. The teacher told his students that he was pleased with their work. 3. I told him that I had not seen his brother for a long time. 4. I told my mother that Henry was studying medicine at the university. 5. She told the grocer that he did not want any sugar. 6. We told the teacher that we did not understand his questions. 7. I told the taxi - driver that he was driving too fast. 8. He said that her children were playing in the garden.

Ex. 9. Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech.

1. Mary said to her brother, " Take the letter to the Post Office, please". 2. The teacher said to Tom, " Collect the exercise-books and put them on my table". 3. The old man said to the little girl, " Do not run across the street". 4. The teacher said to the pupils, " Learn the poem by heart". 5. I said to my friend, " Meet me outside the cinema at 6 o' clock".

Ex.10. Translate the sentence from Russian into English.

1. Я попросил Джека дать мне его словарь. 2. Кондуктор сказал пассажирам не выскакивать из автобуса на ходу. 3. Учитель попросил студента стереть с доски. 4. Он напоминал мне отправить письмо. 5. Отец запретил детям входить в его кабинет. 6. Инспектор предупредил нас, что здесь стоянка запрещена. 7. Гид посоветовал нам заглянуть и в этот небольшой музей.

Ex. 11. Complete the sentences in reported speech. Note the change of pronouns and tenses.

1. " Where is my umbrella? " she asked.

→ She asked …….
2. " How are you? " Martin asked us.

→ Martin asked us ………
3. He asked, " Do I have to do it? "

→ He asked ……….
4. " Where have you been? " the mother asked her daughter.
→ The mother asked her daughter ……….

5. " Which dress do you like best? " she asked her boyfriend.
→ She asked her boyfriend ……..

6. " What are they doing? " she asked.

→ She wanted to know …….
7. " Are you going to the cinema? " he asked me.
→ He wanted to know …………

8.The teacher asked, " Who speaks English? "
→ The teacher wanted to know ………

10. " How do you know that? " she asked me. → She asked me ………
11. " Has Caron talked to Kevin? " my friend asked me.
→ My friend asked me ……….

Ex.12. Complete the sentences in reported speech. Note whether the sentence is a request, a statement or a question.

1.He said, " I like this song."

→ He said ……..

2." Where is your sister? " she asked me.

→ She asked me ……….
3." I don't speak Italian, " she said.

→ She said ………..
4." Say hello to Jim, " they said.

→ They asked me ………
5." The film began at seven o'clock, " he said.

→ He said ………..
6." Don't play on the grass, boys, " she said.
→ She told the boys …………

7." Where have you spent your money? " she asked him.
→ She asked him …………

8." I never make mistakes, " he said.

→ He said …………
9." Does she know Robert? " he wanted to know.
→ He wanted to know …………..

10." Don't try this at home, " the stuntman told the audience.
→ The stuntman advised the audience ……………

Задания на СРО:

Do grammar ex. 293-296 on p.65 (Голицынский Ю.Б. Грамматика английского языка. Санкт Петербург, 2003)

Unit 14

Theme: Customs. Traditions and Holidays in the USA

Grammar: Direct and Indirect Speech

Objectives: By the end of this unit, students should be able to use active vocabulary of this theme in different forms of speech exercises.

Students should be better at Customs. Traditions and Holidays in the USA.

Students should know the rule of Direct and Indirect Speech.

Methodical instructions: This theme must be worked out during three lessons a week according to timetable.

Lexical material: Introduce and fix new vocabulary on theme “Customs. Traditions and Holidays in the USA”. Discuss in groups customs and traditions of the country. Speak about the most interesting holidays of the USA.

Grammar: Introduce and practice Direct and Indirect Speech

Holidays in the USA.

New Year's Day (January 1). The beginning of the New Year has been welcomed on different dates throughout history. Ways of celebrating differ as well, according to customs and religions of the world. People in Moslem societies, for example, celebrate the new year by wearing new clothes. Southeast Asians release birds and turtles to assure themselves good luck in the twelve months ahead. Jewish people consider the day holy, and hold a religious ceremony at a meal with special foods. Hindus of India leave shrines next to their beds, so they can see beautiful objects at the start of the new year. Japanese prepare rice cakes at a social event the week before the new year. Whatever the custom, most of people feel the same sentiment. With a new year, we can expect a new life. We wish each other good luck and promise ourselves to do better in the following year.

Valentine's Day (February 14). St. Valentine's Day has roots in several" .to different legends that have found their way to us through the ages. One of the earliest popular symbols of the day is Cupid, the Roman god of Love, who is represented by the image of a young boy with bow and arrow.

Three hundred years after the death of Jesus Christ, the Roman emperors still demanded that everyone believe in the Roman gods. Valentine, a Christian priest, had been thrown in prison for his teachings. On February 14, Valentine was beheaded, not only because he was a Christian, but also because he had performed a miracle. He supposedly cured the jailer's daughter of her blindness. The night before he was executed, he wrote the jailer's daughter a farewell letter, signing it, " From Your Valentine." Another legend tells us that this same Valentine, well loved by all, wrote notes from his jail cell to children and friends who missed him.

Another Valentine was an Italian bishop who lived at about the same time. He was imprisoned because he secretly married couples, contrary to the laws of the Roman emperor. Some legends say he was burned at the stake.

February 14 was also a Roman holiday, held in honor of a goddess. Young men randomly chose the name of a young girl to escort to the festivities. The custom of choosing a sweetheart on this date spread through Europe in the Middle Ages, and then to the early American colonies. Throughout the ages, people also believed that birds picked their mates on February 14

Whatever the odd mixture of origins, St. Valentine's Day is nowadays for sweethearts. It is the day that you show your friend or loved one that you care. You can send candy to someone you think is special. Or you can send roses, the flower of love. Most people send " valentines, " a greeting card named after the notes that St. Valentine wrote from jail. Valentines can be sentimental, romantic, and heartfelt. They can be funny and friendly. If the sender is shy, valentines can be anonymous. Americans of all ages love to send and receive valentines. Handmade valentines. created by cutting hearts out of colored paper, show that a lot of thought was put into making them personal. Valentines can be heart-shaped, or have hearts, the symbol of love, on them. In elementary schools, children make valentines for their classmates and put them in a large decorated box, similar to a mailbox. On February 14, the teacher opens the box and distributes the valentines to each student. After the students read their valentines, they have a small party with refreshments. You can write a short rhyme inside the heart: Roses are red, Violets are blue, Sugar is sweet, And so are you! Or you can buy valentines with messages in them. If you are shy, you can sign it, " Your Secret Admirer." For teenagers and adults, major newspapers throughout the country have a Valentine's Day offer. Anyone can send in a message, for a small fee of course, destined for a would-be sweetheart, a good friend, an acquaintance or even a spouse of fifty years. For a small fee, the message is printed in a special section of the newspaper on February 14.

Topical vocabulary

1.	to differ	различать
2.	to release	освобождать
3.	shrine	святыня
4.	image	копия
5.	bow and arrows	Лук и стрелы
6.	priest	Священник
7.	to threw in prison	Заключать в тюрьму
8.	to be beheaded	Обезглавить
9.	a jailer	тюремщик
10.	to cure	лечить
11.	blindness	слепота
12.	to execute	Казнить
13.	a farewell letter	Прощальное письмо
14.	a cell	камера
15.	contrary to the law	Против закона
16.	to burn at the stake	Сжечь на костре
17.	odd	Непарный, нечетный
18.	to destine	Предопределить, предназначать

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